INDEX

Topic No. 1) Introduction. 1 2) Power Supply...4 3) Electrical Protection for Devices..8 4) Telephone Exchange.9 5) Optical Fiber Cable (OFC)..15 6) GSM-R....19 7) Microwave...26 8) Networking..28 9) Public Addressing System (PAS)....33 10) Divisional Control..37 Pg.

INTRODUCTION Railway Communication System

Railway has got its own unit of communication systems, for the following purposes:1) Train Traffic operation 2) Passenger Amenities 3) Administrative Purposes

Train Traffic Operation

For smooth, efficient and secure train services, Railway has its own controlling system, centrally located at Divisional Headquarters of various zones of the Indian Railways.

Control Working
The following control workings are employed by the railways for smooth efficient and secure train service:1) Train Traffic Control/Section Control 2) Stock Control 3) Traction Power Control 4) Remote Control 5) Traction Loco Control 6) Carriage Control 7) Engineering Control 8) Signal Control 9) Security Control 10) Emergency Control 11) Deputy Control

Passenger Amenities

To facilitate the passengers for boarding the trains or informing them the status of movement of trains, arrival, departure Railway employs PAS (Public Address System):1) Announcing system 2) Train Indication Board 3) Coach Indication Board 4) CCTv (closed circuit television) 5) Clocks (analogue, digital & GPS based)

Administrative Purposes
For administrative works Railway uses its own telecommunication networking

Nowadays manual and electro-mechanical exchanges have become obsolete in railways.

Telephone Exchange
Intra Communication
1) Point to Point Circuit 2) Omnibus Circuit

Trunk Communication
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1) Operators Trunk Dialling 2) Subscribers Trunk Dialling 3) International Standard Dialling

G.S.M-R
Railway has its own mobile communication network like other service operators exclusively for railway use. 1) Networking(IT): Railways has its internetwork system called RAILNET working in conjunction with internet system. 2) Other than RAILNET railway has several networking systems for various purposes such as:a. Freight operation info. system(FOIS) b. Coach operation info. System (COIS) c. Terminal Management System (TMS) d. Crew Management System (CMS) e. Parcel Management System (PMS) f. Passenger Reservation System (PRS) g. Unreserved ticket System (UTS) h. IP based video conferencing system

Medium of Communication
For telecommunication and networking system railway uses following medium individually or in association:1) Overhead Alignment System : a. copper conductor, b. Copper wield conductor, c. GI wire, d. ACSR (aluminium conductor steel reinforced)

2)

Underground Cable system : a. PILC(paper insulated low loss cable), b. PIJF (polythene insulated jelly field), c. Starformed quad cable, d. RE composite type quad cable, e. optical fibre cable system Wireless System : a. VHF, b. HF, c. UHF, d. Microwave (analogue and digital)

3)

4) Satellite Communication System

POWER SUPPLY
Power supply is a very important unit which is used to supply power for driving the devices used in railway communications.

BLOCK DIAGRAM OF POWER SUPPLY UNIT:

BATTERY:
Battery is a very essential component of power supply unit. Batteries are used to continue supplying power even when main supply goes off.

PRIMARY BATTERY: Battery or cell is a device which

converts chemical energy into electrical energy. A battery consists of positive electrode, negative electrode and electrolyte. When two dissimilar metals are immersed into an electrolyte then a battery is produced. The potential difference in between cathode and anode, during open circuit condition, is called E.M.F.

Diagram of a primary cell:

+VE ELECTRODE (CARBON) -VE ELECTRODE (ZINC)

AMONIUM CLORIDE (NH4Cl) ZINC CONTAINER

Parameters of R.R. Cells:

R.R. CELL

E.M.F.=1.5V End point voltage=1.1V Internal resistance=less than 2 ohm Capacity=55 Instant current=4 amp Life= 9 months to 12 months

Advantage:
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 Portable and small in size. Maintenance free and cheaper.

Disadvantage:
High internal resistance. Less life.

SECONDARY BATTERY: Secondary batteries are those which

can be repeatedly charged and discharged, e.g. Lead Acid Cell, Nickel Cadmium etc.

Construction of Lead Acid Battery: A lead acid battery consists

of cells and each cell of the battery consists of a) positive and negative plates. b) separators and c) electrolyte, all contained in one of the many of battery containers made of molded plastic, glass or celluloid. Positive and negative plates are comprised of lattice type of grid of cast antimonial lead alloy which is covered with active material. Separators are thin sheets of porous material placed between the positive and negative plates for preventing contact between them to avoid short circuiting of the battery. Dilute Sulphuric acid is used as electrolyte which fills the cell compartment to immerse the cell completely.

Diagram of a secondary cell:

+VE -VE LEAD OXIDE (PbO2) FLOAT WATER LEVEL SPONGY LEAD (Pb)

+VE PLATE (PbO2)

ELECTROLYTE (DILUTE H2SO4) -VE PLATE (Pb)

CONTAINER BOTTOM BLOCK

Faults of Lead Acid Battery:

7

Sulphation: White patches are found on the plates and

terminals of the cell due to Sulphation fault. It also causes low specific gravity and less capacity of the cell. Sulphation happens due to improper and irregular charging and discharging of battery, leaving the battery for several days after charging.

Remedy: To overcome this problem the battery should be

charged continuously at a low rate of 1/3rd of normal rate until the voltage rises up to 2.65 V per cell.

Maintenance
Battery should be properly charged and discharged and we should always avoid over-discharging and under-discharging. We should ensure the specific gravity and voltage of each cell after charging and discharging. Top surface of the battery should be dried and cleaned properly. The battery should be placed in a room which is isolated from the sun light and should be placed on wooden rack in a gap of and keep on the insulator to prevent the leakage fault. All connectors should be coved by petroleum jelly or Vaseline to avoid the correction fault. During charging excess gassing decrease the level of electrolyte. So to make up the level of electrolyte up to the marker of float guide we should add distil water frequently.

Charger
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Charger is an electrical device which gives DC as output to charge a secondary cell where AC input supplied is converted into DC. Chargers may be divided as: I. II. III. Manual charger Auto float charger Automatic charger

Block diagram

AC input is stepped down to the required level by a transformer and then converted into dc by a rectifier.

Electrical Protection for Devices

For protection of the expensive electronic setups used in the communication system of the railways the following electrical protections are provided:1) Over Current Protection 2) Over Voltage Protection 3) Lightning Arrestor

Over Current Protection

To protect the device against current surge MCB (miniature circuit breaker) are used. When the current in the load exceeds the rated limit of the MCB, the MCB trips thus cutting the device off from the circuit, thereby protecting it from damage.

Over Voltage Protection

To protect the system from a voltage surge, a small unit called MOVR (metal oxide variable resistor) is used. In case of a voltage surge the MOVR shorted its neutral and earth terminals, thereby causing a heavy current flow that ultimately trip the MCB.
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 Generally two pairs of MCB and MOVR are used for AC protection in hierarchical fashion, so that when there is over current/voltage, they trip sequentially. Another pair of MCB and MOVR is used for DC protection.

Lightning Arrestor
When lightning strikes a huge number of electrons flow through the circuit. To divert it from the main circuit, a lightning arrestor is used to bypass the electron flow. It does that by shorting it to the earth.

Telephone Exchange
Introduction: The telephone exchanges must be automatic, electronic,
digital, stored program controlled (SPC). In these exchanges, switching is done by pulse code modulation technique and separate cards are used normal by terminal interface control (TIC). The basic features of this exchange are: 1. Required less space 2. Automatic dialing 3. Centralized supervision and maintenance 4. Power consumption is less with compared to the previously used electromechanical exchanges 5. Air conditioning is vital as it is controlled by microprocessor based with memory The exchanges shall be Transit cum Local Exchanges providing connectivity in between:
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 Subscriber to subscriber Subscriber to trunk Trunk to subscriber Trunk to trunk As it is stored program the program and data can easily be modified and introduced into work. Some services are: call waiting, call forwarding, call transfer, conference facility and maintenance facility to detect and locate the following unit.

Description of Different Cards

Railway telephone exchange or IRIS module has the following cards: 1. Power Supply Card (PSU): The Power Supply Card (PSU) generates DC and ringer voltage used in the exchange. Its input is -48 volts DC which is derived from a float charger and battery setup external to the system cabinet.
2.

Main Controller Card (MCC): This is the main control card of

the system and supports maximum 8192 ports. One DSP card is inbuilt in this card which performs the functions such as: 16 minutes music recording, external music facility, 3 VSN ports for voice guide, DTMF generators and receivers, MFC tone generating and decoding, all tones including dial tone, busy tone, ring back tone etc.

3.

Peripheral Card: The peripheral cards are: No. of ports/lines supported

32 ports

Name Of The Card

Feature Line Card

Function

(FLC)

Used for giving analog lines. Features provided are: DTMF receiver and dialer, polarity reversal, message waiting facility

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Direct Inward Dialing (DID) Feature Trunk Card

32 ports 24 ports

Used to terminate the level DID card. Used to terminate the analog trunk lines. It has the following features: polarity reversal detection, DTMF CLI detection Used to connect the key phones. It supports 16 key phones. Used for microwave communication Used to generate the level DID trunks as well as to terminate the level DID trunks

(FTC)

Digital Communication Card (DCC)

16 ports

E & M Card
Both Way Trunk Card (BWT) E1 or CEPT/PRI Card Basic Rate Interface Card (BRI/ISDN)

8 ports 16 ports

30 digital trunks Using this card two exchanges can be tied up. 8 ports 16 ISDN lines 8 ports ISDN components can be loaded on the PCB. Used to provide the ISDN BRI trunk Used to provide the Ethernet connection along with the analogue extension at the subscriber side.

ISN-U VDSL card

VoIP Card

12 channels

4.

Combination Cards: The combination cards are:

a. b.

FDI card (16 DID + 16 FLC) DTF card (4 digital + 8 FTC + 16 FLC)
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c.

DTI card (4 digital + 8 FTC + 16 DID )

M A I N R A C K

R A C K R 1 A C K 2

R P B C R P B C

..............................................

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.............................................

CALL PROCESSING IN A TELEPHONE EXCHANGE

IN CASE OF INTRACOM(OTHER TELEPHONE EXCHANGE) Phone Lifted SUB. TELE PHO MCC checks its data base,finds no. of D otherEXCHANGE Loop current flows Sensed by FLC Card FLC Card

Sends this inf. To MCC Card MCC sends dial tone Sub dials. Digits received numbers By FLC sent to MCC subs. Thru FLC MCC Card(main cnl card)

FLC If dialed no. is valid Remote trunk Sends the digits to MCCsends this to trunk card receives it its own MCC card(ENM,2MB etc)

Reomte exch MCC checks its data-base MCC checks its status

Remote MCC continuously scans the status of subscriber.

If valid no.is found ,remote

If found free,sends this inf.to calling exch MCC by trunk card 14

Calling MCC sends Ringing voltage to remote & RBT to calling subs

Remote MCC sends this inf.to calling MCC,it cuts ringing vol. s &RBT and switches the sub. With Sensed by FLC &MCC selected port of trunk card

If remote sub.off-hook, Remote MCC does the switching between trunk card & particular Port of FLC

Two subs of diff.exch connected

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16

Optical Fiber Cable System (O.F.C)

Introduction: Optical fiber cable is made up of glass or plastic core, with
a exterior cladding surrounding it. Over that there is a protective cover called the jacket. Electrical energy from a system is converted to optical energy with help of laser diodes and transmitted through the cable. The signal propagates through the cable due to total internal reflection of light. At the receiving end the optical signal is again converted to electrical signal and used by the system.

The OFC Module STM

The STM or Synchronous Transfer Module is an electronic device which can convert optical energy into electrical energy. This system can also give

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us many numbers of 2mbps frequencies such as STM1 (63 2mpbs frequencies) STM4 (252 2mbps frequencies) and STM 16 (1008 frequencies). STM 1 is operated by -48V DC and it has different cards.

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19

BLOCK DIAG. OF OFC MODULE Synchronous Card (SYNC) : This card has may functions
such as to measure transmitter receiver power fives for both sides and 63 numbers of E1 always communicate with the NMS and in case of power loss, of fiber or fault of 2mbps in the system or transmission path, it gives different alarms in front panel LED.

Add/Drop Multiplexer (ADM) : Main function of this

card is to convert optical signal into electrical signal and the electrical signal into optical. It also gives 63 numbers of 2mbps for utilization of electrical path. It has 4 numbers of ports two for receiving and two for transmitting. Receiver and transmitter fiber of OFC is directly connected with the ADM card by the help of Patch Cord. Receiver power of the STM is not less than -40dbm and transmitter power is locked on -2dbm.

Power Supply Unit (PSU) : It works at -48V DC and

converts into +5 to -5 volts and inner potion is protected for short circuit and overload.

Optical Line Interface Card (OLI): In case of tri

junction fiber station OLI card gives 2 numbers of ports, one for receiver and other for transmitter. And then by the help of NMS we can connect the fiber through line fiber.

Distribution Box
In front panel we connect 21 numbers of E1, number wise. Left side receiver of E1, to the right side transmitter of E1. Similarity is maintained up to 21 numbers of E1 every E1 has 2numbers of D-link Connectors for E1 testing in STM side and multiplexing side.
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Multiplexer
It is an electronic device which can convert 2mbps into 32 time slots and each time slot forms one channel for utilization of subscriber end such as telephone computer etc. It is operated by -48v DC w.r.t a charger and battery back up for break less communication in case of any type of power failure. It has different types of cards such as:-

Power Supply Card : The card is a DC to DC converter it

has 4 numbers of different o/p voltage such as +5V, +/-10V, +80V.

Network Interface Module Card (NIM): In this card

different types of setting is done. First we set the dual address in the set up. Second master and slave mode is selected by the DIP switch. Third with the help of NMS we program all the 30 channels for permanent operation of the station.

Tributary Card (TRIB) : Function of the card is the

conversion of 2mbps to timeslots and time slots too 2 mbps. This card can be operated in DI mode or END TERMINAL mode with the help of a DIP switch set up.

Voice Card (VOIC) : In voice card we can operate in two

wire mode and for wire mode by setting a jumper in module card. Two wire mode has 4 numbers of conductors, two of which used for speech and other two is for signaling. In four wire mode two number of conductors are used
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for receiving and two conductors for transmitting and signaling mode is operated by voice frequency(DTMF).

Exchange (EXCH): For connectivity of local exchange

the card is provided for local communication by the exchange. To communicate end to end with hot dialing arrangement both side telephone is operated by the help of off-hook and on-hook. Hot line is mainly for VVIP persons.

Hot Line (HOT):

Data Card (DATA): Two types of data card are used.

One is LSD (Low Speed Data, 12kbps) and HSD (High Speed Data, 64kbps). It works for computer data and PRS and data logger and for UTS.

GSM-R
INTRODUCTION: Mobile Train Radio communication, a digital
wireless network, is based on GSM-R (Global System for Mobile Communication-Railway) designed on EIRENE (European Integrated Railway Radio Enhanced Network) Functional requirement specification (FRS) and System Requirement specification ( SRS).

The Basic Features of GSM-R:

Point to Point call Voice broad cast call Voice group call Emergency call Functional addressing Allows user to make a distinct call Allows groups of users to receive common information Allows groups of users to make calls among the groups Allows user to call controller by short code during emergency Allows a user or an application to be reached by means of a number, which identifies the relevant function and not the physical terminal.

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Location dependent addressing eEMLPP (enhanced Multi-Level Precedence and Pre-emption)

Provides the routing of mobile originated calls to the correct subscriber. Allows resource pre-emption for priority calls

INFRASTRUCTURE OF GSM-R NETWORK:

This figure depicts the system architecture of GSM-R network.

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The system consists of following subsystems: 1. Mobile Station (MS) 2. Base Station Subsystem (BSS) 3. Network and Switching Subsystem (NSS) 4. Operating Sub System (OSS) 5. Dispatcher 6. Cab Radio 7. Power Supply Arrangement Here a mobile station (MS) communicates with a base station subsystem (BSS) through the radio interface. The BSS is connected to network switching subsystem (NSS) using the A interface.

Interfaces used in GSM-R network:

Frequency used for GSM-R in Eastern Railway:

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The Radio Link uses both FDMA (Frequency Division Multiple Access) and TDMA (Time Division Multiple Access). The 900 MHz frequency bands for down link and up link signal are 935-960 MHz and 890-915 MHz respectively.

Description of Units/Subsystems:
The MS consists of two parts (a) Subscriber Identity Module (SIM) and (c) Mobile Equipment (ME). SIM is removable and can be moved from one terminal to another and authenticated via a Personal Identity Number (PIN) between four to eight digits. It contains subscriber information and International Mobile Subscriber Identity (IMSI). ME is a mobile handset equipped with display screen and soft touch key. Some additional bottoms are provided to meet some special features of GSM-R. BSS connects MS and NSS (Network and Switching Subsystem). The BSS contains three parts: 1. Base Transceiver Station (BTS) 2. Base Station Controller (BSC) 3. Trans Coder Unit (TCU) The BTS performs channel coding or decryption. It processes signaling and speech required for MEs in air interface at one side (via antenna) and with BSC in Abis interface (through PCM 2Mbps in OFC network) at other side. 48 V/16 Amps. DC supply is provided for BTS cabinet. Cooling arrangement is necessary to prevent system shut down. The BSC performs the tasks related to BSS equipment management and supervision and to the GSM call processing , 25

MOBILE SUB SYSTEM (MS)

BASE STATION SUBSYSTEM (BSS) BASE TRANSCEIVER STATION (BTS)

BASIC STATION CONTROLLER (BSC)

mainly:

BTS supervision Radio channel allocation Radio channel monitoring Traffic management TCU management BSS configuration data and storage management BSS performance counter management Failure detection and management

TRANS CODER UNIT (TCU) NETWORK AND SWITCHING SUBSYSTEM (NSS) INTELLIGENT NETWORK (IN)

The TCU carries out speech encoding/ decoding and rate adoption in data transmission. It enables code conversion of 16 Kbps channel from the BSC into 64 Kbps channels for MSC in both directions. The NSS supports the switching functions, subscriber profiles and mobility management. The basis switching function in the NSS is performed by the MSC. This interface follows a signaling protocol used in the telephone network. The current location of an MS is usually maintained by the HLR (Home Location Register) and VLR (Visitor Location Register). Functions of the intelligent network (IN) are: i) Mapping the functional number with corresponding MSISDN. ii) Location Dependent Addressing. iii) Registration iv) Deregistration v) Interrogation vi) Force deregistration vii) Virtual Private Network Operating subsystem consists of: I. Operation and Maintenance Centre for Radio (OMC-R) II. Operation and Maintenance Centre for NSS (OMC-S)

OPERATING SUB SYSTEM (OSS)

Numbering Scheme:
International Mobile Subscriber Identity (IMSI) is used to identify the called MS. It is not known to the user and is used by network only. IMSI is stored in SIM, the HLR and the serving VLR. The IMSI consists of three parts:
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I. A three digit Mobile country Code (MCC) II. A two digit Mobile Network Code (MNC) III. A Mobile Station Identification Number (MSIN).

The directory number dialed to reach a mobile subscriber is called the mobile subscriber ISDN (MSISDN) which is defined by the Numbering Plan. This number includes a country code and a national destination code which identifies the subscribers operator. It is stored in the HLR.

International Mobile Subscriber Identity (IMSI) for railway network:

Mobile Subscriber ISDN number (MSISDN) for railway network:

National EIRENE Numbers: National EIRENE Numbers are used specifically for Railway purposes and consist of three parts: i) Call type (CT) ii) User ID No iii) Function code (FC) The call type prefix identifies the user number dialed. The call type distinguishes between the different types of user numbers that are allowed within the national EIRENE numbering plan. The call type prefix tells the network how to interpret the number dialed. It is one digit long. The user identification Number can be one of the following: Running Number for TFN (Train Functional Number) Engine Number for EFN (Engine Functional Number)
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 Coach Number for CFN (Coach Functional Number) Shunting team location number Maintenance team location number Train controller location number National EIRENE calls: Functional Numbers [handled by Functional Addressing (FA) service] CT=2-3-4-6

Where: TRN: Train Running Number (5-8 digits) EN: Engine Number (8 digits) CN: Coach Number (9 digits) FC: Function Code (2 digits) LN: Location Number (5 digits) TT: Team Type (1 digit) Y: Team Member (1 digit) XX: Team Number (2 digits) Train Functional Number is used for calling the driver by its train number. The following numbering scheme is used in the Railway. Functional Number of driver in Rajdhani Express for Thursday is as follows:

For link train -1, for Guard -80, for special train -2 User can register itself as a driver / guard of any train from their handset by dialing 091 i.e. Railway access code following the above digits for a specific train.

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MICROWAVE
INTRODUCTION: Microwaves are electromagnetic waves with
wavelengths ranging from as long as one meter to as short as one millimeter, or equivalently, with frequencies between 300 MHz (0.3 GHz) and 300 GHz. This broad definition includes both UHF (Ultra High Frequency) and EHF (Extremely High Frequency) which are millimeter waves and various sources use different boundaries. In all cases, microwave includes the entire SHF (Super High Frequency) band (3 to 30 GHz, or 10 to 1 cm) at minimum, with RF engineering often putting the lower boundary at 1 GHz (30 cm), and the upper around 100 GHz (3mm). Apparatus and techniques may be described qualitatively as "microwave" when the wavelengths of signals are roughly the same as the dimensions of the equipment. Electromagnetic waves longer (lower frequency) than microwaves are called "radio waves". Electromagnetic radiation with shorter wavelengths may be called "millimeter waves", terahertz radiation or even T-rays.

Microwave Frequency Bands:

The microwave spectrum is usually defined as electromagnetic energy ranging from approximately 1 GHz to 100 GHz in frequency, but older
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usage includes lower frequencies. Most common applications are within the 1 to 40 GHz range. Microwave frequency bands, as defined by the Radio Society of Great Britain (RSGB), are shown in the table below: Microwave Frequency Band LETTER DESIGNATION L band S band C band X band Ku band K band Ka band Q band U band V band E band W band F band D band FREQUENCY RANGE 1 to 2 GHz 2 to 4 GHz 4 to 8 GHz 8 to 12 GHz 12 to 18 GHz 18 to 26.5 GHz 26.5 to 40 GHz 30 to 50 GHz 40 to 60 GHz 50 to 75 GHz 60 to 90 GHz 75 to 110 GHz 90 to 140 GHz 110 to 170 GHz

Block Diagram of Microwave Transmitter:

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Block Diagram of Microwave Receiver:

NETWORKING
Introduction: Railway has its own internetwork system. The networking
system of railway can be briefly classified in the following categories:

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SWITCH:
The key element of the networking system is the switch. Switch is a small hardware device that joins multiple computers together within one Local Area Network (LAN). There are different categories of the switches, such as : 1. Managed switch or layer III switch: These types of switches determine paths based on logical addressing and provide security of the data packets.
2.

Unmanaged switch or layer II switch: These types of switches use the Media Access Control address (MAC address) from the hosts Network Interface Card (NICs) to filter the network. New generation switch: These are nothing but programmable or managed layer II switches.

3.

Switches are capable of inspecting data packets as they are received, determining the source and destination devices of the data packets and forwarding those appropriately. By delivering each message only to the connected device it was intended for, a network switch conserves network bandwidth and generally better performance than other networking devices like hubs.

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Connection Between LANs:

As we discussed previously that a switch is such a device that can join multiple computers together within one Local Area Network (LAN). Connection between LANs can be shown as below:

Block diagram showing the connection between two LAN s

INTERFACES:
The interfacing mediums connecting the devices in the LAN connections play very important role in the system. The interfacing mediums and their roles are described below: The LAN is connected to the switch through category-5(CAT5) or category-6(CAT-6) cable.

Again the switch is connected to the router through category5(CAT-5) or category-6(CAT-6) cable.

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The Router is connected to the v.35 modem through the Direct To Equipment (DTE) cable. This cable is to be provided with the Router. V.35 modem and G.703 modem connection is done through the twisted copper wire cable. This connection is also known as Digital Subscribers Line (DSL). G.703 modem is connected to the multiplexing equipment through copper wire cable.

MODEMS:
There are two types of modems used in the railway networking system. They are: V.35: This works as the interface of the Router. This is known as Network Termination Unit (NTU).

G.703: This works as the interface of the G.703 High Speed Data card (HSD) located at the multiplexing equipment MUX. This is known as the Line Termination Unit (LTU).

Both the modems must be made of the same company. The encoding of data over the DSL line in between the v.35 modem and the G.703 modem is of 1B to Q type (one binary to quaternary type). Again the modem G.703 converts the 1B to Q type of data encoding into HDB3 encoding and supply it to the HSD card. The distance between the two modems is specified by the manufacturer depending on the cross sectional area of the connecting wire. Another important thing is to establish the synchronization between the working of the two modems. To check whether the two modems are in synchronized condition or not there are following tests: 1. Remote loop Back Test (RLB Test) 2. Digital Loop Back Test (DL Test)

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3. Local Loop Back Test (LL Test) A clock signal is used to synchronize the working of the two modems. The clock can be of two types. They are: 1. Derived or Recovered clock 2. Internal clock G.703 modem derives a clock from the HSD card and the derived clock is send to the v.35 modem. Internal clock is used only when the two modems are set to work in master and slave configuration.

LAN Extender:
The LAN Extender used in the system can be used in two modes. They are: 1. Bridge Mode (in most the cases) 2. Router Mode Depending on the type of the data channel used in the LAN Extender again it can be of two types. They are: 1. 64 kbps data channel 2. 2 mbps data channel Depending on the port the LAN Extender can be again divided into two sub-groups. They are: 1. Semi port (1-port) 2. 4-port The unit of a LAN Extender pair can be divided into two modules. They are: 1. Control Office Terminal (COT) 2. Customer Premises Equipment (CPE) / Remote Terminal (RT) For proper working of a LAN Extender there must be one COT and one RT in proper synchronized condition.
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ROUTER:
A Router is an embedded device whose software and hardware are tailored to the tasks of routing and forwarding. High-end Routers contain many processors and specialized application specific integrated circuit and do a great deal of parallel processing. Routing: The term Routing refers to the process of selecting paths in a collection of computer networks along which data will be sent. The routing process usually directs forwarding on the basis of routing tables within the routers, which maintain a record of the best routes to various network destinations. Thus the construction of routing tables become very important for efficient routing. Routing Algorithms: The two most common classes of routing are: 1. Distance Vector Routing (uses Bellman-Ford Algo) 2. Link State Routing (uses Dijkstras Algorithm)

UTS:

Un-reserved Ticketing System (UTS) is the set up for giving out tickets of unreserved seats on daily basis and also to keep track of the total cash transaction taking place at all the ticket counters. It also stores information like the time, date and counter at which the ticket was issued. A UTS system starts with a Dumb Terminal at the user end, all info is straight routed to the main terminal (ex. NKG), which stores all the data. In this way there is zero scope of cash misplacement. A Dumb Terminal as used in the Railways can give us only the reservation screen. It can run only the UTS software that is programmed in it, apart from that it is blank.

PRS :

Passenger Reservation System is the set up for allowing the public to reserve seats on the trains. It works in the same way as the UTS but it has a separate database.

PUBLIC ADDRESS SYSTEM

To facilitate the passengers for boarding the trains or informing them about the status of movement of train arrival or departure railway employs public address system. Indian Railway public address system includes the following services:

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1. Microphone Announcing System: there is a microphone announcing system in the station to inform the passengers about the arrival and departure of different trains and the platforms allotted for a particular train. 2. Computer: there is a computerized system to keep the record of the scheduled time for all the trains. 3. Train Indication Board: at the station there are electronic display boards to show train number, train scheduled time and platform number. 4. Digital Clock: there are digital clocks at the platform to show the exact time. 5. Interactive Voice Response System (IVRS) 6. Coach Indication System: at the platform there are coach indication boards.

Block diagram of a general Public Address System

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Precautions to be taken for the installation of PA system:

Microphone cable should be of two core. Microphone cable should not exceed 20 m length for low impedance microphone. The amplifier should not be overloaded. Microphone cable should not exceed 3 m high impedance microphone. Phasing should be taken into consideration when the speaker is installed within 20distance. Earth terminal should be handled carefully. Here is a brief description of some of the public address systems provided by the Railway Authority.
1.

Microphone Announcing System:

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Block diagram of a modern Microphone Announcing System The main modules of a microphone announcing system is shown in the above block diagram. Now let us discuss about the function of those modules in brief. Relay logic Panel is to select individual microphone output by relay contact.

PIC is given the first priority. There is a filter to reduce the unwanted signal from microwave sound. AVR is for automatic gain control of microphone sound with respect to platform noise collected by sensor. Primary Module gives performance to normal announcement rather than computer announcement. Line Amplifier is a preamplifier of microphone, computer sound feeding to booster amplifier. Booster Amplifier is the final amplifier before feeding output horn. Output is the horn, box etc.

2. Computer:

Block diagram of basic computer hardware

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The computer has the following features: Mother board with Pentium ROM RAM Clock Battery of 3V Hard Disk is of 40 GB capacity Floppy Disk Device is of 1.44MB CD ROM device capacity of 700MB CD writer to write CD,DVD ROM, SMPS Sound card for recording and playing system VGA Card (Video Graphic Array), NIC Card (Network Interface Card), LAN Card (Local Area Network). Mouse and printer

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DIVISIONAL CONTROL
This section can be described by dividing the total divisional control section into the following divisions. They are: 1. Sectional Control 2. Carriage Control 3. Engineering Control 4. Electric Control 5. Traction Power Control 6. Remote Control 7. Traffic loco Control (TLC) 8. Chief Control 9. Deputy Control 10. Power Control 11. Commercial Control 12. Stock Control 13. SMT Control/ Signal Control 14. Security Control
1.

Sectional Control: This portion has the following divisions:

a. Howrah-Bandel Control b. Naihati-Shaktigarh Control

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c. Bela-Khana control d. Bandel-Ajimganj-Katwa Control e. Rampurhat Control

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