SPECIAL CASES PILES

ASSOC. PROF. Ir. DR. RAMLI NAZIR

TEL : 013 7927925
OFF: 07 5531722

INSPIRING CREATIVE AND INNOVATIVE MINDS
Ultimate Lateral Resistance Of Pile
Normally pile resist vertical load. However in some cases horizontal
load is more prominent such as gantries, quay, trnsmission tower,
unipole structure etc.

In designing such foundation, two criteria must be satisfied:-

1. Adequate factor of safety against ultimate failure.
2. Acceptable deflection at working loads.

In many practical cases, the design of piles for lateral loading will be
dependant on satisfying a limiting lateral-deflection requirement that
may result in the specification of allowable lateral loads much less than
the ultimate lateral capacity of the piles.

ULTIMATE SOIL RESISTANCE
For purely cohesive soil, the ultimate
lateral resistance, P
u
increases from the
surface down to the depth of about 3 pile
diameters and remain constant for a
greater depth.

When P
u
becomes constant, lateral
failure involves plastic flow of the soil
around the pile in horizontal plane only
and the value P
u
can be determine by
plastic theory.

For more general cases of a c | soil, an
alternative derivation of the ultimate
lateral soil resistance, based essentially
on earth pressure theory has been given
by Brinch Hansen (1961)
8 12 C
u
D
2C
u
3D
He considers the variation of resistance with depth along the pile. The ultimate
resistance at any depth, z below the surface is expressed as :-

P
u
= qK
q
+ c K
c


Where q = vertical overburden pressure

c = soil cohesion value

K
c
and K
q
= Factors that are a function of | and z/d
BROMS THEORY
Essentially similar as Brinch Hansen method except that simplifications
are made to the ultimate soil resistance distribution along the pile.

Full consideration is given to restrained or fixed head piles as well as
unrestrained or free head pile
Unrestrained or Free Headed Pile
d c 9
H
f
u
u
=
For Short Pile (Rigid Pile)
Lateral resistant is dependant wholly on the soil resistance.

For Long Pile (Flexible Pile)
Lateral resistance is primarily dependant on the yield moment of the pile
itself.

f defines the location of the maximum moment, and since the shear
there is zero,




Eqn 1
Also taking moments about the maximum moment location,

M
max
= H
u
(e + 1.5d + 0.5f) (Eqn 2)

Also,

M
max
= 2.25dg
2
c
u
( Eqn 3)

Since L = 1.5d + f + g , eqn (1) and (2) can be solved for the ultimate lateral
load, H
u
.
The solution is plotted in terms of L/d and H/c
u
d
2
and applies for short piles
in which the yield moment M
y
> M
max
For long piles, Eqn (3) no longer holds.
H
u
is obtained from Eqn(1) and (2) by setting M
max
equal to the known value
of yield moment (M
y
)
The solution is plotted in terms of :
H
u
/c
u
d
2
and M
y
/c
u
d
2

RESTRAINED / FIXED
HEADED PILE
The change over points from one failure mode to another depend again on
the yield moment of the pile.
It is assumed that moment restrained equal to the moment in the pile just
below the cap is available.
For short piles:

H
u
= 9c
u
d(L 1.5d) .Eqn(4)

M
max
= H
u
(0.5L + 0.75d) ..Eqn(5)

For intermediate piles Eqn(3) and Eqn(1) holds and taking moments
about the surface.

M
y
= 2.25c
u
dg
2
9c
u
df(1.5d + 0.5f)Eqn(6)
This equation together with the relationship
L = 1.5d + f + g
May be solved for H
u
.

It is necessary to check the maximum positive moment, at depth
f + 1.5d is less than M
y
.
Otherwise the failure mechanism for long piles holds.
For the later mechanism, the following relationship applies :


..Eqn(7)


f 5 . 0 d 5 . 1
M 2
H
y
u
+
=
PILES IN COHESIONLESS SOIL
Following assumptions are made by Broms
1. Active pressure acting on the back of the pile is neglected.
2. Distribution of passive pressure along the front of the pile is equal to three
times the Rankine passive pressure.
3. The shape of the pile section has no influence on the distribution of ultimate
soil pressure or the ultimate lateral resistance.
4. The full lateral resistance is mobilised at the movement considered.

