NEURONES 1. Neurones are nerve cells. 2. Their function is to receive and transmit nervous impulse. 3.

The nervous system is made up of millions of neurones because they cannot be replaced when they are damaged. 4. The types of neurones : a) Sensory neurones Impulses from a sensory organ ( receptor ) _______________) central nervous system (_____ or

b) Relay neurones ( found in brain and spinal cord ) Impulses from the sensory neurones motor neurones.

c) Motor neurones Impulses from the central nervous system effectors ( muscles or glands)

5. The part of a neurone : a) Receptor Sensory organ : nerve endings in the skin and eyes. It receives stimuli from the environment.

b) Dendrite A short, fine branches of nerve fibres Transmitting impulses to the cell body via dendrons.

c) Dendron A long nerve fibre. Transmits impulses towards a cell body.

d) Cell body It has a nucleus and cytoplasma. It controls all the activities of the neurone.

e) Nucleus and cytoplasma The nucleus controls the activities of the neurones.

It is usually surrounded by the cytoplasma of the cell.

f) Axon Long nerve fibre. Transmits impulses away from cell body to an effector (__________ or _______________)

g) Effector A muscle or gland. Muscle: responds to an impulse by contracting. Gland : responds by giving out a secretion.

h) Myelin sheath Layer of fat Protects the axons and dendrons. Speeds up the impulses transmission. Supplies nutriens to the axons and dendrons.

YPES OF NEURONE S PRESENT TRANSMIT

SENSORY NEURONE Present in all parts of the body Transmits impulses from a receptor to the central nervous system The axon is shorter than the dendron The dendron is longer than the axon The cell body is between the dendron and axon

RELAY NEURONE Present in the brain and the spinal cord only Transmits impulses from a sensory neurone to a motor neurone The axon is very short Has short dendrons and short dendrites on cell body

MOTOR NEURONE Present in all parts of the body Transmits impulses from the central nervous system to an effector The axon is very long Has short dendrons and short dendrites on cell body

The cell body is located The cell body is at the between a sensory end of the axon neurone and a motor neurone SIMILARITIES : Have a cell body, have dendrons and dendrites, can receive and send out nervous impulse SENSORY NEURONE MOTOR NEURONE

LENGTH OF AXON LENGTH OF DENDRON S CELL BODY

RELAY NEURONE

LINK OF NEURONE

NERVOUS COORDINATION Process of the body receiving stimuli. Sending the information as impulses to the central nervous system Responding to the stimuli.

I) RECEPTORS AND EFFECTORS 1. Receptors are special nerve endings or sense cells in sensory organs which are stimulated by changes in the environment. 2. Taste buds of the tongue, the sense cells in the nose, light sensitive cells on the retina and the sense cells in the cochlea of the ear. 3. The reaction to the stimulus is called a response. 4. Effectors are the muscles form in movement, and glands form of secretions.

II) REFLEX ACTION 1. It is defined as a quick, automatic response to a stimulus from outside the body. 2. It is controlled by the spinal cord. RECEPTOR NEURONE SENSORY NEURONE EFFECTOR SPINAL CORD MOTOR

3. Examples of reflex actions Coughing Knee-jerk reflex eye - Sneezing - Blinking the eyes to avoid an object entering an

Jumping up in pain on stepping on a sharp nail accidentally Reducing the size of the pupils when going out into bright sunlight