http://www.emc.ncep.noaa.gov/mmb/papers/chuang/2/wrfpost.

txt

NCEP WRF Post Processor User Guide Hui-Ya Chuang and Geoff DiMego Hui-Ya.Chuang@noaa.gov

I) INTRODUCTION: Through the herculean efforts of Mike Baldwin of NSSL/CIMMS and Hui-Ya Chuang of NCEP, we are ready to release a version of the WRF post processing codes that produce both WRF NMM and ARW model output on NWS standard output levels (pressure, height etc) and standard output grids (AWIPS, Lambert, polar-stereographic etc) in NWS & WMO standard GRIB format (for GRIB documentation see http://www.nco.ncep.noaa.gov/pmb/docs/ ). The new release of WRF post has been tested on IBM and LINUX. With help from Robert Rozumalski, the instructions on how to install WRF post on linux have been included. Like NCEP's Operational procedures that they are derived from, the WRF post-processing is divided into three parts: 1) the post code that performs vertical interpolation to pressure (and other) levels and computes diagnostic output quantities (e.g. CAPE, helicity, radar reflectivity, etc; A list of fields that are generated by WRF post is shown in Table 1 below. 2) the weight maker code that generates horizontal interpolation weights which will be used by the product generator, 3) the product generator that does horizontal interpolation from the native model grid to standard or user defined AWIPS grids. The reason to separate model post processing into these three parts is for computational efficiency in the operational environment. Out of the three programs, only the first part, post-processor, is parallelized because it requires several 3-dimensional arrays (the model's history variables etc) for the computations. When posting the current Eulerian mass coordinate version of the WRF model (ARW WRF), this version of the post code puts all variables onto the mass points of the WRF model native C-grid. This is equivalent to an A-grid representation and, since it is a regular non-staggered representation, can be displayed directly by most display codes without having to go through steps 2. & 3. However, no de-staggering is applied when post processing NMM WRF. Therefore, the post-processed NMM WRF output from step 1 is still on staggered E-grid and needs to go through step 2 & 3 to convert model output onto regular non-staggered grid. Note that the outputs from both the WRF post and the product generator are in GRIB format. NCEP also developed a program named "copygb" that can be used to substitute steps 2 and 3. This program will perform horizontal interpolations from one grid to another for all the fields in the input Grib file. This program takes more time to run, gives user less control over what to output to their GRIB files, but is easier to use. The WRF post is nearly identical in its procedures to the Operational Meso Eta post which has documentation posted at http://www.emc.ncep.noaa.gov/mmb/papers/chuang/1/OF438.html

II) DOWNLOAD: The tar file "wrfposttutorial.tar" containing all the source code, scripts & libraries is available for anonymous ftp by: 1). Ftp to the EMC public server by typing ftp ftp.emc.ncep.noaa.gov . Use "anonymous" as your user id and your e-mail address as the password. 2). Change the directory to mmb/WRFtesting/wrfpost/ You can also download the tar file from the web site: ftp://ftp.emc.ncep.noaa.gov/mmb/WRFtesting/wrfpost/ Un-tarring "wrfposttutorial.tar" creates five directories: 1) sorc/ contains the source codes for post, weight maker, ,product generator, and copygb. All the make files used to compile the source codes on NCEP's IBM sp (also on linux) are included with them. 2) scripts/ contains the sample running scripts NCEP uses to run these three programs on the IBM: a)run_wrfpost_netcdf: run first part of post to process netcdf WRF model output, b)run_wrfpost_bin : run first part of post to process binary WRF model output, c)runwgts_WRF : run the second part of post to generate interpolation weight, d)runprodgen.script : run the third part of post to interpolate from WRF native grid to AWIP grids. e)run_wrfpostandgempak: run first part of post, copygb, and then Gempak to plot various fields

