Guidelines for Water Quality Management

CENTRAL POLLUTION CONTROL BOARD PARIVESH BHAWAN, EAST ARJUN NAGAR, DELHI Website : http://www.cpcb.nic.in

Contents
1. Introduction 2. Step-I Setting Water Quality Goal 3. Step-II Water Quality Monitoring 4. Step-III Identification of Nature and Magnitude of Pollution 5. Step-IV Source Inventory 6. Step - V Water Quantity information 7. Step -VI Selection of Technology 8. Step -VII Financing Waste Management 9. Step VIII Maintenance of sewage treatment plants 10. Step IX Pollution from industrial sources 11. Step X Pollution from non-point sources 12. Step XI Some other Important Options for Water Quality Management Annexure-1 Procedure for setting water quality goals Annexure-2 Water Quality Monitoring Protocol Annexure-3 Polluted River Stretches Identification and Action Plan to Control of Water Pollution Annexure-4 Guidelines for Assessment of Pollution Sources and Estimation of Pollution Load in a Polluted Stretch Annexure-5 Some Important Options for Restoration of Water Quality in a Water Body 1. Introduction Water is most essential but scarce resource in our country. Presently the quality & the availability of the fresh water resources is the most pressing of the many environmental challenges on the national horizon. The stress on water resources is from multiple sources and the impacts can take diverse forms. Geometric increase in population coupled with rapid urbanization, industrialization and agricultural development has resulted in high impact on quality and quantity of water in our country. The situation warrants immediate redressal through radically improved water resource and water quality management strategies. The present document highlights the steps involved in preparation of a water quality management plan in a rational manner. 2. Step-I Setting Water Quality Goal For preparation of water quality management plan the first step is to identify water quality goal for the water body in question.

To set the water goal one has to identify use(s) of water (please refer Annexure 1) in the given water body or its part in question. If the water body is used for more than one use than identify the use , which demands highest quality of water called designated best use. Identify the water quality requirements for that designated bast use in terms of primary water quality criteria. 3. Step-II Water Quality Monitoring Water quality monitoring is to be carried to acquire the knowledge on existing water quality of the water body. Water Quality Assessment Authority has notified a Protocol for Water Quality Monitoring (Annexure 2) . This protocol should be followed to monitor the water quality. 4. Step-III Identification of Nature and Magnitude of Pollution After repeated observations on water quality covering different seasons, the water quality data should be compiled and compared with the desired quality requirement as per the water quality goal set in step-I. Using this exercise CPCB has identified polluted water bodies in the country (Annexure 3) This comparison would lead to identification of the gaps with respect one or more parameter(s) and also extent of gap, which will ultimately help in identification of nature and magnitude of pollution control needed. 5. Step-IV Source Inventory Once the nature and magnitude of pollution is identified, it is important that the source(s) of such pollution is/are identified. Inventorise the number of outfalls joining the water body for identification of point sources (Inventory form Annexure 4). Measure the quality and quantity of wastewater flowing through each of the outfalls. For each outfall pollution load joining per unit time (normally per day) should be measured in terms of important pollutants. This exercise requires continuous sampling for 24/48/72 hours on flow based composite basis. The pollution load joining through all the important outfalls should be measured. Inventorise the human activities in the upstream catchments area of the water body to identify the nonpoint sources of pollution. The activities could be open defication, unsewered sanitation, uncollected

garbage sewage and industrial wastes, commercial wastes in case of urban or industrial areas and application of agrochemicals in case of rural areas. 6. Step V Water Quantity information In case of river or stream acquire the flow data from CWC, State Irrigation Deptt. For atleast last 5 years or more. In case of lakes, reservoirs collect the information on water levels for atleast last 5 to 10 years Carry out mass balance to estimate the dilution available in different seasons. Estimate the least dilution available in last 5 years. Assess the assimilation capacity by applying simple streeter-phelps equation and generate different scenario to estimate the extent of pollution control required. This exercise would give precisely how much pollution load needs to be reduced to achieve the desired water quality. 7. Step VI Selection of Technology Simpler technology should be adopted for sewage treatment. Treatment scheme based on series of Waste Stabilization Ponds (WSP) technology is quit rugged, one of the most economical ones and suitable for small towns where sufficient land is easily available. Multiple stage ponds (at least three) with first pond as anaerobic one is the most widely used and suitable configuration. Sewage collection and treatment being primary responsibility of local authorities. Many times sewage can be found flowing in open drains in most of the cities, as these do not have full sewerage.. Low strength sewage received from open drains is not ideal for anaerobic biological treatment as recovery of use full byproduct, biogas, is meager. Simpler option of treatment such as series of waste stabilization ponds may prove to be cost effective in such conditions. There is scope to reduce the cost of the material used for laying down the sewers. Use of low volume flushing tanks will help in reducing waste water volume and thereby cost of sewerage and sewage treatment. For low income housing colonies either two pit pour flush water seal latrines or a shallow sewer could a possible option. Co-operative group housing societies, multi storied housing complexes, big hotels etc. need to set up appropriate on-site waste water treatment facilities for recycling of waste water for gardening and other nondomestic uses to the extent feasible. Renovation of existing drainage system, which currently acts as open sewers, and dovetailing the renovated

drainage system to appropriate forestry programme or tree plantation, will reduce sewage treatment cost. The options which are available for cost-effective and environmentally compatible sewage treatment include land treatment, waste stabilization ponds, constructed wetlands, duck-weed pond, aerated lagoon, rotating biological contractors, up-flow anaerobic sludge blanket system and root zone treatment. Top layer of soil under the vegetative cover maintains microenvironment within which soil flora and fauna decompose the organic matter. Thus, top layer of soil can be utilized for the treatment of domestic sewage and variety of biodegradable wastewaters (root-zone treatment). Land treatment can tolerate fluctuation in loading more readily than conventional processes. This technology is well established in U.S.A., Canada, Australia, and U.K. and also attempted in China and few other developing countries including India. The Central Pollution Control Board has evolved guidelines on application of this technology in Indian condition. The use of biotechnology could be another option for waste treatment under NRCD particularly with respect to organic pollution. Inorganic pollutants like nitrogen, and phosphorus can also be removed by this technology. 8. Step - VII Financing Waste Management Effluent Tax Today there is no provision for collection and treatment of about 22000 mld of wastewater. With fast urbanization this quantity will be about 40,000 mld by the end of 11th Plan. Each mld cost about Rs. 1 crore for establishing treatment facilities and about 4 crores for collection facilities. This makes total requirement of funds in the tune of more than one lakh crores just for establishing facilities. The operation and maintenance may be another about 10% of the above cost every year. Funding of such schemes from exchequers fund in order to achieve the goals, as is being done today under NRCP, would be detrimental to the economy of the country. The present approach of financing the waste management is neither adequate nor effective in tackling the massive problem water quality degradation. Thus the approach needs to be changed. The major part of the cost on waste management should be born by the urban population according to polluter pay principle. It can be applied to any dischargers, cities or industries, with two benefits; it induces waste reduction and treatment and can provide a source of revenue for financing wastewater treatment investments.

Municipal wastewater treatment is a particularly costly and long-term undertaking so that sound strategic planning and policies for treatment are of special importance. Pricing and demand management are important instruments for encouraging efficient domestic and industrial water-use practices and for reducing wastewater volumes and loads. Water and sewerage fees can induce urban organisations to adopt water-saving technologies, including water recycling and reuse systems, and to minimise or eliminate waste products that would otherwise end up in the effluent stream. In addition to price based incentives, demand management programmes should include educational and technical components, such as water conservation campaigns, advice to consumers, and promotion, distribution or sale of water-saving devices like "six-litre" toilets which use less than half the volume of water per flush than a standard toilet. Beneficiaries It is also important to consider the beneficiaries. The waste management benefits following: 1. Local citizens 2. Protection of environment 3. Protection of Public health 4. Protection of water resources water supply, irrigation, other uses 5. Protection of industrial use 6. Enhanced Property values 7. Enhanced tourism All the above agencies may contribute to waste management. A mechanism can be evolved to coordinate with all the beneficiaries and charge them the benefit tax. 9. Step VIII Maintenance of sewage treatment plants Operation and maintenance of the treatment plants, sewage pumping stations is a neglected field, as nearly 39% plants are not conforming to the general standards prescribed under the Environmental (Protection) Rules for discharge into streams as per the CPCBs survey report. STPs are usually run by personals that do not have adequate knowledge of running the STPs and know only operation of pumps and motors. The operational parameters are not regularly analyzed hence the day-to-day variation in performance is not evaluated at most of the STPs. Thus, there is a need that persons having adequate knowledge and trained to operate the STPs be engaged to manage STPs and an expert be engaged to visit the STPs at least once a month and advice for improvement of its performance.

