Proceedings of the 1

st
International Nuclear and Renewable Energy Conference (INREC10), Amman, Jordan, March 21-24, 2010

INREC10-1
A PROPOSED DYNAMIC MODEL OF PHOTOVOLTAIC-DG SYSTEM
Magdi M. El-Saadawi Ahmed E. Hassan Khaled M. Abo-Al-Ez Mahmoud S. Kandil
Mansoura University
Department of Electrical Engineering
P.O. Box 35516, Mansoura, Egypt
m_saadawi@mans.edu.eg, ahassan@mans.edu.eg,
ezzkhalid@mans.edu.eg, m.kandeel@mans.edu.eg
ABSTRACT
Dynamic modeling is important to predict the energy production
of Photovoltaic (PV) systems. It is needed to make informed
technical and economical decisions. The simulation models of PV
systems in literature are good enough for steady state analysis,
but they are not suitable for dynamic analysis of grid operating
and control conditions. This paper proposes a dynamic PV model
suitable for Decentralized Generation (DG) applications. The
proposed model relates the electrical output of the PV system to
various input environmental parameters. The model is developed
in Matlab-Simulink environment, and it is validated comparing
the developed PV performance characteristic curves with those of
the manufacturer's data sheet and those developed by a
commercial software package for a Solarex-MSX 60W PV type.
Key words: Photovoltaic (PV) model, Decentralized Generation
(DG), Temperature coefficients.
1. INTRODUCTION
Dynamic modeling and simulation of modern Decentralized
Generation (DG) electrical systems is a challenging process
because of the several modeling steps presenting the power
generation dynamics of the DG system [1]. Photovoltaic (PV)
technology is offering one of the best DG power production
options [2]. Modeling of the PV system is needed for testing
different control algorithms and operation scenarios before real-
time implementation. PV simulation models have been developed
for years. literature review of some of recent work is presented in
[3-6]. The work in those literatures uses general and simplified
mathematical models, which are good enough for steady state
analysis and for modeling the PV system annual performance.
But those models lack the availability for dynamic analysis with
real grid conditions, and with various dynamic control
algorithms. Other PV models are available within some
commercial software packages. These packages are used for
sizing and economic studies such as (Hybrid2, SOMES,
PVSYST, Solar Studio, PV F-Chart, PV-Design Proetc) [7].
These types of software can perform extensive sensitivity
analysis, but they generally do not permit the user to modify the
operating algorithms that determine the behavior and interactions
on individual system components. The PV model should be
dynamic and flexible enough to easily present the components of
the required PV equivalent circuit. The model should also predict
how PV current and voltage will vary with ambient temperature
and solar radiation conditions.
2. PV MODELLING FRAMEWORK
There are some steps that form a proposed framework for
building accurate and flexible model of the PV system. Those
steps are briefly presented in Figure 1. In this paper, a PV model
is developed based on the proposed framework. This model allows
the operation of a single solar cell, and hence a panel, to be
simulated using available data from manufacturer data sheets, and
field tests. These data are used to provide values for the model
parameters. The model is tested and verified by comparing the
results showing the I-V and P-V characteristics to those provided
by both the manufacturer, and a commercial PV software package.
All the proposed modules are built using Matlab-Simulink [8],
which is an open-architecture tool that has a high level of
flexibility in the interaction of the model components as will be
illustrated in the sections of this paper.

Figure 1. A proposed framework for building a PV model
Proceedings of the 1
st
International Nuclear and Renewable Energy Conference (INREC10), Amman, Jordan, March 21-24, 2010

INREC10-2
2.1. PV Equivalent Electrical Circuit Model
In the crystalline silicon PV module; The complex physics of
the PV cell can be represented by the equivalent electrical circuit
shown in Figure 2 For that equivalent circuit; a set of equations
have been derived, based on standard theory [10-12], that allow
the operation of a single solar cell, to be simulated using data from
manufacturers or field experiments.

