1

Energy & Energy Balances at

Steady State
Chapter 7
2
Energy - ability to do work
Forms of Energy
- Kinetic energy (KE)
- Potential energy (PE)
- Internal energy (U)
Total Energy , E = KE + PE + U
7.1-7.2 Energy & 1
st
Law of
Thermodynamics
2
2
1
mV KE =
mgz PE =
3
Change in kinetic energy:
Note: means change and is always calculated as
final value minus initial value
) (
2
1
2
1
2
2 1 2
V V m KE KE KE = =
) (
1 2 1 2
z z mg PE PE PE = =
Change in potential energy
Change in potential energy
1 2
U U U =
How can energy get into or out of a
system?
Heat (Q) - energy in transition across the
boundaries of a system due to a temperature
difference
Mass flow (E
m
) - energy carried across the
boundaries of a system with the mass flowing across
the boundaries (i.e. internal, kinetic & potential
energy)
Shaft work (W
s
) - energy in transition across the
boundaries of a system due to a driving force other
than temperature, and not associated with mass flow
(an example would be mechanical work due to a
piston, pump or compressor)
4
General Balance Equation
A balance on conserved quantity (i.e. mass, energy,
momentum) in a process system may be written as:
Input + generation - output -consumption
= accumulation
First Law of Thermodynamics
Energy can neither be created nor destroyed -
It can change forms
Input + generation - output - consumption
= accumulation
Input Input - - output = accumulation output = accumulation
and at steady state ; accumulation = 0 and at steady state ; accumulation = 0
0
0
5
Application of First Law - Conservation of
energy for a control volume
(
(
(
(
(
(
(

+
(
(
(
(
(
(
(

(
(
(
(
(
(
(

=
(
(
(
(
(
(
(

m flow mass
ng accompanyi
volume control
the into transfer
energy of rate net
t time
at work by
out d transferre
being is energy
which at rate net
t time at
transfer heat by
in d transferre
being is energy
which at rate net
t time
at volume control the
within contained
energy the of
change of rate time
&
| | | |
out in cv
cv
cv
PE KE U PE KE U E
E W Q
t
E
+ + + + =
+ =

& &
General Energy Balances at Steady
State
W - Q E E
energy system
total the in Change
System the Entering
Energy Total
System the Leaving
Energy Total
in out
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
|
|
.
|

\
|

|
|
.
|

\
|
W Q E
E E E
in out
=
=
W Q U PE KE
U PE KE E
= + +
+ + =
6
7.3 Energy Balance on Closed Systems
at Steady State
How do you describe a closed system control
volume?
What effect does this have on the mass and
energy balances?
There is no mass transfer into a closed system
The only way energy can get into or out of a
closed system is by heat transfer or work
(1) Heat transfer (Q):
(2) Work (W
s
):
Note: * Work is any boundary interaction that is not
heat (mechanical, electrical, magnetic, etc.)
W
s
Q
7
s i f
W Q E E E = =
s
W Q U PE KE = + +
out in cv
s
cv
2
cv
s
s
m m m
W Q gz
2
v
U

m
W Q PE KE U
W Q E
= =
=
(

|
.
|

\
|
+ +
= + +
=
E = U + PE + KE = Q W
Note: (Summation of all heat
transfer across system
boundary)
(Summation of all work
across system boundary)

=
i
i
Q Q

=
i
i
W W
8
For a closed system what is E equal to?
s
W Q U PE KE E = + + =
Is it adiabatic? (if yes, Q = 0)
Are there moving parts, e.g. do the walls move? (if
no, W
s
= 0)
Is the system moving? (if no, KE = 0)
Is there a change in elevation of the system? (if no,
PE = 0 )
Does Temperature, phase, or chemical composition
change? (if no to all, U = 0)
7.4 Energy Balances on Open
Systems at Steady State
How are open systems control volumes different from
closed systems
What effect does this have on the energy balance?
9
Some common open system steady flow
devices
Only one in and one out
7.4a Types of Work
Recall . How energy can be transferred across
boundaries of
a closed system ?
an open system?
10
For open systems, two types of work
involved
Shaft work , W
s
.. Work done by a moving part of a
system
Flow works , W
fl
(PV) .. Work done by the fluid at the inlet &
outlet of the control volume
Fluid
Pressure
P
1
P
2
) s / m )( m / N .....( V P V P W
3 2
1 1 2 2 fl
=
&
7.4b Enthalpy
Total Energy of a flowing fluid (open system)
i i f f fl
s fl
V P V P W
) W W ( Q PE KE U
W Q PE KE U
=
+ = + +
= + +
&
& &
&
The fluid possesses an additional form of
energy the flow energy (flow work)
...) kg / cal , kg / J ( Enthalpy Specific ...... V