In a number of cities, the existing treatment capcity remains underutilized while a lot of sewage is discharged without treatment in the same city. Auxiliary power back-up facility is required at all the intermediate (IPS) & main pumping stations (MPS) of all the STPs. It is very essential that they be efficiently maintained by the local authoritis whose properties and charge they are. Inter-agency feuds and inadequate consideration of which agency would be responsible for what has led to inadequate maintenance of various STPs and other facilities created. The maintenance of the sewage system, namely, sewers, rising mains, intermediate pumping stations, etc. should also be entrusted to the nodal agencies identified for the maintenance of the sewage treatment plants and sufficient funds and staff provided to them. Facilities like community toilets, electric crematoria, etc. should be maintained by the local bodies. Also the aspect of resource recovery by way of raising the revenue through sale of treated effluent for irrigation, of sludge as a manure and biogas utilization for power generation wherever provision exist needs to be addressed. Biogas generation, pisciculture from sewage as envisaged in the Ganga Action Plan is still in the starting stages. 10. Step IX Pollution from industrial sources A. Pollution control at source The water polluting industries which had not so far installed ETPs should be asked to furnish a time bound programme to the Ministry of Environment and Forests for treatment of their effluents. Those who have given commitment under Corporate Responsibility on Environment Protection (CREP) should adhere to it. Such programmes should clearly indicate the existing and proposed arrangements with detailed time schedules. The programme should be backed up by a commitment from the Administrative Ministry concerned or the respective State Government, as the case may be, to provide the funds as necessary and ensure compliance by the industries. If the undertakings and the administrative Ministry/State Government failed to respond, action under the Environment (Protection) Act need to be taken forthwith thereafter. SPCBs should monitor the progress and report on the outcome. The SPCBs should examine the prevailing arrangements in charging water supply for industry and formulate proposals in consultation with the concerned

departments on how the system can be rationalized to conserve water and recycle it for use. Emerging technologies such as aerobic composting, vermiculture, ferti-irrigation, etc. as secondary treatment should be adopted for the organic wastes by the industries. Recently, the root-zone technology is also being advocated is yet another alternative for energy saving for treatment of industrial wastewaters. Incentives have to be made more attractive to make the industries undertake pollution control measures. It is important to assess the effectiveness of this measure and work out other measures which would serve as effective incentives for pollution control. B. Reuse/recycling of treated industrial waste and resource recovery: The reuse and recycling of wastes for agricultural purpose would not only help to reduce the pollution and requirement of fresh water for such use but also would supplement the much needed nutrients and organic manure to the plants. The segregation of waste water streams may help in reducing waste water volume and waste strength and may help recycling and reuse of majority of waste streams. The quantity of the effluent generated in sugar industry can be reduced from 300 litres to 50 litres per tonne of cane crushed, if recycling techniques are meticulously followed. The wastewater quantity generated in continuous fermentation distilleries is 7 litres per litre of alcohol produced, as compared to 14-15 litres per litre of alcohol produced in batch fermentation process distilleries. The reduction in wastewater quantity is mainly achieved by recycling wash and adopting reboiler system. In pulp and paper industries, the paper mill wastewater is completely recycled into pulp mill by adopting fibre recovery system. It has helped to reduce the wastewater from 200 cum to 50 cum per tonne of paper produced. C. Waste minimization and clean technologies: It may be noted that by recycling techniques the waste concentrations may increase, however the total load remain the same. The concentration of waste strength would help the economical conversion of spent wash to biofertilizer. Waste strength reduction can be achieved by adopting in plant control measures such as reduction of spillages of wastes, elimination of process failures, use of proper equipment for handling and dry cleaning techniques etc. This is often termed as clean technologies; it does not add to the cost of production, in fact industry gains from it.