Figure 2. Equivalent electrical circuit of PV module
The circuit parameters are as follows [10-12]:
The output-terminal current I equals to the light-generated
current I
L
, less the diode-current I
d
and the shunt-leakage
current I
sh
.
The series resistance R
s
represents the internal resistance to
the current flow, and depends on the p-n junction depth, the
impurities and the contact resistance.
The shunt resistance R
sh
is inversely related with leakage
current to the ground.
In an ideal PV cell, R
s
= 0 (no series loss), and R
sh
= (no
leakage to ground). In a typical high quality one square inch
silicon cell, R
s
= 0.05 to 0.10 ohm and R
sh
= 200 to 300 ohms
[10]. The PV conversion efficiency is sensitive to small variations
in R
s
, but is insensitive to variations in R
sh
. A small increase in R
s

can decrease the PV output significantly [10].
2.2. Mathematical Modeling of the PV System
The equivalent circuit of Figure 2, the current delivered to the
external load equals the current I
L
generated by the illumination,
less the diode current I
d
and the ground-shunt current I
sh
. The load
current is given by the expression:
I = I
L
-I
d
-
v
0
R
Sh
(1)
where:
V
0
= V
sh
= voltage on the diode and the shunt resistance
I
d
= diode Current (A).
The cell could be represented by a voltage-current equation:
I = I
0
-R
S
I (2)
where:
V = cell output voltage (V).
I = load (cell) output current (A).
I
L
= Photocurrent (A).
I
0
= Reverse diode saturation current (A).

The two most important parameters widely used for
describing the cell electrical performance are the open-circuit
voltage V
oc
and the short-circuit current I
sc
. The short-circuit
current is measured by shorting the output terminals, and
measuring the terminal current under full illumination. The
maximum photo-voltage is produced under the open-circuit
voltage. The open circuit voltage V
oc
of the cell is obtained when
the load current is zero, i.e., when I = 0.
2.3. Mathematical Modeling of Environmental Factors
In this research paper, a model of the PV system with
increased accuracy and complexity could be developed by
including temperature dependence of the photocurrent I
L
and the
saturation current of the diode I
0
. The series resistance R
s
is
included, but the shunt resistance is ignored. The proposed model
adopts the simplified single diode version of the two diode model
presented in [13]. In the proposed model a single diode could be
used with adjusting the diode quality factor for the best curve
fitting.
The general equation describing the (I-V) characteristics of the
PV cell is obtained from Eq.1 by ignoring the last term of the
shunt resistance, and using the famous formula used for the diode
current [10], as follows:
I = I
L
- I
0
(c
q(v+IRs)nK1
r
- 1) (3)
where:
I
L
= photocurrent (A).
I
0
= diode saturation current (A).
q = electron charge = 1.6* 10
-19
Coulombs.
n = ideality factor.
K = Boltzmann constant = 1.38 * 10
-23
Joule/
o
K.
T
r
= rated cell temperature in Kelvin.
R
s
= cell series resistance (ohm).

The non-linear Eq.3 describes the PV cell (I-V)
characteristics, which adopts the equivalent circuit of PV cell
presented in Figure 2 and includes an explicit solar radiation
dependency of the photocurrent (I
L
). The diode current (I
d
) is
modeled as a thermally activated device to account for variations
of module performance with temperature. Eq.3 is considered as
the benchmark model for a certain level of cell operating
temperature (T
r
) in Kelvin, and Solar radiation level (G
r
) in
(W/m
2
). If those two important environmental variables are taken
into consideration, the voltage and current output of the PV cell
will follow their changes which should be included in the final PV
cell model. When the cell is not illuminated, the relationship
between the cells terminal voltage and current is given by the
Shockley equation [10]. When the cell is open circuited and
illuminated, the photo-current flows entirely in the diode. The (I-
V) curve is offset from the origin by the photo generated current I
L

as illustrated in Eq. 3.
The value of the saturation current I
0
at different operating
temperatures is calculated as presented in Eq. 4 [12, 13]:
I
0
= I
0(1
r
)
- [
I
I

,
3
n
,
- c
-qvg
nK-[
1
T
-
1
T
r

_
(4)
I
0(1
r
)
= I
SC(1)
c
qv
OC(Tr)
nK1
,
-1 (4.a)

where:
V
g
= The band gap voltage
V
oc
(T
r
) = Open Circuit voltage at rated operating conditions.
I
sc
(T
r
) = Short circuit current at rated operating conditions.

