TTT : Time Temperature Transformation Diagrams TTT diagrams show - martensite formation temperature range, - the phases after

cooling Isothermal TTT diagrams: Used in heat treatment of steels (hardening, quenching+tempering) In a isothermal TTT diagram, we have a rapid cooling until the transformation temperature and then it is waited until whole austenite is transformed.

Continous cooling TTT Diagrams Used for example to evaluate the weldability of a steel Each continous cooling TTT diagram shows - transformation of austenite at different cooling rates, - transformation of austenite depending on time.

Martensite start temperature

Martensite start temperature

Upper critical cooling curve; 100 % martensite is formed above this cooling rate.

Lower critical cooling curve; no martensite is formed above this cooling rate.

Factors affecting TTT curves; - As the graing size increases (for example as a result slow cooling rate, high austenitizing temperature, longer soaking time at austenitizing temperature), the start of the transformation will be retarded and the curves are shifted to the right. - As the amount of any alloying elements increases, the transformation will retarded and the curves are shifted to the right. - As the amount of alloying elements increases, martensite formation is getting more difficult and the Ms temperatute will be shifted downwards. Effectes of alloying elements on steel properties Element Limit for weldability Positive affects C <= 0.22 % as C increases, (it is more, preheating is - tensile strength increases required) - yield strength increases >= 0.5 % : not suitable for - hardnes increases fusion welding Si 0.1-0.8 % as Si increases, - tensile strength increases - yield strength increases - hardnes increases > 0.1 %; segregation in steel is avoided Mn <= 1 %: no problem as Mn increases, > 1 % ; preheating may be - tensile strength increases needed - yield strength increases - hardnes increases - ductility increases - it avoids Fe-S formation Ni Ni increases the hardeneability, Ni increases the thoughness P < 0.06 % ; otherwise hot as P increases, crack tendency increases - tensile strength increases - yield strength increases - hardnes increases - causes aging S < 0.06 % ; otherwise hot Improves machineability. crack tendency increases N O H Al < 0.01 % Not given Not given Avoids aging by forming Al-N cpompunds

Negative effects As C increases, - ductility decreases (brittlenes increases)

As Si increases, - ductility decreases (brittlenes increases) - if less than 0.1 %, segregation problem, - if higher than 0.8 % brittleness problem during welding) -

As P increases, - ductility decreases (brittlenes increases) - decreases impact notch thoughness Makes all other properties worse May cause lamellar tearing. May cause hor cracking during welding. Promotes aging Decreases ductility, Reduces toughness Causes hydrogen embrittlement

It is used for dexodiation of steel What is steel? Materials which contaion more Fe than other elements and C <=2 % are called steel. N promotes austenite formation.