Suspended-Sediment Flow Characteristics In Non-Uniform Open Channel Flow

Bambang Agus Kironoto1,*, Bambang Yulistiyanto1 Lutjito 2, Dwi Handaya Nugraha3 1 Civil and Environmental Engng. Dept., Faculty of Engineering, Gadjah Mada University, Yogyakarta 2 Civil Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Yogyakarta State University, Yogyakarta 3 Private Consultant * Corresponding author : kironoto12117@yahoo.co.id Abstract The existence of suspended sediment and the existence of non-uniformity of flow in open channel can influence the flow characteristics, such as velocity profile, suspended sediment concentration profile, turbulence intensity, etc. These flow characteristics can be significantly difference compared with those in clear water of uniform and non-uniform flows. Non-uniform flows can be considered as accelerated and decelerated flows. How the existence of suspended sediment and the non-uniformity of flow influence the flow characteristics were examined in this study, based on the laboratory experimental data obtained previously by Kironoto et al. (2007), and based on the known theories of uniform and non-uniform flows found in literatures. Fifty series (runs) of velocity and suspended sediment concentration profiles data were examined, which comprise of eighteen runs of non-uniform decelerated flows, fourteen runs of non-uniform accelerated flows, and eighteen runs of uniform flows data. The results of the analyzed data show that the existence of suspended sediment as well as the existence of non-uniformity of flow, influence significantly to the velocity and suspended sediment concentration profiles. The integration constant values of the logarithmic-velocity distribution, Br, and of the Coles law distribution, 4, tend to increase with the increasing value of non-uniformity of flow (parameterized with the pressure gradient, F n). However, in the range of data investigated in this study, the equations of suspended sediment concentration distribution of uniform flow, as proposed by Rouse, can still predict satisfactorily the suspended sediment concentration profiles of non uniform flow data. Keywords : experimental data, non-uniform flows, velocity distribution, suspended sediment distribution.

1. Introduction The existence of suspended sediment and the existence of non-uniformity of flow in open channel can influence the flow characteristics, such as velocity profiles, suspended sediment concentration profiles, turbulence intensity, etc. These flow characteristics - which are very important in hydraulic enggineering - can be significantly difference compared with those in clear water of uniform and non-uniform flows. Non-uniform flows can be considered as accelerated and decelerated flows. Cardoso et al (1991), and Kironoto and Graf (1995) studied non uniform clear water flows, and showed that there are significant differences between the flow characteristics of uniform and non uniform open channel flow, although, some similarities between the two flows were also reported. It was shown also that the logarithmic velocity and the Coles velocity distributions are still valid to predict the velocity profiles data of non uniform open channel flow. Coleman (1981, 1986) studied suspended sediment uniform flows, and reported that the suspended sediments concentration can affect the form of velocity profiles, however the logarithmic velocity distribution was reported to be valid, especially in the inner region area. Coles parameters that describe the deviation between the measured data to the logarithmic velocity distribution, were found influenced by the concentration of suspended sediment. How the existence of suspended sediment and the non-uniformity of flow influence the flow characteristics are examined in this study, based on the laboratory experimental data obtained

previously by Kironoto et al. (2007), and based on the known theories of uniform and non-uniform flows found in literatures. 2. Theoretical Background Due to the background theories of non-uniform flow contain suspended sediments are not found (very limited) in literature, the known theory of clear water non-uniform flow and the known theory of suspended sediment uniform flow are used to study the suspended sediment non-uniform flows in this study. 2.1. Clear Water Flow 2.1.1. Uniform Flow In open channel flow, the velocity profiles often be distinguished in the inner region and the outer regional areas. The inner region area is the region near the wall where the logarithmic velocity distribution is valid, while the outer region is the region far from the wall, where the velocity data slightly but systematicaly deviate from the logarithmic velocity distribution. The logarithmic velocity distribution in the inner region, i.e., in y / < 0.2 can be defined with the equation (Kironoto, 1993) : u 1 y ! ln  Br ........(1) u* O ks where u is the average point velocity at a distance y from the reference point, u*, is the shear velocity; O, universal constant of Von-Karman (O = 0.4); Br, integration constant of logarithmic velocity distribution, and ks is the equivalen sand roughness of Nikuradse. Nezu and Rodi (1986) showed that the law of the wake (Coles law) can be used to predict the velocity distribution in the outer region. The Coles equation can be formulated as follows (Kironoto, 1993) :
Ug  u 1 y 2 Ty !  ln  cos 2 ......(2) u* O H O 2H

where U g is the free uniform velocity, where in open channel flow, U g , is taken as the maximum point velocity of velocity profile, Uc, and is the distance from the reference point until the point where u = Uc, is the wake parameters of Coles, which indicates the deviation of the data to the logarithmic velocity distribution. Non-uniform Flow Kironoto and Graf (1995) showed that the theory of uniform clear water flow remain valid for non-uniform flow. Non uniform flow can be expressed with the parameter of pressure gradient, which can be defined as follows:
Fn ! D xp * D xD ...(3) K  S0  ! X 0 xx X 0 xx