An estimate must be made of the unknown ideality factor "n",
which takes a value from 1 to 2. A value of 1.3 is suggested as
Proceedings of the 1
st
International Nuclear and Renewable Energy Conference (INREC10), Amman, Jordan, March 21-24, 2010

INREC10-3
typical in normal operation [6]. The relationship of I
0
in Eq. 4 is
complex, but fortunately contains no variables that require
evaluation [14]. The photocurrent I
L
(A) is directly proportional to
solar radiation level G (W/m
2
), as presented in Eq. 5 [14]:
I
L
= I
L(1
r
)
(1 +o
Isc
(I - I

)) (5)
I
L(1
r
)
= 0 - I
SC(1,nom)
0

(5.a)
o
Isc
=
dI
SC
d1
(5.b)
where:

Isc
= the short circuit temperature coefficient (A/sec)

When the cell is short circuited, a negligible current flows in
the diode. Hence the proportionality constant in Eq. 5.a is set so
the rated short circuit current I
SC
at the rated temperature is
delivered under rated radiation (usually 1 Sun =1000W/m
2
).
The relationship between the photo-current and the
temperature is linear in Eq. 5, and is deduced by noting the change
of photo-current with the change of temperature with the constant
value Isc specified in Eq.5.b.
The open circuit voltage is varied with temperature as
illustrated in Eq. 6:
I
oc(1)
= I
oc(1
r
)
(1 - [
voc
(I - I

)) (6)
where:

VOC
= the open circuit temperature coefficient (V/sec).

The Manufacturers usually provide data about the temperature
coefficients. Temperature coefficients provide the rate of change
(derivative) with respect to temperature for the main PV
performance parameters. ASTM standards address two
temperature coefficients, one for short circuit current and one for
open circuit voltage [15, 16]. The temperature coefficient for open
circuit voltage is usually assumed to be independent of the solar
radiation level, which is a reasonable simplification. The
temperature coefficient for short circuit current must be scaled by
the ratio of actual radiation level to the level of 1000 W/m
2
used
for determining the coefficients [17, 18]. All the constants in the
above equations are provided for typical rating conditions of 25
o
C
cell temperature, a prescribed solar radiation of 1000 W/m
2

radiation level, and zero angle of incidence.
2.4. Building the PV Simulation Model
Matlab-Simulink is used for the modeling task [10]. The
Simulink block diagram presenting the PV model is the core of
the system model. The model is flexible for any number of
modules connected in series and/or parallel branches depending
on the PV system power required. A Solarex MSX60 PV type [19]
is chosen for PV array modeling. This type is well-suited for
virtually all applications where PV systems are a feasible energy
source, including pumping and irrigation, remote villages and
clinics, and aids to navigation. The MSX60 module provides 60
Watts of rated power, and has 36 series connected polycrystalline
silicon cells. The performance of typical MSX60 modules is
described by the electrical characteristics parameters shown in
Table 1[18, 19]. The Matlab-Simulink model is developed for one
cell of the PV module based on the manufacturer data, and the
mathematical equations (from Eq. 3 to Eq. 6) as shown in Figure 3
the output presents the PV cell operating current. Three sub-
systems are combined to present the complete PV cell model for
specific type of PV systems such as the Solarex MSX60 type, as
shown in Figure 4:
1. Manufacturer data block: it presents the key specification
parameters of the PV module type in Table 1.
2. PV cell model bock: it presents one PV cell model
developed in Figure.2.
3. PV voltage block: this block is built to find the value of
the PV cell output voltage based on Eq.2 to give the
flexibility to use the model as a current or voltage source
during computer simulations, and to calculate the cell
output power.
As discussed earlier in this paper the model is subjected to
environmental conditions which are presented by the input
parameters of temperature and solar radiation level. The number
of series connected modules and parallel branches are also
included in the input parameters, as illustrated in the graphical
user interface (GUI) block in Figure 5.