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3) lib/ contains the libraries that are needed to compile the source codes. Seven libraries are needed to run WRF post processor: a) WRF IO API library, b) NETCDF library, c) W3 library, d) BACIO library. e) GEMLIB f) IPLIB g) SPLIB The WRF IO API library is included with your WRF model tar file. To make sure that the WRF post source code is linked to your WRF IO API library, you will need to properly specify "WRFPATH" in your makefile. Two versions of W3 and BACIO libraries are provided with WRF post processor tar file: a) the version for big-endian computers only (bacio.source and w3lib.source) and b) the version that works for both big- and little- endian computers with W3 and BACIO combined (w3lib.source_ei). Using the source code compiled with this endian-independent version of W3/BACIO library generates identical GRIB files as using the one compiled with big-endian libraries when running both on IBM. The WRF post processor has been ported to run on IJET which is a small-endian computer at FSL. The GRIB files generated on IJET were slightly different from the ones generated on IBM due to platform differences. These differences can be made smaller by modifying GRIB packing precision (SCAL) in control file (wrf_cntrl.parm). 4) parm/ contains the parameter files, which can be modified by the users to control how the post processing should be performed.

III)INSTALLATION: 1) Configure your makefiles by executing the file "configure". Users will be prompted to specify: i) platform: entre "1" for LINUX or "2" for IBM; ii) path name of your netcdf utility iii) path name of your top level WRF MODEL source code 2) Compile all the libraries and source codes by executing the master makefile in the top directory. 3) Run the first part of the post, wrfpost, by modifying the script scripts/run_wrfpost. In this sample script, users will see that the wrfpost needs three input files: i) itag: read in via unit 5 to provide wrfpost information on: a) the wrf output filename in the first line, b) the format of WRF model output (netcdf or binary) in the second line, c) the forecast validation time (not start time) in WRF format in the third line, d) the model name (NMM or NCAR) in the fourth line. ii) eta_micro_lookup.dat: look-up table containing MP coeefficients used by Ferrier's scheme. iii) wrf_cntrl.parm: is a control file that is read in by the post to decide what fields to output in GRIB format. A sample of this control file can be found under parm/ and the description of the control file can be found at: http://www.emc.ncep.noaa.gov/mmb/papers/chuang/1/OF438.html#7.4 . The control file uses abbreviated names for most fields and a list of these abbreviated names can be found in Table 1 below. If you wish to have specific field in your output Grib files, you will need to: a) look through Table 1 below to see if WRF post produces this field, b) if WRF post does output your desired field, write down the corresponding abbreviated name in the second column of Table 1 and check the sample control file parm/wrf_cntrl.parm to see if the abbreviated name is already in the control file, c) if the answer to b) is yes, then make sure it is turned on. For example, the sample control file is not set up to output surface dew point temperature, you can output this field by modifying the following lines from: (SURFACE DEWPOINT ) SCAL=(-4.0) L=(00000 00000 00000 00000 00000 00000 00000 00000 00000 00000 00000 00000 00000 00000) to: (SURFACE DEWPOINT ) SCAL=(-4.0) L=(10000 00000 00000 00000 00000 00000 00000 00000 00000 00000 00000 00000 00000 00000) d) if answer to b) is no, you will need to add two more lines to the sample control file. For example, if you want to output land sea mask, you will add the following two line to parm/wrf_cntrl.parm: (LAND SEA MASK ) SCAL=( 3.0) L=(10000 00000 00000 00000 00000 00000 00000 00000 00000 00000 00000 00000 00000 00000)

An output file griddef.out is generated. This file contains grid navigation information which will be read in by the weight maker. If you are running wrf post on a linux cluster, you will need to replace the execution line from: /ptmp/wx20hc/wrfpost_bin/wrfpost.x < itag > outpost_bin

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to mpirun -np 2 wrfpost.x < itag > outpost_bin Upon successful run, a file called WRFPRSxx.tm00 should be generated, where xx denotes the forecast hour. When running the WRF post with more than one processor, the last processor will be designated as an I/O node, while the rest of the processors are designated as computational nodes. For example, if three processors are requested to run the WRF post, only the first two processors will be used to do computation while the third processor will be used to write output to GRIB files. Please keep this in mind when examining the standard output file. One limitation of the current version of the wrf post is that only one forecast time can be processed per execution. 4. Run the copygb if you wish to use this easier-to-use alternative (but more time consuming) to weight maker and product generator. The sample scripts scripts/run_wrfpostandgempak and scripts/run_wrfpostandgrads demonstrate how to run wrfpost, copygb, and the GEMPAK or GraDS to plot various fields. 5. Run the wight maker by modifying the script scripts/runwgts_WRF so that unit 15 is linked to "griddef.out" generated from the post earlier. This script is currently set up to generate interpolation weights to interpolate your WRF grid (#255) to awip grids 104, 212, 215, 216, 221. If you want to interpolate your WRF output to a different AWIP standard grid, just change the second standard input to the weight maker executable in your script. It is recommended to use weight maker and product generator if efficiency is important to you. This is because you only need to run weight maker once if your input and output domains do not change. 6. Run the product generator by modifying scripts/runprodgen.script. The definition of environmental variables in the script were defined as follows: COMSP = path prefix of output file names fhr = forecast hour HOLDEGD = the path name for WRFPRSxx.tm00 PLLfix = the path name for interpolation weight files PLLexec = the path name for product generator executable. Similar to post, there is also a control file for product generator that specifies what fields to output to awip grid files. A sample of this control file can be found in parm/master.ctl. The end products AWIP3D${fhr}.tm00 is GRIB file of the 40 km AWIPS grid #212 (CONUS Lambert grid on which the vast majority of NWS users get the Meso Eta guidance), AWIP20${fhr}.tm00 is the 20 km AWIPS grid #215, AWIP32${fhr}.tm00 is the full continental domain 32 km grid #221, etc. Eric Rogers web page shows the myriad of output grids needed from the Operational Meso Eta (and the RUC too): http://www.emc.ncep.noaa.gov/mmb/etagrids/ . There is a more in depth documentation on product generator on line: http://www.emc.ncep.noaa.gov/mmb/papers/manikin/2/prdgen_documentation.txt

IV) VISUALIZATION: 1) With Gempak: Gempak has utility (nagrib) to decode GRIB files whose navigation is on any non-staggered grids. Therefore, after running wrf post and product generator (or copygb) that put out state and derived fields on regular non-staggered grids, you can then decode GRIB file with Gempak and the plot horizontal fields or vertical cross sections. A sample script named run_wrfpostandgempak is included in scripts/ that can be used to run post, copygb, and then plot the following fields: a. b. c. d. e. f. g. Sfcmap.gif : mean SLP and 6 hourly Precip Radar.gif : composite radar reflectivity PrecipType.gif : Precip Type (just snow and rain) 850mbRH.gif: 850 mb RH 850mbTempandWind.gif: 850 mb Temperature and Wind vectors 500mbHandVort.gif: 500 mb Height and Vorticity 250mbWindandH.gif: 250 mb Wind speed and Height

If you're already familiar with Gempak utility, you can modify this script to plot whatever fields you wish. Otherwise, Gempak has a user guide on line: http://my.unidata.ucar.edu/content/software/gempak/index.html 2) With GrADS: GrADS also has utilities (Grib2ctl and Gribmap) to decode GRIB files whose navigation is on any non-staggered grids thanks to Wesley Ebisuzaki. He has a web site that describes how to use the utilities Grib2ctl and Gribmap to generate GrADS control files and index files: http://www.cpc.ncep.noaa.gov/products/wesley/grib2ctl.html This web site also lets you download the source code and scripts

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for these two utilities. A sample script named run_wrfpostandgrads is included in scripts/ that is set up to run post, copygb, and then plot various fields with GrADS. There is also an online download and user guide for GrADS: http://grads.iges.org/grads/gadoc/