2.1.2.

where Fn is the pressure gradient parameter, D is the flow depth, XSis the wall shear stress, and K is the specific gravity. 2.2. Suspended Sediment Uniform Flow Rouse equation (1937, in Graf, 1984, and in Yang, 1996) which is based on the logarthmic velocity distribution and the assumption that the sediment diffusion coefficient have the same value with the momentum transfer coefficient, can be written as follows :
C D  y a ! Ca y D  a
z

with

z!

ws Ou *

.....(4)

where C is suspended sediment concentration at a distance of y from the reference point; Ca, is reference concentration at a distance a from the reference point; D, is flow depth, Z, the Rouses parameter, u*, the shear velocity, and O is the Von-Karman constant. In Eqn.4, settling velocity of suspended sediment particle can be predicted by using the following equation (Van Rijn, 1984) :
ws ! 1 K s  K d s2 g 18 K R

.................................(5)

where ds is representatif diameter of suspended sediment particle (cm) ; ws is settling velocity of suspended sediment particle (cm/dt), Ks and K= specific gravity of sediment and water (kg/m3). 3. Research Methodology To study non-uniform open channel flow with suspended sediment, the profiles of suspended sediment concentration and of velocity were measured on sediment recirculating flume located in the Research Center for Engineering Science Laboratory of Gadjah Mada University (PS-IT UGM), Yogyakarta. Measurements were conducted at the center line of the flume, in order to minimize the effect of side walls of the flume. Suspended sediment concentration was measured by using Foslim probe, while the mean point velocity was measured by using the Electromagnetic flowmeter probe set. The bed material used in this study obtained from Progo river, with ks = d50 = 0.060 cm, where ks is the equivalent sand roughness of Nikuradse. 4. Result And Discussion 4.1. Measurement Data Fifty (50) series (runs) of flows data, which comprises of 18 runs of uniform flows, 18 runs of decelerated flows, and 14 runs of accelerated flows were obtained in this study, based on the laboratory experimental data measured previously by Kironoto et al. (2007). Each serie (run) has a specific name (code), with three or four letters. The first letter of U was used to represent the uniform flow data (for example run UP1), D for decerating flow data (for example run DPA1), and A for accerating flow data (for example run APA9). The second, the third and the fourth letter represent, respectively, the name of river where sediment material obtained (Progo river), the location of measurements (A, B, C), and the sequence number of running (1, 2, 3). Each serie (run) based on difference parameters, such as bed slope, flow depth, and velocity (discharge). For uniform flow data, the flow parameter such as slope, flow depth, and depth-averaged velocity variates as follows, i.e., 0.0003 < So < 0.0012, 9.8 < D < 16.5 cm, 18.76 < U < 36.15 cm/dt. For decelerated flows data, the flow parameter variates as : 0.0063 < So < 0.0125, 11.4 < D < 20.8 cm, 15.11 < U < 28.65 cm/dt, and for accelerated flows, the flow parameters variates as : as : -0.002 < So < -0.0005, 8.4 < D < 13.5 cm, 29.21 < U < 40.32. The detail flow parameters data and some flow calculation parameters, such as, Br, 4, F n, obtained in this study can be seen in Kironoto et al (2007). 4.2. Velocity Distribution In Figure 1, it is shown typical example of velocity profiles for uniform, accelerated and decelerated flows obtained in this study. The trend of velocity profiles for the three types of flows is relatively the same for the data measured in the inner region, but in the outer region, there is slight difference between the three types of flows. In the outer regions - compared with the data of uniform flow -, the velocity profile tend to get fuller (close) for accelerated flow, and tend to get slender (open) for decelerated flow. These trends are similar with those in clear water non-unifrom flow as reported by Kironoto and Graf (1995). Integration Constant of log-law velocity distribution, Br Based on the equation of velocity distribution (Eqn. 1) and the measured velocity data in the inner region, the value of integration constant, Br (and the friction velocity, u*) can be obtained. This method is often known as the Clauser method. The integration constants, Br, obtained from the Clauser method, are given in Figure 2, where the Br-values are plotted versus pressure gradient parameter, Fn. As shown in the figure, the plotting 4.2.1. 3

data show significant scatters; this might be due to the difficulty of measuring velocity profiles of suspended sediment non-uniform open channel flows. From the figure, it can be shown also that the Br-values tend to slightly increase with the inceasing value of pressure gradinet parameter. Compared with the values obtained in clear water non-uniform flows, i.e., Br = 8.5 10% (Kironoto and Graf, 1995), the values for non-uniform open channel flows with suspended sediment, appear relatively to be smaller, although their values are still comparable.