Table 1. Key specifications of Solarex MSX 60 [18,19].
Description Value
Typical peak power (Watts) 60
Voltage at peak power (Volts) 17.1
Current at peak power (Amperes) 3.5
Guaranteed minimum peak power (Watts) 58
Short circuit current I
sc
(Amperes) 3.8
Open circuit voltage V
oc
(Volts) 21.1
Temperature coefficient for I
sc
=
Isc
0.00063
Temperature coefficient for V
oc
=
Voc
0.0042


Figure 3. The proposed PV cell Simulink model
Isc_TaC
Isc_Tac
Voc_Tac
IL-Id
Voc1=Voc_T1/Ns
Voc_T1
EQ. (6)
EQ. (5)
IL = Photocurrent
I0
I0 (T1)
Vcell
q / nK (TaC )
EQ. (4)
1+ K0(TaC-T1)
EQ. (2)
IL_T1
EQ.(3)
Icell
1
q: Electron charge 2
1.6e-19
q: Electron charge 1
1.6e-19
q: Electron charge
1.6e-19
n or A: Ideality of curve
fitting factor 1
1.2
n or A: Ideality of curve
fitting factor
1.2
Vg: band gap voltage , 1.12eV for xtal Si
1.12
exp(u)
exp(u)
u(1)^(3/u(2))
Math
Function
e
u
K: boltzman constan 1
1.38e-23
K: boltzman constan
1.38e-23
Constant 5
1
Constant 4
1
Constant 3
1
-1
Constant 1
1
Constant
1
BETA_Voc
10
dIsc/dT = ALPHA _Isc
9
VD_Rs
8
Ns (Number of sereis cells )
7
Input 8:
Operating Temp (TaC)
6
Input 8:
irradiation
5
Input 7:
Voc_T1
4
Input 5:
Isc_T1
3
T1_refrence
2
Va: operating volatge (V)
1
Proceedings of the 1
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International Nuclear and Renewable Energy Conference (INREC10), Amman, Jordan, March 21-24, 2010

INREC10-4




Figure 4. The Complete PV cell Simulink block diagram


Figure 5. GUI block of Solarex MSX60 PV system
3. TESTING AND VALIDATION OF THE MODEL
The proposed model is able to calculate current, voltage, and
power relationships, for different environmental conditions of
solar radiations, and ambient temperatures. The I-V and P-V
characteristics are produced by the proposed model for the chosen
PV array type through Matlab-Simulink environment. The
validations of the results are done for three steps:
Validation under standard test conditions (full sun radiation
(1000W/m
2
) and 25
o
C temperature).
Validation under different temperature level.
Validation under different solar radiation levels.
Testing results of PV operating characteristics would be
compared to the ones produced by PV commercial software, and
the manufacturer data sheets, as will be explained in the following
sections.
3.1 Model Validation under Standard Test Conditions
The results are developed for standard test conditions of full
sun radiation (1000W/m
2
) and 25
o
C temperature, and they are
presented in Figure 6.

Figure 6. I-V and P-V characteristics of the PV model
PV-Design Pro. software package [20] is used to present the
I-V and P-V characteristics for the same PV type from a large data
base built in it. This package is a detailed simulation program with
algorithms developed by King et al. [21]. These algorithms are
used for the annual performance prediction of PV systems such as
PV powered water pumping system. Figure 7 shows the I-V and
P-V characteristics for the Solarex MSX 60 as developed by the
PV-Design Pro. at standard test conditions.


Figure 7. I-V and P-V characteristics of the Solarex MSX 60
by PV Design Pro. [20]
Table 2 shows the values of maximum power point at standard
test conditions (1000 W/m
2
, 25
o
C) as obtained from the
Manufacturer data sheet [10,19], the implementation of both PV-
Design Pro. software, and the proposed Simulink model.