The distribution of soil resistance is :
P
u
= 3o
v
K
p

Where o
v
: effective vertical overburden pressure

K
p
: Rankine passive earth pressure coefficient
UNRESTRAINED/FREE HEAD
L e
K dL 5 . 0
Hu
p
3
+

=
Pile will act as a short pile if the maximum moment is less than the
yield moment of the section.
The rotation is assumed to be about a point close to the tip and a high
pressure acting near this point are replaced by a single concentrated
force at the tip.
Taking moment about the toe,

.Eqn.(9)

The relationship can be plotted using L/d and H
u
/K
p
d
3
.
Maximum moment occurs at a distance of below the surface where:-

Hu = (3/2) dK
p
f
2
..Eqn (10)

=
p
u
dK
H
82 . 0 f
Where
.Eqn(11)

The maximum moment is :

M
max
= H
u
(e + 2/3(f)) .Eqn(12)

If after using Eqn(9), the calculated H
u
results in M
max
>M
yield
, then
the pile is treated as long pile.

Hu may then be calculated from Eqn(10) and (12) putting
M
max
=M
yield
.

Solution of the long pile can be plotted as :


H
u
/K
p
d
3
and M
y
/d
4
K
p
OTHER METHODS
|
.
|

\
|
=
|
.
|

\
|
=
D
e
ln 08 . 0 24 . 0 K
where
1
D
L
K
L
D M
m
m
3
Dickin and Weis Method.

Limitation for pile with L/D less than 3.









L : pile embedment length
D : pile diameter
M : Moment at ground level

1
D
L
7
2
S
where
S
D e
D L e 4
M
fm
fm
2
2
+

=
+

=
Dickins and Ramlis method

Using the integration of plain strain condition to three dimensional projection.
Apply shape factor as integration coefficient.
Limitation is for L/D < 7
If L/D more than 7, Broms equation is applicable.

S
f m
: Shape f act or
M : moment at gr ound Level

Thus M = H
u
x e
RESTRAINED OR FIXED HEAD
PILE
For short piles horizontal equilibrium it gives:-
H
u
= 1.5L
2
dK
p
..Eqn(13)

Maximum moment is :-
M
max
= 2/3 (H
u
L) ..Eqn(14).

If Mmax>Myield, the intermediate pile is relevant by giving ,f (horizontal
equilibrium) as:-
f = (3/2)dL
2
K
p
H
u
..Eqn(15)

Taking moments about the top of the pile and substituting F from Eqn(15)
M
yield
= 0.5dL
3
K
p
H
u
L .Eqn(16)


Hence H
u
can be obtained.
)
3
2
( 2 f e H M u yield + =
The equations only holds if the maximum moment at depth f is less
than M
yield
. f is calculated from the earlier equations.

For long pile where maximum moment reaches Myield at two locations,
it is readily found that :-


DETERMINATION OF
DISPLACEMENT AT TOP OF PILE
4
1
p p
h
I E
B k
|
.
|

\
|
= |
Displacement at top of the pile can be obtained from Figure A for
cohesive soil and Figure B for cohesionless soil.

Figure A
Deflection has been plotted as a function of the dimensionless length L
where:-
Eqn (1)


E
p
: Modulus of elasticity of pile materials
I
p
: Moment of inertia of pile in bending plane
B : Pile diameter or width
k
h
: coefficient of horizontal subgrade reaction


Much of the accuracy depend on k
h

value.
In absence of such information k
h
can
be estimated by :
k
h
= n
h
z/B
Where z is the point considered
n
h
is constant of horizontal
subgrade reaction for piles in
soil



Figure B
For cohesionless soil and the relative
stiffness of the pile and the soil are
contained in the parameter q where :-

.. Eqn(2)


5
1
p p
h
I E
n
|
.
|

\
|
= q
Typical value of n
h
and k
h


n
h
(MN/m
3
) for granular soil





k
h
(MN/m
2
) for cohesive soil

Soft 8.0
Medium 16.0
Stiff 32.0


Loos e Med iu m Den s e
Dr y or m ois t 2. 2 6. 6 17. 5
Su bm er ged 1. 25 4. 4 10 . 5
PULL OUT RESISTANCE OF PILE
The gross uplift resistance of the
pile subjected to uplift forces:-

T
ug
= T
un
+ W

Where

T
ug
: Gross uplift capacity
T
un
: Net uplift capacity
W : Effective weight of pile
T
ug
L
T
un
W
D
Pile Embedded in Saturated Clay
Das and Seeley (1982)
T
un
= Lpoc
u

L : Length of pile
P : Pile perimeter
o : adhesion coefficient at soil-pile interface
c
u
: Undrained cohesion of clay


For cast insitu piles (concrete)
o = 0.9 0.00625c
u
(for c
u
<= 80 kPa)
and
o = 0.4 (for c
u
> 80 kPa)

For pipe piles
o = 0.715 0.0191c
u
(for c
u
<= 27 kPa)
and
o = 0.2 (for c
u
> 27 kPa)
Pile Embedded in Granular Soil
dz ) p f ( T u
0
L
un
}
=

f
u
= Unit Skin Resistance during uplift
p = Perimeter of pile cross section
The unit skin friction varies with depth. It increase linearly up to a
depth of z = L
cr
. Beyond that it remain constant.

For z <= L
cr

f
u
= K
u
o
v
tan o
Where K
u
= uplift coefficient (BREAKOUT FACTOR)
o
v
= effective vertical stress at depth z.
o = soil pile friction angle
Values of L
cr
and o are dependant on relative density.
Procedures for calculating net uplift
capacity of piles
1. Determine the relative density
of the soil and obtain the value
of L
cr
.
2. If the pile length L <= L
cr



In dry soil, o
v
= z

o =
o =
o o =
o o = =
}
}
} }
tan K L p
2
1
dz ). tan zK ( p
dz ). tan K ' ( p T
dz ). tan K ' ( p dz . fu p T
u
2
L
0
u
L
0
u v un
L
0
L
0
u v un
3. For case of L > L
cr










In dry soils


For estimation of the net allowable uplift capacity, the FOS of 2 to 3 is recommended

Therefore T
u(all)
= T
ug
/FOS
) L L ( tan K L p tan K L p
2
1
T
dz ) tan K ' ( dz ) tan K ' ( p
dz f dz f p dz f p T
cr u cr u
2
cr un
L
0
L
Lcr
u ) Lcr z ( v u v
L
0
L
cu u
L
0
u
un
cr
cr
cr
L
o + o =

(
(

o o + o o =
(
(

+ = =
} }
} } }
=
RAKING OR BATTERED PILE
When value of horizontal force acting on a group of vertical piles become too
large to accommodate a common solution; raking pile is provided along the
vertical one.

For ease of analysis, the vertical pile resist the vertical load and inclined pile
resist horizontal load.

This analysis is obviously extremely conservative.

Piles are not generally inserted into ground as battered in excess of 1H : 4V.
(Usual design using 1:7 1:9)

Terzaghi(1934) suggests that a graphical method describe by Lohmeyer(1934)
known as Culmanns method to be used in analysis of a mixed pile group.
ANALYSIS
Often pile group design to resist
horizontal forces that can act in
either direction


The example is made up of one set
of vertical piles and 2 set of raked
pile which are battered in opposite
direction.
R
SIMPLIFICATION
Assuming this is an imaginary piles
acting upon by axial force only.
They are pin jointed at both ends so
it becomes possible to determine
the line of action
A
B
C
R
FORCE DIAGRAM
Let Q
A
, Q
B
and Q
C
be the forces per
unit length of foundation in the
imiginary piles A, B and C.

Let Resultant Q
B
and Q
C
be R.

The R must pass through a, the
point of intersection of Q
A
and R
(applied load).
a
Q
A
R
R
Q
B
Q
C
Q
A
, Q
B
,Q
C
are obtained from the force
polygon.

Therefore the axial force in each pile in
set A :

Q
pA
= Q
A
/n
A

Where n
A
= number of pile in set A

Similarly :
Q
pB
= Q
B
/n
B

Q
pC
= Q
C
/n
C


The value obtain above will be used to
design in similar manner as a vertical
pile.
Q
C
Q
B
R
R
Q
A
END