Assignment in IET 2k Matthew D.

Laurente MET 1C

Lathe Construction Lathe Machine-is a machine tool used in metal cutting operations called "turning."
The work piece is rotated as tooling is applied to it to remove material. Lathes can be manually operated or operated by computer numerical control (CNC). In either case, the basic parts are similar.

Types of Lathe Machine Engine lathes. These are probably the most popular among the lathe machines. In fact,
no machine shop is seen without this type of lathe. The good thing about engine lathes is that it can be used in various materials, aside from metal. Moreover, the set-up of these machines is so simple that they are easier to use. Its main components include the bed, headstock, and tailstock. These engine lathes can be adjusted to variable speeds for the accommodation of a wide scope of work. In addition, these lathes come in various sizes.

Turret Lathes. These types of lathes are used for machining single workpieces
sequentially. This means that several operations are needed to be performed on a single work piece. With the turret lathes, sequential operations can be done on the work piece, eliminating errors in work alignment. With this set-up, machining is done more efficiently. Correspondingly, time is saved because there is no need to remove and transfer the work piece to another machine anymore.

Special Purpose Lathes. As the name implies, these lathes are used for special
purposes such as heavy-duty production of identical parts. In addition, these lathes also perform specific functions that cannot be performed by the standard lathes. Some examples of special purpose lathes include the bench-type jewelers lathes, automatic lathes, crankshaft lathes, duplicating lathes, multispindle lathes, brakedrum lathes, and production lathes among others.

Lathe parts and their function Figure 1 Engine lathe parts

Figure 1: Engine Lathe Part Descriptions Spindle Cross Feed Handwheel Carriage Handwheel Carriage The spindle holds and drives the workpiece. The cross feed handwheel is used to manually position and/or hand feed the compound rest in the X axis. The carriage handwheel is used to manually position and/or hand feed the carriage in the longitudinal or Z axis. The carriage houses the saddle, the cross slide, and the apron. The main function of the carriage is to position the tool along the lathe bed.

Spindle Clutch This lever controls the spindles rotation and direction. Lever Brake This type of spindle brake uses the foot pedal. The foot pedal type of brake is found on many types of lathes. When the foot pedal is actuated, the spindle will stop regardless of the position of the spindle clutch lever. The feed rod transmits power from the headstock to the carriage for feeding operations. The lead screw transmits power from the headstock to the carriage for screw thread cutting operations. On some lesser types of lathes the feed rod and the lead screw are used for both the feed and the screw cutting power transmission. The rack or gear rack, as it is sometimes referred to, links with the carriage handwheel to make longitudinal movement of the carriage possible. The bed ways align the components of the lathe. The bed is the back bone of the machine. The tailstock is used to support the right end of the work. The tailstock is also used for tool-holding for machining operations, such as drilling, reaming, and tapping.

Feed Rod

Lead Screw

Rack Bed Ways

Tailstock

Figure 2 - Lathe Parts Descriptions Headstock The headstock The spindle speed selector Motor Start Button

Figure 2 Lathe parts

The motor start button starts the electric drive motor for the machine. The motor start button does not control the spindle; however, it does supply the power.

houses the spindle and the components which drive the spindle and the feed gears.Spind le Speed Selector

This lever controls the spindle rotation. Through the use of this lever, the operator controls the spindle Spindle direction, spindle on, and spindle off. On some Clutch and allows the machines, when the spindle is turned off, a magnetic Brake operator to spindle brake is applied. The other type of spindle Lever adjust the brake is the foot pedal. The foot pedal type of spindle speed of brake is found on many other types of machines. the machine.

The emergency Emergency stop button Stop turns off the Button power to the machine.