Table 2. Maximum power points for different models
(25
o
C and 1000 W/m
2
)
Model (at standard
test conditions)
Maximum
Power (P
m
)
(W)
Voltage
at P
m

(V)
Current
at P
m

(A)
Manufacturer tests
and data sheet
60 17.1 3.5
PV Design Pro.
Software
59.85 17.1 3.5
Proposed model 60.1825 16.860 3.569
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
P-V Characteristics
Output Voltage (V)
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
I-V Characteristics
Output Voltage (V)
Discrete,
Ts = 2e-005 s.
powergui
Vpv
PV
To Workspace
irradiation (Suns)
Operating Temp (k)
N_Parallel
N_Series
Operating Voltage
Vpv
Ipv
Ppv
Solarex MSX60 Module
(36 series cells)
1000
RADIATION
-C-
Operating
Temperature (TaC=Kelvin)1
1
Nps = Number of Panels in
EACH PARALLEL
STRING (I)
1
N_panels = Number of parallel
panel connection strings (I)
1000
1KW/m2
Variables
3
Ppv
2
Ipv
1
Vpv
T1
Isc_T1
Voc_T1
No_of_Series_Cells of_One_Module
TOTAL_Series_Resistance
ALPHA_Isc1
BETA_Voc1
Manufacturer
data
Va: operating volatge (V)
T1_refrence
Input5: Isc_T1
Input7: Voc_T1
Input8: irradiation
Input8: Operating Temp (TaC)
Ns (Number of sereis cells)
VD_Rs
dIsc/dT= ALPHA_Isc
BETA_Voc
Icell
IL
I0
MSX-60 PV CELL model
3.8
Icell
Icell
IL
I0
TaC
Ns
Rs
V_MODULE
Iarray
VD_Rs
I2V Transform
5
Operating Voltage
4
N_Series
3
N_Parallel
2
Operating Temp (k)
1
irradiation (Suns)
RS
PV cell
model
block
Manufacturer
data block
PV
Voltage
block
Output
Current
(A)
Output
Power
(W)
Proceedings of the 1
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International Nuclear and Renewable Energy Conference (INREC10), Amman, Jordan, March 21-24, 2010

INREC10-5
Comparison of the results in Table 2 shows that it is within
acceptable accuracy and that the model is well-designed to
simulate the performance characteristics of the actual MSX60 PV
system under standard test conditions.
3.2 Model Validation for Different Temperature Levels and
Constant Radiation
To assure the flexibility and the accuracy of the developed
Simulink model, the model is tested under different temperature
level of 50
o
C, and the I-V and P-V characteristics are developed
in Figure 8.

Figure 8. I-V and P-V Characteristics of the proposed model
at 50
o
C
The PV-Design Pro. offers a comparison between the I-V
characteristics for both 25
o
C and 50
o
C at a radiation of 1000
W/m
2
, from which; it is possible to obtain the values of the I-V
curve knee points of the voltage and the current which presents
the maximum power points, as presented in Figure 9.


Figure 9. I-V characteristics of the Solarex MSX 60 by PV-
Design Pro. at 25
o
C and 50
o
C with 1000 W/m
2
[20]
Table 3 shows the values of maximum power point at standard
test conditions (1000 W/m
2
, 25
o
C) as obtained from the
Manufacturer data sheet [10,19], the PV-Design Pro. software,
and the proposed Simulink model.

Table 3. Maximum power points for different models (50
o
C and
1000 W/m
2
)
Model (at 50
o
C
and 1000 W/m
2
)
Maximum
Power (P
m
)
(W)
Voltage at
P
m

(V)
Current
at P
m

(A)
Manufacturer tests
and data sheet
54 15 3.6
PV-Design Pro.
Software
54.2 14.8 3.648
Proposed model 53.8953 15.1640 3.5542
It is noticed from the results presented in Table 3 that it is
accurate enough to use the developed Simulink model for
different operating temperature levels, for a constant solar
radiation level.
3.3 Model Validation for Different Radiation Levels and
Constant Temperature
To further show the capability of the developed Simulink
model to operate, not only at different temperatures, but also for
different solar radiation levels, the model is simulated under
different radiation levels and the results are compared to assure
the accuracy. The PV-Design Pro. offers the I-V characteristics
with constant temperature of 25
o
C and for different radiation
levels from 200 W/m
2
(bottom curve) up to 1000 W/m
2
(upper
curve), as shown in Figure 10. The simulations results using the
developed Simulink model developed for both I-V and P-V
characteristics are shown in Figures from Figure 11 To Figure 14.