V) Fields that are currently read in by WRF POST: Currently, WRF POST is set up to read a lot of fields from raw WRF model output so that NCEP can generate all the necessary operational products for NMM core as as many as possible for ARW core. A list of fields that are currently read in by WRF post is included below. However, most users will probably not need to output all the operationally-required products. The easiest way to reduce your Grib file sizes is to modify wrf_cntrl.parm to remove the fields that are not desired. For example, if you don't need to output CANOPY CONDUCTANCE, you can either remove the following two lines in wrf_cntrl.parm: (CANOPY CONDUCTANCE ) SCAL=( 3.0) L=(10000 00000 00000 00000 00000 00000 00000 00000 00000 00000 00000 00000 00000 00000) or make the following modification: (CANOPY CONDUCTANCE ) SCAL=( 3.0) L=(00000 00000 00000 00000 00000 00000 00000 00000 00000 00000 00000 00000 00000 00000) to turn off output of this field. As mentioned previously, you can view explanation of the post control file online: http://www.emc.ncep.noaa.gov/mmb/papers/chuang/1/OF438.html#7.4 In addition, you can find a list of abbreviated names that are used in the control file in Table 1 below. If you do want to output all the operational products, you will need to modify your WRF Registry file so that all the fields listed below are written to your WRF history files. Note that you will need to re-compile your WRF model source code after modifying Registry file.

Here is a list of fields read in by WRF post for WRF NMM core: T U V Q CWM F_ICE F_RAIN F_RIMEF W PINT PT PDTOP FIS SMC SH2O STC CFRACH CFRACL CFRACM SLDPTH U10 V10 TH10 Q10 TSHLTR QSHLTR PSHLTR SMSTAV SMSTOT ACFRCV ACFRST RLWTT RSWTT AVRAIN AVCNVC TCUCN TRAIN NCFRCV NCFRST SFROFF UDROFF SFCEVP SFCEXC VEGFRC ACSNOW ACSNOM CMC SST EXCH_H EL_MYJ THZ0 QZ0 UZ0 VZ0 QS Z0

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PBLH USTAR AKHS_OUT AKMS_OUT THS PREC CUPREC ACPREC CUPPT LSPA CLDEFI HTOP HBOT HTOPD HBOTD HTOPS HBOTS SR RSWIN CZEN CZMEAN RSWOUT RLWIN SIGT4 RADOT ASWIN ASWOUT NRDSW ARDSW ALWIN ALWOUT NRDLW ARDLW ALWTOA ASWTOA TGROUND SOILTB TWBS SFCSHX NSRFC ASRFC QWBS SFCLHX GRNFLX SUBSHX POTEVP WEASD SNO SI PCTSNO IVGTYP ISLTYP ISLOPE SM SICE ALBEDO ALBASE GLAT XLONG GLON DX_NMM NPHS0 NCLOD NPREC NHEAT

Here is a list of fields read in by WRF post for WRF ARW core: T U V W QVAPOR PB P QCLOUD QICE QRAIN QSNOW QGRAUP CWM F_ICE_PHY F_RAIN_PHY F_RIMEF_PHY HTOP HBOT CUPPT MU MUB P_TOP PHB PH SMOIS SH2O XICE TSLB SR CLDFRA

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U10 V10 TH2 Q2 SMSTAV SMSTOT SFROFF UDROFF SFCEVP SFCEXC VEGFRA ACSNOW ACSNOM CANWAT SST THZ0 QZ0 UZ0 VZ0 QSFC Z0 UST AKHS AKMS TSK RAINC RAINNC RAINCV RAINNCV HGT ALBEDO GSW GLW TMN HFX LH GRDFLX SNOW SNOWC ISLTYP ISLOPE XLAND PBLH XLAT XLONG MAPFAC_M STEPBL

In some case, you WRF post run aborted and ran into problem because you are trying to output a field that is not in your raw WRF model output. For example, if you wish to output isobaric state fields, but you didn't have pressure fields on model interfaces (PINT for NMM core and PB & P for ARW core), then your post run may fail.

VI) Fields that are produced by WRF post processor: Below is a table that lists basic and derived fields that are currently produced by WRF post, the correspoding names in the control file wrf_cntrl.parm (the name you will use in the control file is abbreviated somewhat to save space) , and the corresponding Grib identification numbers for the field, and the corresponding Grib identification number for the vertical coordinate:

Table 1: Fields that are produced by WRF post along with the abbreviated names used in WRF post control file and the Grib ID. Field name Name in control file Field Grib ID 211 001 007 011 013 017 051 052 135 033 034 153 058 170 171 071 039 041 035 158 254 226 227 211 007 011 013 017 Level Grib ID 109 109 109 109 109 109 109 109 109 109 109 109 109 109 109 109 109 109 109 109 109 109 109 100 100 100 100 100 Unit

Radar reflectivity on model surace Pressure on model surface Height on model surface Temperature on model surface Potential temperature on model surface Dew point temperature on model surface Specific humidity on model surface Relative humidity on model surface Moisture convergence on model surface U component wind on model surface V component wind on model surface Cloud water on model surface Cloud ice on model surface Rain on model surface Snow on model surface Cloud fraction on model surface Omega on model surface Absolute vorticity on model surface Geostrophic streamfunction on model surface Turbulent kinetic energy on model surface Richardson number on model surface Master length scale on model surface Asymtopic length scale on model surface Radar reflectivity on pressure surace Height on pressure surface Temperature on pressure surface Potential temperature on pressure surface Dew point temperature on pressure surface

RADAR REFL MDL SFCS PRESS ON MDL SFCS HEIGHT ON MDL SFCS TEMP ON MDL SFCS POT TEMP ON MDL SFCS DWPT TEMP ON MDL SFC SPEC HUM ON MDL SFCS REL HUM ON MDL SFCS MST CNVG ON MDL SFCS U WIND ON MDL SFCS V WIND ON MDL SFCS CLD WTR ON MDL SFCS CLD ICE ON MDL SFCS RAIN ON MDL SFCS SNOW ON MDL SFCS CLD FRAC ON MDL SFCS OMEGA ON MDL SFCS ABS VORT ON MDL SFCS STRMFUNC ON MDL SFCS TRBLNT KE ON MDL SFC RCHDSN NO ON MDL SFC MASTER LENGTH SCALE ASYMPT MSTR LEN SCL RADAR REFL ON P SFCS HEIGHT OF PRESS SFCS TEMP ON PRESS SFCS POT TEMP ON P SFCS DWPT TEMP ON P SFCS

dBZ Pa gpm K K K Kg/Kg % kg/kg/s m/s m/s Kg/Kg Kg/Kg Kg/Kg Kg/Kg % Pa/s /s m^2/s J/kg m m dBZ gpm K K K

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Specific humidity on pressure surface Relative humidity on pressure surface Moisture convergence on pressure surface U component wind on pressure surface V component wind on pressure surface Omega on pressure surface Absolute vorticity on pressure surface Geostrophic streamfunction on pressure surface Turbulent kinetic energy on pressure surface Cloud water on pressure surface Cloud ice on pressure surface Rain on pressure surface Snow water on pressure surface Total condensate on pressure surface Mesinger (Membrance) sea level pressure Shuell sea level pressure 2 M pressure 2 M temperature 2 M specific humidity 2 M dew point temperature 2 M RH 10 M u component wind 10 M v component wind 10 M potential temperature 10 M specific humidity Surface pressure Terrain height Skin potential temperature Skin specific humidity Skin dew point temperature Skin Relative humidity Skin temperature Soil temperature at the bottom of soil layers Soil temperature in between each of soil layers Soil moisture in between each of soil layers Snow water equivalnt Snow cover in percentage Heat exchange coeff at surface Vegetation cover Soil moisture availability Ground heat flux - instantaneous Lifted index--surfce based Lifted index--best Lifted index--from boundary layer CAPE CIN Column integrated precitable water Column integrated cloud water Column integrated cloud ice Column integrated rain Column integrated snow Column integrated total condensate Helicity U component storm motion V component storm motion Accumulated total precipitation Accumulated convective precipitation Accumulated grid-scale precipitation Accumulated snowfall Accumulated total snow melt Precipitation type (4 types) - instantaneous Precipitation rate - instantaneous Composite radar reflectivity Low level cloud fraction Mid level cloud fraction High level cloud fraction Total cloud fraction Time-averaged total cloud fraction Time-averaged stratopheric cloud fraction Time-averaged convective cloud fraction Cloud bottom pressure Cloud top pressure Cloud bottom height Cloud top height Covective cloud bottom pressure Covective cloud top pressure Shallow covective cloud bottom pressure Shallow covective cloud top pressure Deep covective cloud bottom pressure Deep covective cloud top pressure Grid scale cloud bottom pressure Grid scale cloud top pressure Convective cloud fraction Convective cloud efficiency Above-ground height of LCL Pressure of LCL Cloud top temperature Temperature tendency from radiative fluxes Temperature tendency from shortwave radiative fluxes Temperature tendency from longwave radiative fluxes Outgoing surface shortwave radiation - instantaneous Outgoing surface longwave radiation - instantaneous Incoming surface shortwave radiation - time-averaged Incoming surface longwave radiation - time-averaged Outgoing surface shortwave radiation - time-averaged Outgoing surface longwave radiation - time-averaged Outgoing model top shortwave radiation - time-averaged Outgoing model top longwave radiation - time-averaged Incoming surface shortwave radiation - instantaneous

SPEC HUM ON P SFCS REL HUMID ON P SFCS MST CNVG ON P SFCS U WIND ON PRESS SFCS V WIND ON PRESS SFCS OMEGA ON PRESS SFCS ABS VORT ON P SFCS STRMFUNC ON P SFCS TRBLNT KE ON P SFCS CLOUD WATR ON P SFCS CLOUD ICE ON P SFCS RAIN ON P SFCS SNOW ON P SFCS CONDENSATE ON P SFCS MESINGER MEAN SLP SHUELL MEAN SLP SHELTER PRESSURE SHELTER TEMPERATURE SHELTER SPEC HUMID SHELTER DEWPOINT SHELTER REL HUMID U WIND AT ANEMOM HT V WIND AT ANEMOM HT POT TEMP AT 10 M SPEC HUM AT 10 M SURFACE PRESSURE SURFACE HEIGHT SURFACE POT TEMP SURFACE SPEC HUMID SURFACE DEWPOINT SURFACE REL HUMID SFC (SKIN) TEMPRATUR BOTTOM SOIL TEMP SOIL TEMPERATURE SOIL MOISTURE SNOW WATER EQUIVALNT PERCENT SNOW COVER SFC EXCHANGE COEF GREEN VEG COVER SOIL MOISTURE AVAIL INST GROUND HEAT FLX LIFTED INDEX--SURFCE LIFTED INDEX--BEST LIFTED INDEX--BNDLYR CNVCT AVBL POT ENRGY CNVCT INHIBITION PRECIPITABLE WATER TOTAL COLUMN CLD WTR TOTAL COLUMN CLD ICE TOTAL COLUMN RAIN TOTAL COLUMN SNOW TOTAL COL CONDENSATE STORM REL HELICITY U COMP STORM MOTION V COMP STORM MOTION ACM TOTAL PRECIP ACM CONVCTIVE PRECIP ACM GRD SCALE PRECIP ACM SNOWFALL ACM SNOW TOTAL MELT INSTANT PRECIP TYPE INSTANT PRECIP RATE COMPOSITE RADAR REFL LOW CLOUD FRACTION MID CLOUD FRACTION HIGH CLOUD FRACTION TOTAL CLD FRACTION AVG TOTAL CLD FRAC AVG STRAT CLD FRAC AVG CNVCT CLD FRAC CLOUD BOT PRESSURE CLOUD TOP PRESSURE CLOUD BOTTOM HEIGHT CLOUD TOP HEIGHT CONV CLOUD BOT PRESS CONV CLOUD TOP PRESS SHAL CU CLD BOT PRES SHAL CU CLD TOP PRES DEEP CU CLD BOT PRES DEEP CU CLD TOP PRES GRID CLOUD BOT PRESS GRID CLOUD TOP PRESS CONV CLOUD FRACTION CU CLOUD EFFICIENCY LCL AGL HEIGHT LCL PRESSURE CLOUD TOP TEMPS RADFLX CNVG TMP TNDY SW RAD TEMP TNDY LW RAD TEMP TNDY INSTN OUT SFC SW RAD INSTN OUT SFC LW RAD AVE INCMG SFC SW RAD AVE INCMG SFC LW RAD AVE OUTGO SFC SW RAD AVE OUTGO SFC LW RAD AVE OUTGO TOA SW RAD AVE OUTGO TOA LW RAD INSTN INC SFC SW RAD