Figure 3 - Lathe Carriage Parts Descriptions

Figure 3 Lathe carriage parts

The thread chasing dial is used for threading. The thread chasing dial works off the leadscrew and is used as a Thread tracking device. The dial tells you when Chasing Dial to engage the half nut lever so the tool follows the same thread groove every time. The cross slide allows for tool travel 90 degrees to the bed of the lathe. The cross slide makes up the X axis of the machine. The X axis of the machine controls the diameter of your work. The compound rest is mounted on the cross slide and can be swiveled to any angle. The compound is typically used for cutting chamfers or tapers, but must also be used when cutting threads. The compound rest can only be fed by hand. There is no power to the compound rest. The carriage lock bolt tightens the

Power Feed Lever The power The tool holder holds the feed lever cutting tool. controls the automatic movement of the axes. The two axes of movement associated with the lathe are the Z and X axes. The Z axis is the

Cross Slide

Compound Rest

Carriage

longitudina l axis, while the X axis is the cross slide axis.Tool Holder Feed Direction Lever The feed direction lever or feed reverse lever controls the direction of automatic feed on the lathe. The half nut lever engages the carriage directly to the lead screw. The half nut lever is used only for threading. The half nut lever will only engage when the feed is set in the neutral position.

Lock Bolt

carriage to the bed of the machine. The carriage lock is typically used during facing, grooving, or parting operations. The gib screw is used to take up clearance between the gib and the dovetail. Clearance between the gib and the dovetail will occur normally due to wear.

Gib Screw

Half Nut Lever

Lathe accessories
Unless a workpiece has a taper machined onto it which perfectly matches the internal taper in the spindle, or has threads which perfectly match the external threads on the spindle (two conditions which rarely exist), an accessory must be used to mount a workpiece to the spindle. A workpiece may be bolted or screwed to a faceplate, a large, flat disk that mounts to the spindle. In the alternative, faceplate dogs may be used to secure the work to the faceplate. A workpiece may be mounted on a mandrel, or circular work clamped in a three- or four-jaw chuck. For irregular shaped workpieces it is usual to use a four jaw (independent moving jaws) chuck. These holding devices mount directly to the Lathe headstock spindle. In precision work, and in some classes of repetition work, cylindrical workpieces are usually held in a collet inserted into the spindle and secured either by a drawbar, or by a collet closing cap on the spindle. Suitable collets may also be used to mount square or hexagonal workpieces. In precision toolmaking work such collets are usually of the draw-in variety, where, as the collet is tightened, the workpiece moves slightly back into the headstock, whereas for most repetition work the dead length variety is preferred, as this ensures that the position of the workpiece does not move as the collet is tightened. A soft workpiece (wooden) may be pinched between centers by using a spur drive at the headstock, which bites into the wood and imparts torque to it.

A soft dead center is used in the headstock spindle as the work rotates with the centre. Because the centre is soft it can be trued in place before use. The included angle is 60. Traditionally, a hard dead center is used together with suitable lubricant in the tailstock to support the workpiece. In modern practice the dead center is frequently replaced by a live center, as it turns freely with the workpiece usually on ball bearings reducing the frictional heat, especially important at high speeds. When clear facing a long length of material it must be supported at both ends. This can be achieved by the use of a travelling or fixed steady. If a steady is not available, the end face being worked on may be supported by a dead (stationary) half centre. A half centre has a flat surface machined across a broad section of half of its diameter at the pointed end. A small section of the tip of the dead centre is retained to ensure concentricity. Lubrication must be applied at this point of contact and tail stock pressure reduced. A lathe carrier orlathe dog may also be employed when turning between two centers.[2] In woodturning, one variation of a live center is a cup center, which is a cone of metal surrounded by an annular ring of metal that decreases the chances of the workpiece splitting. A circular metal plate with even spaced holes around the periphery, mounted to the spindle, is called an "index plate". It can be used to rotate the spindle to a precise angle, then lock it in place, facilitating repeated auxiliary operations done to the workpiece. Other accessories, including items such as taper turning attachments, knurling tools, vertical slides, fixed and traveling steadies, etc., increase the versatility of a lathe and the range of work it may perform.

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