Innovation in pollution prevention/waste minimization efforts on the part of the industries needs to be sternly promoted. Pollution prevention/ waste minimization, in our country at least, is done only for product quality improvement, energy saving or other economic reasons and any reduction in pollution is only incidental. All organic wastes are best source of energy. A number of anaerobic technologies are now available for treatment of organic industrial effluents. Spent wash, black liquor (pulp mill), dairy effluents, sugar factory effluents and press mud etc. are some of the organic wastes tried for energy recovery. The energy recovery will incidentally solve the air pollution problem, as biogas is a cleaner fuel compared to baggasse, rice husk or coal. It is essential to introduce energy audit in all the industries so hat cost-benefit ratio can be established in each case. Bio-fertilizers are now prepared from organic rich wastes by admixing filler materials. Spent wash is converted to manure by addition of press mud, bagasse cillo, agricultural residues etc. In this technology the entire liquor effluent is converted into solid mass and it can be termed as "Zero-discharge technology. D. Waste water discharge standards and charges on residual pollution The limits need to be fixed on water use and wastewater generation per unit production for each industry. In order to achieve this goal, guidelines are to be evolved and the industry should be forced to adopt recycling and reuse through legislation and vigilance monitoring. New measures such as imposing charges on residual pollution once the prescribed limits are complied will have to be introduced to encourage recycle and reuse of effluents and adoption of the zerodischarge concept. E. Mixing sewage with industrial waste wherever advantageous Wherever it is possible, industrial wastes should be combined with domestic wastes for treatment if no toxicity. Economy of scale, better treatability of industrial waste water and better arrangements for disposal of treated effluents are some of the advantage of the joint treatment of industrial and domestic effluents. Contribution from industries to capital expenditure of laying sewers and construction of treatment plant would render finance to sewerage and treatment schemes. Joint treatment is attractive for cities and towns and industrial areas surrounded by residential areas. Baroda and Ahmedabad cities have such joint treatment schemes under a notified charging formula.

It is considered that for small-scale industries located in cities, such joint collection and treatment is a win-win option. For medium and large industries wherever possible such joint collection and treatment would improve, besides other technical advantages, the financial viability of the city sewerage and treatment system. 11. Step X Pollution from non-point sources It is also extremely important to focus attention upon the problem of non-point pollution from unsewered sanitation, uncollected wastes dumped haphazardly in urban and industrial areas and apllication of chemicals in agriculture such as pesticides, insecticides and chemical fertilisers. Presence of unacceptably high levels of the persistent pollutants in the groundwater and runoff waterthese are likely to increase with greater application of these commodities in the future. In this regard it is essential that an integrated pest management policy should be evolved and standards made to regulate the use of toxic pesticides and to develop substitutes which are ecologically more acceptable. 12. Step XI Some other Important Options for Water Quality Management In majority of cases establishment of sewage treatment plant and its proper operation alone may not be adequate to maintain or restore water quality in a water body. In such case multipronged approach is required to ensure restoration of water quality. Some of the options that are available are provided in Annexure 5. Annexure 1 Procedure for setting water quality goals The term "water quality" is a widely used expression, which has an extremely broad spectrum of meanings. Each individual has vested interests in water for his particular use. The term quality therefore, must be considered relative to the proposed use of water. From the user's point of view, the term "water quality" is defined as "those physical, chemical or biological characteristics of water by which the user evaluates the acceptability of water". For example for the sake of man's health, we require that his water supply be pure, wholesome, and potable. Similarly, for agriculture, we require that the sensitivity of different crops to dissolved minerals and other toxic materials is known and either water quality other type of crops is controlled accordingly. Textiles, paper, brewing, and dozens of other industries using water, have their specific water quality needs. For management of water quality of a water body, one has to define the water quality requirements or water quality goal for that water body. As mentioned above, each water use has specific water quality need. Therefore, for setting water quality objectives

of a water body, it is essential to identify the uses of water in that water body. In India, the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB), an appex body in the field of water quality management, has developed a concept of "designated best use". According to which, out of several uses a particular water body is put to, the use which demands highest quality of water is called its "designated best use" , and accordingly the water body is designated. The CPCB has identified 5 such "designated best uses". All those water bodies, which are used for drinking without any treatment, but with disinfection (chlorination), are termed as "A" Class Water, those which are used for outdoor bathing are termed as "B" Class Water, those which are used for drinking after conventional treatment are termed as "C" Class Water, those which are used for propagation of wildlife and fisheries are termed as "D" Class Water and those which are used for irrigation, cooling and controlled waste disposal are termed as "E" Class Water. For each of these five "designated best uses" , the CPCB has identified water quality requirements in terms of few chemical characteristics, known as primary water quality criteria. The "designated best uses" along with respective water quality criteria is given in Table 1. Table 1 : Use based classification of surface waters in India Designated-Best-Use Class of water Criteria Drinking Water Source without conventional treatment but after disinfection A 1. Total Coliforms OrganismMPN/100ml shall be 50 or less 2. pH between 6.5 and 8.5 3. Dissolved Oxygen 6mg/l or more 4. Biochemical Oxygen Demand 5 days 20oC 2mg/l or less Outdoor bathing (Organised) B 1. Total Coliforms Organism MPN/100ml shall be 500 or less 2. pH between 6.5 and 8.5 3. Dissolved Oxygen 5mg/l or more 4. Biochemical Oxygen Demand 5 days 20oC 3mg/l or less Drinking water source after conventional treatment and disinfection C 1. Total Coliforms Organism MPN/100ml shall be 5000 or less 2. pH between 6 to 9 3. Dissolved Oxygen 4mg/l or more 4. Biochemical Oxygen Demand 5 days 20oC 3mg/l or less Propagation of Wild life