Figure 1 Comparaison of velocity profiles for uniform, accelerated and decelerated flows 4.2.2. Coles parameter, 4

Figure 2 Plot of integration constant, Br vs. Fn

In the outer region, the mesured data of velocity profiles follow the Coles law (Eqn. 2), where Uc is taken as the maximum point velocity of the velocity distribution, and is the distance between the reference point to point where u = Uc; is the Coles wake parameter which can be obtained from the deviation between the measured data to the logarithmic velocity distribution at y/H = 1, that gives the value of 24O. In Figure 3, the 4-values which describe the deviation between the measured data to the logarithmic velocity distribution are plotted as a function of pressure gradient parameter, 4= f(Fn ), and compared with 4= f(Fn) for clear water non uniform flow as obtained previously by Kironoto and Graf (1995).

Figure 3 Coles parameter, 4, plotted against the pressure gradient parameter Fn.

Although the trend of 4= f(F n) for the data of clear water flow and flow with suspended sediment are relatively different, however both of them shows the same characteristics, that is, the pressure gardient parameter influence the value of 4. For accelerated flow with suspended sediment, the 4-values rather smaller than that of clear water flows; on the contrary, the 4-values rather greater in decelareted flows. 4.3. Suspended Sediment Concentration Distribution In Figure 4, it is shown typical example of suspended sediment concentration profiles for uniform, accelerated, and decelerated flows. The plotting data is expressed in the form of C/C a, where C a is the reference sediment concentration. As shown in the figure, the trend of data are relatively similar for the three type of flows, in which, closer to the free surface, the suspended sediment concentration become smaller. In Figure 5, it is shown typical example of the measured of suspended sediment concentration profiles of uniform flow (Run UP5) and non uniform flows (Run APA for accelerated flows, and DPA for decelerated flows), compared with the Rouses equation. As shown in the figure, although the flow are accelerated and decelerated, but the equation can still predict the data satisfactorily, at least in the range of data used in this study.

Figure 4 Typical example of suspended sediment concentration profiles for uniform, accelerated and decelerated flows

Figure 5 Typical example of the measured of suspended sediment concentration profiles compared with Rouses equation (for uniform, decelerated and accelerated flows).

5. Conclutions From the results of analysis of the data obtained in this study, the following conclusions can be drawn as : 1. The trend of velocity profiles of flow with suspended sediment, both for uniform and non uniform flows (accelerated and decelerated flows) are relatively the same for the data in the inner region, but in the outer region - compared with the data of uniform flow -, the velocity profiles tend to get fuller (close) for accelerated flow, and tend to get slender (open) for decelerated flow. 2. The calculated values of logarithmic constant, Br, tend to increase with the increasing value of preassure gradient, Fn. Compared with the Br-value of clear water flow, the Br-values of non uniform flow with suspended sedimen appear to be smaller. 3. Although the trend of 4= f(Fn) for the data of clear water flow and flow with suspended sediment are relatively different, however both of them shows the same characteristic, in which the 4values increase with the increasing value of pressure gardient. For accelerated flow with suspended sediment, the 4-values rather smaller than that of clear water flows; on the contrary, the 4-values rather greater in decelareted flows. 4. Rouse equation can still predict the measured suspended sediment concentration profiles satisfactorily for uniform, accelerated and decelerated flow, at least in the range of data obtained in this study. 6. References Cardoso, A. H., Graf, W. H. and Gust, G. (1991). Steady gradually accelerating flow in a smooth open channel. J. Hydr. Res, 29(4), 525 543. Coleman, N. L. (1981). Velocity profiles with suspended sediment." J. Hydr. Res., 19(3), 211 229. Coleman, N. L. (1986). Effects of Suspended on the Open-Channel Velocity Distribution, Water Resources Research, Vol. 22, No. 10. Garde, R. J., and Ranga Raju, K. G. (1977). Mechanics of Sediment Transportation and Alluvial Streams Problems, Wiley Eastern Limited, New Delhi. Graf, W.H. (1984). Hydraulics of Sediment Transport. McGraw-Hill Book Company, New York. Kironoto, B. A. (1993) Turbulence Characteristics of Uniform and Non-Uniform, Rough OpenChannel Flow. These No 1094, EPFL, Lausanne. Kironoto, B. A., and Graf, W. H. (1995). Turbulence Characteristics in Rough Non-Uniform OpenChannel Flow. Proc. Instn. Civ. Engrs Wat., Marit. & Energy, 112, dec., 336-348. Kironoto, B. A., Lutjito, and Nugroho, D.H. (2007). The characteristics of Non-uniform Flow with Suspended Sediment in Open Channel. Dinamika Teknik Sipil, Vol.7, No.2, july, 154-162. Nezu, I. and Rodi, W. (1986). Open channel flow measurements with a laser Doppler anemometer. J. Hydr. Engrg., ASCE, 112(5), 335 355. Van Rijn, L. C. (1984). Sediment Transport, Part II: Suspended Load Transport. J. Hydr. Engrg., ASCE ,Vol. 110, No. 11. Yang, C T. (1996). Sediment Transport Theory and Practice. The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., New York.