Figure 10. I-V characteristics of the Solarex MSX 60 by PV-
Design Pro. At 25C for radiation levels from 200 W/m
2
to
1000 W/m
2
[20]

Figure 11. I-V and P-V characteristics at 25
o
C and 200 W/m
2


Figure 12. I-V and P-V characteristics at 25
o
C and 400 W/m
2

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
0
5
10
15
20
P-V Characteristics
Output Voltage (V)
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
0
0.5
1
1.5
I-V Characteristics
Output Voltage (V)
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
0
2
4
6
8
10
P-V Characteristics
Output Voltage (V)
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
I-V Characteristics
Output Voltage (V)
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
P-V Characteristics
Output Voltage (V)
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
I-V Characteristics
Output Voltage (V)
Output
Current
(A)
Output
Current
(A)
Output
Current
(A)
Output
Power
(W)
Output
Power
(W)
Output
Power
(W)
Proceedings of the 1
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International Nuclear and Renewable Energy Conference (INREC10), Amman, Jordan, March 21-24, 2010

INREC10-6

Figure 13. I-V and P-V characteristics at 25
o
C and 600 W/m
2


Figure 14. I-V and P-V characteristics at 25
o
C and 800 W/m
2

The comparison of the I-V characteristics at each radiation
level verifies the accuracy of the developed Simulink model.
4. CONCLUSIONS
This paper introduces a model of PV system for computer
analysis. Based on a proposed framework, a detailed simulation
model of the PV system is developed, and demonstrated in
Matlab-Simulink for a typical 60W solar panel. The I-V and P-V
characteristics of the model, is compared with those available
from the datasheets and those developed by PV-Design Pro.
software package. Results of comparison verify the accuracy of
the developed Simulink model, and they show the model reality
and flexibility with different levels of environmental conditions.
The proposed model has the advantage of generalized structure so
that it can be used for performance testing of different PV
commercial types, and it could be used for simulation and study of
different decentralized generation applications by establishing
proper interfacing and controllers, which will be investigated in a
future work.
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th
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[15] ASTM E 948 standard, "Electrical Performance of Non-
Concentrator Terrestrial PV Cells Using Reference Cells".
[16] ASTM E 1036 standard, "Electrical Performance of Non-
Concentrator Terrestrial Photovoltaic Modules and Arrays
Using Reference Cells".
[17] King, D. L., "Photovoltaic Module and Array Performance
Characterization Methods for All System Operating
Conditions", NREL/SNL Program Review, AIP Press, 1996.
[18] King, D.L., Kratochvil, J.A., Boyson, W.E., "Temperature
Coefficients for PV Modules and Arrays: Measurement
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Photovoltaic Specialists Conference, Anaheim, CA,1997.
[19] http:// www.solarex.com.
[20] PV-Design Pro.2000, Solar design studios, V4.0, Maui Solar
Energy Software Corp., Haiku, HI.
[21] King, D.L., W.E.Boyson, and J.A. Kratochvil, "Photovoltaic
Array Performance Model", Sandia Report No. SAND 2004-
3535, 2004.

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
0
5
10
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25
30
35
40
45
P-V Characteristics
Output Voltage (V)
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
I-V Characteristics
Output Voltage (V)
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0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
P-V Characteristics
Output Voltage (V)
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
I-V Characteristics
Output Voltage (V)
Output
Current
(A)
Output
Current
(A)
Output
Power
(W)
Output
Power
(W)