051 052 135 033 034 039 041 035 158 153 058 170 171 135 130 002 001 011 051 017 052 033 034 013 051 001 007 013 051 017 052 011 085 085 144 065 238 208 087 207 155 131 132 024 157 156 054 136 137 138 139 140 190 196 197 061 063 062 065 099 140 059 212 073 074 075 071 071 213 072 001 001 007 007 001 001 001 001 001 001 001 001 072 134 007 001 011 216 250 251 211 212 204 205 211 212 211 212 204

100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 102 102 105 105 105 105 105 105 105 105 105 001 001 001 001 001 001 001 111 112 112 001 001 001 001 112 001 101 116 116 001 001 200 200 200 200 200 200 106 106 106 001 001 001 001 001 001 001 200 214 224 234 200 200 200 200 002 003 002 003 242 243 248 249 251 252 206 207 200 200 005 005 003 109 109 109 001 001 001 001 001 001 008 008 001

Kg/Kg % kg/kg/s m/s m/s Pa/s /s m^2/s J/kg Kg/Kg Kg/Kg Kg/Kg Kg/Kg Kg/Kg Pa Pa Pa K Kg/Kg K % m/s m/s K Kg/Kg Pa gpm K Kg/Kg K % K K K fraction Kg/m^2 % (kg/m^3)(m/s) % % W/m^2 K K K J/kg J/kg Kg/m^2 Kg/m^2 Kg/m^2 Kg/m^2 Kg/m^2 Kg/m^2 m^2/s^2 m/s m/s Kg/m^2 Kg/m^2 Kg/m^2 Kg/m^2 Kg/m^2 Kg/m^2/s dBZ % % % % % % % Pa Pa gpm gpm Pa Pa Pa Pa Pa Pa Pa Pa % gpm gpm K K/s K/s K/s W/m^2 W/m^2 W/m^2 W/m^2 W/m^2 W/m^2 W/m^2 W/m^2 W/m^2

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Incoming surface longwave radiation - instantaneous Roughness length Friction velocity Surface drag coefficient Surface u wind stress Surface v wind stress Surface sensible heat flux - time-averaged Ground heat flux - time-averaged Surface latent heat flux - time-averaged Surface momentum flux - time-averaged Accumulated surface evaporation Surface sensible heat flux - instantaneous Surface latent heat flux - instantaneous Latitude LONGITUDE Land sea mask (land=1, sea=0) Sea ice mask Surface midday albedo Sea surface temperature Press at tropopause Temperature at tropopause Potential temperature at tropopause U wind at tropopause V wind at tropopause Wind shear at tropopause Height at tropopause Temperature at flight levels U wind at flight levels V wind at flight levels Freezing level height (above mean sea level) Freezing level RH Highest freezing level height Pressure in boundary layer (30 mb mean) Temperature in boundary layer (30 mb mean) Potential temperature in boundary layers (30 mb mean) Dew point temperature in boundary layer (30 mb mean) Specific humidity in boundary layer (30 mb mean) RH in boundary layer (30 mb mean) Moisture convergence in boundary layer (30 mb mean) Precipitable water in boundary layer (30 mb mean) U wind in boundary layer (30 mb mean) V wind in boundary layer (30 mb mean) Omega in boundary layer (30 mb mean) Visibility Vegetation type Soil type Canopy conductance PBL height Slope type Snow depth Liquid soil moisture Snow free albedo Maximum snow albedo Canopy water evaporation Direct soil evaporation Plant transpiration Snow sublimation Air dry soil moisture Soil moist porosity Minimum stomatal resistence Number of root layers Soil moist wilting point Soil moist reference Canopy conductance - solar component Canopy conductance - temperature component Canopy conductance - humidity component Canopy conductance - soil component Potential evaporation Heat diffusivity on sigma surface Surface wind gust Convective precipitation rate Radar reflectivity at certain above ground heights IN-FLIGHT ICING CLEAR AIR TURBULENCE