P U

..) cal (Joule, Enthalpy ....... PV U H

W Q PE KE H
s
+ =
+ =
= + +
&
Shaft work
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7.4c Energy balance of an open system
t
E
gz
2
V

m W gz
2
V

m Q
cv
e
2
e
e e s i
2
i
i i

=
|
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ +
|
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ + +


This work represents everything but
the flow work
The flow work
is included in
the enthalpy
term
Input - Output = Accumulation
0
t
E
cv
out in m m
=

=


0 gz
2
V

m gz
2
V

m
e
2
e
e e i
2
i
i i
s
W Q
=
|
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ +
|
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ + +

s
W
Q
i
2
i
i i e
2
e
e e
gz
2
V

m gz
2
V

=
|
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ +
|
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ +

Energy Balance on Open Systems at
Steady State
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For an open system what is E equal to?
s
W Q E
& &
= + + = H PE KE
Is it adiabatic? (if yes, Q = 0)
Are there moving parts, e.g. pump, compressor,
turbine ? (if no, W
s
= 0)
Does the average velocity of the fluid change
between the input and the output? ? (if no, KE = 0)
Is there a change in elevation of the system between
the input and the output? ? (if no, PE = 0 )
Does temperature, phase, chemical composition or
pressure change? (if no to all, H = 0)
7.5 Tables of Thermodynamic Data
Recall . Thermodynamics
13
Recall
1. E is always measured relative to reference point!
Reference plane for PE
Reference frame for KE
Reference state for U (i.e. U = 0 @ reference state)
And
1. Changes in E are important, not total values of E
2. E depends only on beginning and end states
3. Q and W depend on process path (could get to the same
end state with different combinations of Q and W)
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7.5b Steam Properties
Recall . Thermodynamics
Property of Steam Tables
P pressure
T - temperature
v specific volume
u specific internal energy
h specific enthalpy h = u + Pv
s specific entropy
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Superheated Properties
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7.6 Energy Balance Calculation Procedures
1. Select a suitable control volume for analysis, and
sketch the system, indicating appropriate
boundaries
2. Determining what energy interaction are important,
and recognize the sign conventions on such terms
3. Start with the basic 1
st
law (energy balance) for the
chosen system
4. Obtain physical date for the substance under study.
Is an equation of state applicable, or must
graphical and/or tabular data be employed? What
are other property relations for the substance?
5. Determine the path of the process between the
initial and final states and indicate it in a diagram.
Is the process isothermal, isobaric, quasistatic,
adiabatic, etc.?
6. What other idealizations or assumptions are
necessary to complete the solution? Are kinetic and
potential energies negligible, etc.?
7. Draw a suitable diagram for the process, as an aid
in picturing the overall problem.
8. Complete the solution for the required item(s) on
the basis of the information supplied
Note: * check the units in each equation used!!!
17
Mechanical Energy Balances for
Steady-State Flow Processes
loss friction 0
m
Q
U

F
m
W
- F z g
2
v P

1
m
V
V

, V

P U

W - Q z g
2
v
H

m
s
2
s
2
=
= + + +

= = + =
=
|
.
|

\
|
+ +
&
&
&
&
& &
&
Energy balance for an
isothermal (constant T)
& steady state flow of
an incompressible fluid
( is constant - for
liquids) through a piping
system
(m
in
= m
out
)

P v
g z

+ + =
2
2
0
If there is no shaft work (Ws = 0, i.e., no pump,
compressor, etc.), and if the friction losses can be
neglected (F = 0), then Bernoullis equation
results: