Chapter 3: Chemical Formulae and

Equations
How to measure mass of an atom?

Subtitle 3.1: Relative Atomic Mass and Relative Molecular Mass Concept:
We can determine the mass of an atom relative to a standard atom

Hydrogen as standard atom

Standard atom 1. hydrogen 2. oxygen not use any more because gasseous form are difficult to handle helium atom

A Helium atom is 4 times heavier compare to a hydrogen atom. Helium is said to have relative atomic mass of 4

3. carbon-12 Solid & easy to handle Also used as standard for mass spectrometer

1/12 of one atom carbon-12 Important !!! Define:

How many helium atoms are here?????

Relative atomic mass, A r - of an element is the average mass of one atom of the element when compared with 1/12 of the mass of an atom of carbon-12

Check to: page 176 of text book Look at Ar of all elements listed in periodic table from periodic table: Ar of Nitrogen atom is 14. The average mass of a nitrogen atom is 14 times larger than 1/12 of a carbon-12 atom. Mr of Water Molecule is 18 The average mass of one water molecule is 18 times larger than 1/12 of a carbon-12 atom

Relative atomic mass of an element = The average mass of one atom of an element 1/12 x the mass of an atom of carbon -12 Define Relative molecular mass, Mr -of a molecule is the average mass of the molecule when compared with 1/12 of the mass of an atom of carbon-12 Relative molecular mass of an element = The average mass of one molecule 1/12 x the mass of an atom of carbon -12 Important!!!! Relative mass does not have any unit. Numerical problems A. About Relative Atomic Mass

Get Ar value from periodic table

1. How many times is copper atom heavier than two helium atom? Solution: Mass of a copper atom = Ar of copper Mass of 2 helium atom 2 x Ar of helium = 64 2x4 = 8 times 2. How many magnesium atom have the same mass as two silver atoms ? Solution: Lets the number of magnesium atoms = n Mass of n magnesium atoms = mass of 2 silver atoms So, n x Ar of magnesium = 2 x __________ n x 24 = =

Do It Yourself 1. How many times is one atom of silicon heavier than one atom of lithium

2. Calculate the number of atoms of lithium that have the same mass as two atoms of nitrogen

3. The mass of one atom Y is A times larger than the mass of one nitrogen .Calculate the relative atomic mass of Y.

Form 4 text book Quick review page 30

Get Ar value from periodic table

B. About Relative Molecular Mass To determine Relative Molecular Mass, Mr Molecular substance Carbon dioxide, CO2 Nitrogen gas, N2 Relative Molecular Mass Ar of C + ( 2 x Ar of O) = 12 + (2 x 16 ) = 44 2 x Ar of N = 2 x 14 = 28

Relative formula mass is used to replace Mr for ionic substances Ionic substance Sodium Hydroxide, NaOH Relative formula mass Ar of Na + Ar of O + Ar of H = 23 + 16 + 1 = 40 2 x Ar of Al +3 ( Ar of S + 4 x Ar of O) =

Aluminium sulphate, Al2 (SO4)3

Hydrated copper(II) sulphate, CuSO4. 5H2O

Ar of Cu + Ar of S + 4 x Ar of O + 5 ( Mr of H2O) =

Do it yourself 1. Calculate the relative molecular mass of a) Bromine, Br2 c) Ammonia, NH3

b) Methane, CH4

d) Glucose, C6H12O6

2. Calculate relative formula mass of a) Zinc oxide, ZnO c) Copper(II) hydroxide, Cu(OH)2

b) Magnesium nitrate, Mg(NO)3

d) Hydrated sodium carbonate,

Na2CO3.10H2O

Form 4 practical book Try this 3.1 page 17 B. The Mole and the Number of Particles Definition of mole

The word pair and dozen represent a fixed number of objects.

In chemistry, we use the unit mole to measure the amount of substance. The symbol of mole is mol. 1 mol of substance = the number of particles in 12 g of carbon-12. = 6.02 x 1023 particles.

The value of 6.02 x 1023 is called as the Avogadro constant (NA). To determine the number of moles or the number of particles: Number of particles = Number of moles 6.02 x 1023 Practical Book Activity 3.2, page 17

Number of moles =

Number of particles 6.02 x 10 23

Example 1: i. 1 mol of iron atom = 6.02 x 1023 iron atoms ii. 1 mol of hydrogen molecule = 6.02 x 1023 hydrogen molecules iii. 1 mol of sodium chloride = 6.02 x 1023 formula units of sodium chloride

Example 2: A closed glass bottle contains 0.5 mol of oxygen gas, O2. i. How many oxygen molecules, O2 are there in the bottle? ii. How many oxygen atoms are there in the bottle? Solution: i. Number of oxygen molecules = 0.5 x 6.02 x 1023 = 3.01 x 1023

ii. 1 oxygen molecule, O2 has 2 oxygen atoms.

Therefore, number of oxygen atoms = number of oxygen molecules 2 = 3.01 1023 2 = 6.02 1023 Example 3: Find the number of moles of molecules in a sample containing 9.03 1023 molecules of carbon dioxide, CO2. Solution: Number of moles =

9.02 10 23

6.02 10 23 = 1.5 mol.

Do it yourself [Avogadro constant = mol-1] 1 -12. Define a mole?

A mole is the amount of substance which has the same number of particles as there in 12 g carbon

Calculate the number of atoms in 2 mol carbon.

Number of atoms = 2 6.02 x 1023 = 1.2 1024 atoms. 3 How many ions are there in 1.5 mol sodium chloride, NaCl?

1 formula unit sodium chloride, NaCl has 2 ions which are 1 sodium ion and 1 chloride ion. Thus, number of ions = number of formula units x 2 = 1.5 6.02 x 1023 2

= 1.806 1024 ions.

Calculate the number of moles of bromine molecules which consists 1.5 1022 of bromine molecules.

Number of moles = 1.5 1022 6.02 1023 = 0.025 mol.

How many atoms are there in 2 mol of ammonia, NH3?

1 ammonia molecule, NH3 has 4 atoms which are 1 nitrogen atom and 3 hydrogen atoms. Thus, number of atoms = number of molecules x 4 = 2 6.02 x 1023 4 = 4.8 1024 atoms.

C. The mole and the mass of substances

Molar mass is Unit of molar mass is g mol-1 or grams per mole. The molar mass of a substance = the mass of 1 mol of the substance = the mass of NA number of particles = the mass of 6.02 x 1023 particles

Example: Element/ Compound Lithium, Li Iron, Fe Magnesium oxide, MgO Carbon dioxide, CO2 Relative mass 7 56 24+16=40 12+16x2=44 Mass of 1 mol 7g 56g Molar mass 7g mol-1 40g mol-1

*122 2222 *2

*1 : The value of molar mass of an element is equal to its relative atomic mass *2 : The value of molar mass of a compound is equal to its relative molecular or formula mass Formula: Number of moles = mass

Relative atomic mass (or relative molecular mass or relative formula mass)

Example: 1. Calculate the number of moles found in 20g of magnesium oxide, MgO. (Relative atomic mass: Mg, 24; O, 16) Solution: Number of moles = = 24 + 16 = 0.5 mol 2. Calculate the mass in gram found in 0.2 mol of magnesium oxide, MgO. (Relative atomic mass: Mg, 24; O, 16) Solution: Number of moles = mass Relative formula mass Mass = number of moles x relative formula mass = 0.2 x (24 + 16)g = 8g mass Relative formula mass 20

3. How many magnesium ions are there in 30g of magnesium oxide, MgO. (Relative atomic mass: Mg, 24; O, 16. Avogradro constant: 6.02 x 1023) Solution: The relative formula mass of magnesium oxide, MgO = 24 + 16 = 40 Therefore, the molar mass of magnesium oxide, MgO = 40g mol-1 Number of moles of 30g magnesium oxide, MgO mass of MgO MgO = 30g 40 g mol-1 = 0.75 mol The number of formula units of MgO = 0.75x 6.02 x 1023 = 4.515 x 1023 Each formula units of MgO has 1 magnesium ions. Therefore, the number of magnesium ions = the number of formula units of MgO x 1 = 4.515 x 1023 x 1 = 4.515 x 1023 = Relative formula mass of

4. Calculate the mass in gram of 3 x 1022 units of magnesium oxide, MgO. (Relative atomic mass: Mg, 24; O, 16. Avogradro constant: 6.02 x 1023) Solution: Number of moles = number of particles NA Mass = number of particles Relative formula mass NA = number of particles x relative formula mass NA Mass of 3x1022 units of magnesium oxide, MgO= 3 x 1022 x (24+16) 6 X 1023 = 0.05 X 40 = 2g Do It Yourself 1. Calculate the number of moles found in 9.5g of magnesium chloride, MgCl2. (Relative atomic mass: Mg, 24; Cl, 35.5) Mass

2. Calculate the mass in gram found in 0.3 mol of magnesium chloride, MgCl2. (Relative atomic mass: Mg, 24; Cl, 35.5)

3. How many chloride ions are there in 19g of magnesium chloride, MgCl2. (Relative atomic mass: Mg, 24; Cl, 35.5. Avogradro constant: 6.02 x 1023)

4. Calculate the mass in gram of 3 x 1022 units of magnesium chloride, MgCl2 . (Relative atomic mass: Mg, 24; Cl, 35.5. Avogradro constant: 6.02 x 1023)

Form 4 TextBook Work This Out 3.2 Page 35 Quick Review C Page 35

E. Chemical Formulae A chemical formula is a representation of a chemical substance using letters for atoms and subscript numbers to show the numbers of each type of atoms that are present in the substance. Examples : (a) Glucose Show the symbols for carbon, hydrogen and oxygen

C6 H12O6
Show the numbers of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen

(b) Sodium hydroxide Show the symbols for magnesium, oxygen and hydrogen.

Mg (OH)2
Show the numbers of magnesium, oxygen and hydrogen.

(1) Empirical Formulae

(i)
(ii)

The empirical formula of a compound gives the simplest whole number ratio of atoms of each element present in the compound. Steps in determining the empirical formula of a compound. i. find the mass of each element in the compound ii. convert the masses to the numbers of moles of atoms iii. find the simplest ratio of moles of the elements

Example : 2.24 g of iron combines chemically with 0.96g of oxygen to form an oxide. What is the empirical formula of the oxide ? [ Relative atomic mass: O, 16; Fe, 56 ] Element Mass (g) Number of moles of atoms Ratio of moles Simplest ratio of moles Iron, Fe 2.24 2.24 = 0.04 56 0.04 =1 0.04 12=2 Oxygen, O 0.96 0.96 = 0.06 16 0.06 =1.5 0.04 1.5 2 = 3

The empirical formula of the oxide is Fe2O3.

Do it Yourself 1. The table below shows the relative atomic mass and the mass of elements V and O in an oxide. Element V O Relative Atomic Mass 56 16 Mass(g) 5.6 2.4 What is the empirical formula of this compound ? element Mass (g) Number of moles atoms Ratio of moles Simplest ratio of moles The empirical formula of the oxide is 2. Copper (II) iodide constains 20.13% of copper by mass. Find its empirical formula. [ Relative atomic mass : Cu,64 ; I, 127 ] Based on its percentage composition, 100g of copper(II) iodine contains 20.13g of copper. So, taking 100g of the compound. element Mass (g) Number of moles atoms Ratio of moles Simplest ratio of moles The empirical formula of the oxide is . K of Cl V 5.6 of Oxygen, O 2.4

3. A potassium compound has a percentage composition as the following

K, 31.84% ; Cl, 28.8% ; O, 39.18% What is the empirical formula of the potassium compound ? [ Relative atomic mass : O, 16; Cl,35.5; K, 39 ] Based on its percentage composition, 100g of compound contains 31.84g of potassium, 28.98g of chlorine and 39.18g of oxygen. So, by taking 100g of the compound: element Mass (g) Number of moles of atoms Ratio of moles Simplest moles ratio of K Cl O

1 mole of potassium atoms combines with 1 mole of chlorine atoms and 3 moles of oxygen atoms.Therefore, the empirical formula of the potassium compound is KClO3.
Form 4 TextBook Work this out 3.7 Page 42

(2) Molecular Formulae (i) The molecular formula of a compound gives the actual number of atoms of each element present in a molecule of the compound. (ii) The molecular formula of a compound is a multiple of its empirical formula.

Molecular formula = ( Empirical formula )n

(iii) Relating empirical formula to molecular formula Compound Water Ethene Ethane propane glucose (iv) Empirical formula H2O CH2 CH3 CH2 CH2O Molecular formula H2O = (H2O)1 C2H4 = (CH2)2 C2H6 = (CH3)2 C3H9 = (CH3)3 C6H12O6 = (CH2O)2 n 1 2 2 3 6

Calculation involving molecular formulae Example : The empirical formula of a compound is CH. Its relative molecular mass is 78. Find its molecular formula. [ Relative atomic mass : H, 1; C, 12 ] Let the molecular formula be (CH)n. The relative molecular mass = n[ 12 + 1 ] = 13n However, its molar mass is 78. Therefore, 13n = 78 n = 78/13 =6

Hence, the molecular formula of the compound is (CH)6 or C6H6.

Do it yourself

1.

A carbon compound has an empirical formula of CH2 and a relative molecular mass of 70. Find the molecular formula of the compound. [ Relative atomic mass : H, 1; C, 12 ]

Hence, the molecular formula of the compound is (CH2)5 or C5H10.

2.

2.07 g of element Z reacts with bromine to form 3.67g of a compound with an empirical formula of ZBr2. Find the relative atomic mass of element Z. [ Relative atomic mass: Br, 80 ] element Mass (g) Number of moles of atoms Simplest ratio of moles (from the emp for given) Based on the empirical formula ZBr2 , the ratio of atoms of Z : Br is 1 : 2 herefore, 2.07 : 0.02 = 1 : 2 z 2.07/0.02z = z = 207 The atomic mass of the element Z is 207. (3) Ionic Formulae (i) (ii) Ionic compounds are compounds consisting of anions and cations. The formulae of some common cations Cation ( positive ion ) Sodium ion Potassium ion Silver ion Hydrogen ion Ammonium ion Copper (II) ion Calcium ion Magnesium ion Zinc ion Barium ion Iron (II) ion Copper (I) ion Tin (II) ion Lead (II) ion Aluminium ion Iron (III) ion Chromium (III) ion Formula of cation Na+ K+ Ag+ H+ NH4+ Cu2+ Ca2+ Mg2+ Zn2+ Ba2+ Fe2+ Cu+ Sn2+ Pb2+ Al3+ Fe3+ Cr3+ Charge of cation +1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +2 +2 +2 +2 +2 +2 +1 +2 +2 +3 +3 +3 Z Br

FORM 4 Textbook Work this out 3.8 Page 44

(iii)

The formulae of some common anions Anion ( negative ion ) Fluoride ion Chloride ion Bromide ion Iodide ion Hydroxide ion Nitrate ion Nitrite ion Hydride ion Oxide ion Phosphate ion Carbonate ion Sulphate ion Chromate (VI) ion Formula of anion FClBrIOHNO3NO2HO2PO43CO32SO42Cr2O72Charge of anion -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -2 -3 -2 -2 -2

(iv) The chemical formulae of ionic compounds are electrically neutral because the total of
positive charges are equal to the total of negative charges (v) The chemical formula of an ionic compound can be constructed as the following : i. identify and write down the formula of its cation and anion ii. determine the number of cations and anions by balancing the positive and negative charges. iii. Write the formula of the compound iv. The number of cations and anions are written as subscript numbers.

Magnesium chloride

Magnesium ion, Mg2+

Chloride ion, Cl-

1 magnesium ion, Mg2+ Total of positive charges =1 (+2) =+2

2 chloride ions, ClTotal of negative charges = 2 (-1) = -2

MgCl2

Do it yourself 1. magnesium chloride 2. aluminium oxide 3. aluminiuim hydroxide 4. sodium sulphate (4) Naming of chemical compounds 1. Chemical compounds are named systematically according to the guidelines given by the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC). 2. For ionic compounds, the name of the cation comes first, followed by the name of anion. cation Sodium ion Magnesium ion Aluminium ion Zinc ion 3. anion Chloride ion Oxide ion Oxide ion Sulphate ion Name of ionic compound Sodium chloride Megnesium oxide Aluminium oxide Zinc sulphate Form 4 Textbook Work This Out 3.9 Page 46

Transition metals can form more than one ions, Roman numerals ( such as I, II, III ) are used to differentiate the ions. Fe2+ - iron (II) ion Fe3+ - iron (III) ion

4. For simple molecular compounds, the name of the first element is maintained. However, the name of the second element is added with an ide . Examples : HCl hydrogen chloride HF - hydrogen flouride 5. Greek prefixes are used to show the number of atoms of each element in a compound. Examples : CO carbon monoxide CO2 carbon dioxide CCl4 carbon tetrachloride / tetrachloromethane SO3 sulphur trioxide

6. Table below shows the meaning of the prefixes. prefix MonodiTriTetraPentameaning 1 2 3 4 5 prefix HexaHeptaOctaNonaDecameaning 6 7 8 9 10 Form 4 Textbook Work This Out 3.10 Page 47

F. CHEMICAL EQUATION A) Qualitative aspect of chemical equation

A chemical equation is a shorthand description of a chemical reaction. The starting substances are called reactants. The new substances formed are called products. The reactants are written at the left-hand side of the equation. The products are written at the right-hand side of the equation.
A chemical equation also shows the states of each substance. Physical states of substances Solid Liquid Gas Aqueous solution

Symbol s g aq Example : Reactants C (s) Zn (s) + + O2 (g) Cl2 (g)

Products CO2 (g) ZnCl2 (s)

Do It Yourself 3f Identify the reactants, products and the state of each substance. Present your answer in the form of a table. 1. HCl (aq) 2. CuCO3 (s) 3. HCl (g) Solution : Reactants 1 2 3 Products
Form 4 Textbook Work This Out 3.11 Page 49

NaOH (aq) CuO (s) +

NaCl (aq) CO2 (g) NH4Cl (s)

H2O (i)

NH3 (g)

B) Writing chemical equation A chemical equation must be balanced. There must always be the same number of atom of each element on each side of the equation. Example : Magnesium reacts with dilute hydrochloric acid, HCl to produce magnesium chloride, MgCl2 and hydrogen gas, H2. Write an equation to represent the reaction. STEP 1 STEP 2 STEP 3 STEP 4 Solution : STEP 1 Magnesium + hydrochloric acid Magnesium chloride + hydrogen gas Products MgCl2 MgCl2 MgCl2(aq) + + + H2 H2 H2(g) Write the equation in words. The reactants are written on the left whereas the products are written on the right. Write the correct chemical formula for each reactants and products. Balance the equation. You just need to adjust the coefficients in front of the chemical formulae and not the subscripts in the formulae. Put the state symbols in the equation.

Reactants STEP 2 STEP 3 STEP 4 Mg Mg Mg(s) + + + HCl 2HCl 2HCl(aq)

Do It Yourself 3.f B Write a chemical equation for each of the following reactions. 1. A solution of silver nitrate is added to a solution of sodium chloride. A precipitate of silver chloride and a solution of sodium nitrate are produced.

2. Nitrogen gas reacts with hydrogen gas to produce ammonia gas.

3. When solid lead (II) carbonate is heated strongly, it decomposes into solid lead (II) oxide and carbon dioxide gas is released.

Form 4 Textbook Work This Out 3.12 Page 50

C) Quantitative aspect of chemical equation The coefficients in a balanced equation tell us the exact proportions of reactants and products in a chemical reaction. Example : 2H2 (g) + O2 (g) 2H2O (l)

The equation tell us that 2 moles of hydrogen reacts with 1 mole of oxygen to produce 2 moles of water. Or The equation tell us that 2 molecules of hydrogen reacts with 1 molecule of oxygen to produce 2 molecules of water. D) Numerical problems involving chemical equation Stoichiometry is a study of quantitative composition of substances involved in chemical reactions. We can always make use of the stoichiometric coefficients in a chemical equation to solve various numerical problems. Generally the steps involved in stoichiometric calculations are as follows. STEP 1 STEP 2 STEP 3 STEP 4 Example : Copper (II) oxide, CuO reacts with aluminium according to the following equation. 3CuO (s) + 2Al (s) Al2O3 (s) + 3Cu (s) Write the balanced equation of the reaction. Compare the mole ratio. Identify the information given and you want to find. Calculate the number of moles.

Calculate the mass of aluminium required to react completely with 12 g of copper (II) oxide, CuO. [Relative atomic mass : O, 16 ; Al, 27 ; Cu, 64] Solution : 3CuO (s)
3 mole

2Al (s)
2 mole

Al2O3 (s)

3Cu (s)

The number of moles of 12g of Copper (II) oxide, CuO = =

12 g (64 + 16) g mol-1 12 g 80 g mol-1

= 0.15 mol

Based on the chemical equation, 3 mole of Copper (II) oxide, CuO requires 2 mole of aluminium. Therefore, the number of aluminium required by 0.15 mole of Copper (II) oxide, CuO = 0.15 mole x 2 mole = 2 mole 3 mole Thus the mass of aluminium required = 0.1 mol x 29 g mol-1 = 2.7 g

Do It Yourself 3f (D) 1. 2K (s) + Br2 (g)

2KBr (s)

How many moles of potassium are needed to reacts with 0.5 mole of bromine gas ? Solution : 2K (s)
2 mole

Br2 (g)
1 mole

2KBr (s)

Information : ? mole

0.5 mole

Based on the equation, 1 mole of bromine gas reacts with 2 moles of potassium. Therefore, 0.5 mole of bromine gas will react with 2 x 0.5 = 1 mole of potassium. 2. 1.35 g of aluminium reacts with excessive copper (II) oxide powder to produce aluminium oxide powder and copper. Find the number of copper atoms produced. [Relative atomic mass : Al, 27 ; Avogadro constant : 6.02 x 1023 mol-1]

3. Zn (s)

2HNO3 (aq)

Zn(NO3)2 (aq)

H2 (g)

What is the mass of zinc needed to produce 2.4 dm3 of hydrogen gas at room conditions ? [Relative atomic mass : Zn, 65 ; Molar volume 24 dm3 mol-1 at room conditions]

More Exercises:

1.

CuCO3

CuO

CO2

In this reaction, 3.1 g of copper(II) carbonate are heated in a laboratory. Find :

(a) the mass of copper (II) oxide that being produced.

(b) the volume of carbon dioxide gas produced at s.t.p

2.

CaCO3

CaO

CO2

In this reaction, 300 cm3 gas carbon dioxide are produced at room temperature, when calcium carbonate are heated. Find: (a) the mass of calcium carbonate used. (b) mass of calcium oxide produced.

3.

2Na

2H2O

2NaOH

H2

When 0.23 g of sodium is added to water, the metal will react vigorously at the surface of the water, find (a) the mass sodium hydroxide produced. (b) volume of hydrogen gasses being produced at temperature room.

4.

2Mg

O2

2MgO

A strip of magnesium has a weight of 1.2 g are being burn with sufficient oxygen to produced magnesium oxide. Find: (a) the mass magnesium oxide being produced. (b) the mass of oxygen that needed for this reaction.

5.

C3H8

5O2

3CO2

4H2O

Propane gas was burned in oxygen follow as equation above. If 3.36 dm3 of carbon dioxide gas are produced in this reaction at s.t.p, find (a) the mass of propane burned (b) volume of oxygen gas that reacted

6.

2Al

3CuO

Al2O3

3Cu

1.35g of aluminium powder and copper (II) oxide was heated strongly in laboratory to produced aluminium oxide and copper. Find (a) the mass of copper (II) oxide reacted (b) the mass of aluminium oxide produced. (c) the mass of copper produced