INSTN INC SFC LW RAD ROUGHNESS LENGTH FRICTION VELOCITY SFC DRAG COEFFICIENT SFC U WIND STRESS SFC V WIND STRESS AVE SFC SENHEAT FX AVE GROUND HEAT FX AVE SFC LATHEAT FX AVE SFC MOMENTUM FX ACC SFC EVAPORATION INST SFC SENHEAT FX INST SFC LATHEAT FX LATITUDE LONGITUDE LAND SEA MASK SEA ICE MASK SFC MIDDAY ALBEDO SEA SFC TEMPERATURE PRESS AT TROPOPAUSE TEMP AT TROPOPAUSE POTENTL TEMP AT TROP U WIND AT TROPOPAUSE V WIND AT TROPOPAUSE SHEAR AT TROPOPAUSE HEIGHT AT TROPOPAUSE TEMP AT FD HEIGHTS U WIND AT FD HEIGHTS V WIND AT FD HEIGHTS HEIGHT OF FRZ LVL REL HUMID AT FRZ LVL HIGHEST FREEZE LVL PRESS IN BNDRY LYR TEMP IN BNDRY LYR POT TMP IN BNDRY LYR DWPT IN BNDRY LYR SPC HUM IN BNDRY LYR REL HUM IN BNDRY LYR MST CNV IN BNDRY LYR P WATER IN BNDRY LYR U WIND IN BNDRY LYR V WIND IN BNDRY LYR OMEGA IN BNDRY LYR VISIBILITY VEGETATION TYPE SOIL TYPE CANOPY CONDUCTANCE PBL HEIGHT SLOPE TYPE SNOW DEPTH LIQUID SOIL MOISTURE SNOW FREE ALBEDO MAXIMUM SNOW ALBEDO CANOPY WATER EVAP DIRECT SOIL EVAP PLANT TRANSPIRATION SNOW SUBLIMATION AIR DRY SOIL MOIST SOIL MOIST POROSITY MIN STOMATAL RESIST NO OF ROOT LAYERS SOIL MOIST WILT PT SOIL MOIST REFERENCE CANOPY COND SOLAR CANOPY COND TEMP CANOPY COND HUMID CANOPY COND SOILM POTENTIAL EVAP DIFFUSION H RATE S S SFC WIND GUST CONV PRECIP RATE RADAR REFL AGL IN-FLIGHT ICING CLEAR AIR TURBULENCE

205 083 253 252 124 125 122 155 121 172 057 122 121 176 177 081 091 084 080 001 011 013 033 034 136 007 011 033 034 007 052 007 001 011 013 017 051 052 135 054 033 034 039 020 225 224 181 221 222 066 160 170 159 200 199 210 198 231 240 203 171 219 230 246 247 248 249 145 182 180 214 211 186 185

001 001 001 001 001 001 001 001 001 001 001 001 001 001 001 001 001 001 001 007 007 007 007 007 007 007 103 103 103 004 004 204 116 116 116 116 116 116 116 116 116 116 116 001 001 001 001 001 001 001 112 001 001 001 001 001 001 001 001 001 001 001 001 001 001 001 001 001 107 001 001 105 100 100

W/m^2 m m/s N/m^2 N/m^2 W/m^2 W/m^2 W/m^2 W/m^2 Kg/m^2 W/m^2 W/m^2 deg deg % K Pa K K m/s m/s /s gpm K m/s m/s gpm % gpm Pa K K K Kg/kg % kg/kg/s Kg/m^2 m/s m/s Pa/s m m/s m m fraction % % W/m^2 W/m^2 W/m^2 W/m^2 fraction fraction s/m fraction fraction fraction fraction fraction fraction W/m^2 m^2/s m/s Kg/m^2 dBZ

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