and Fisheries D 1. pH between 6.5 to 8.5 2. Dissolved Oxygen 4mg/l or more 3. Free Ammonia (as N) 1.2 mg/l or less Irrigation, Industrial Cooling, Controlled Waste disposal E 1. pH between 6.0 to 8.5 2. Electrical Conductivity at 25oC micro mhos/cm Max.2250 3. Sodium absorption Ratio Max. 26 4. Boron Max. 2mg/l The CPCB, in collaboration with the concerned State Pollution Control Boards, has classified all the water bodies including coastal waters in the country according to their "desiganed best use". This classification helps the water quality managers and planners to set water quality targets and identify needs and priority for water quality restoration programmes for various water bodies in the country. The famous Ganga Action Plan and subsequently the National River Action Plan are results of such exercise. Annexure - 2 Water Quality Monitoring Protocol 1 Introduction The main objectives for water quality monitoring for Surface and Groundwater Agencies under the HP were identified as: monitoring for establishing baseline water quality observing trend in water quality changes calculation of flux of water constituents of interest surveillance for irrigation use control and management of water pollution (for groundwater only) The networks of monitoring stations were designed/upgraded accordingly with the above objectives in mind. The present document summarises the design approach and delineates actions necessary to operationalise the monitoring programme. The document is meant to be used as a ready reference by the field staff, water quality laboratory personnel and managers of the water quality monitoring programmes. 2 Frequency and Parameters 2.1 Groundwater Initially all stations will be classified as baseline stations. About 20 to 25% of the baseline stations will also be classified as trend or trend-cumsurveillance stations.

Table 1 gives the frequency of sampling and parameters for various types of stations. After data are collected for three years, the stations may be reclassified. Some baseline stations may be discontinued for a fixed number of years and some baseline-cum-trend stations may be operated only as trend stations. Suspect wells may be operated as trend-cum-surveillance stations. 2.2 Surface Water Since not much is known about the present water quality status at various stations, to start with, all stations will be a combination of baseline and trend stations. Samples will be collected every two months: May/June, August, October, December, February, and April. This will generate six samples from perennial rivers and 3-4 samples from seasonal rivers, every year. After data are collected for three years, the stations will be classified either as baseline, trend or flux station. Those stations, where there is no influence of human activity on water quality, will be reclassified as baseline stations. Others will remain as trend stations. If a station is classified as a baseline station, it will be monitored, after every three years, for one year every two months. If a station is classified as trend station, it will continue to be monitored but with an increased frequency of once every month. Stations will be classified as flux stations where it is considered necessary to measure the mass of any substance carried by the flow. The frequency of sampling at such stations and analyses of constituents of interest may be increased to 12 or 24 times per year. Measurement of discharge at such stations is necessary. The recommended parameters for analysis are given in Table 2. Other inorganics, metals, organics and biological parameters will be determined as part of special survey programmes. The survey programmes may include some of the trend stations where there is a need for determination of any of these groups of parameters. The survey programmes will ordinarily be of one year duration. The sampling frequency may be the same as that for trend stations. Special arrangements for sampling and transport of the samples would be necessary for the survey programmes and microbiological samples. Table 1 Parameters of analysis for groundwater samples

Type of station Frequency Parameter Baseline Once every year, (pre-monsoon, MayJune) Temp, EC, pH, NO2 - + NO3 -, total P, K+, Na+, Ca++, Mg++, CO3 --, HCO3 -, Cl, SO4 -- , COD, SiO2, F, B. Trend Four times every year, (pre-monsoon, May-June & after intervals of 3 months) Temp, EC, pH, NO2 - + NO3 -, total P, Cl-, COD. Trendcumsurveillance Fluoride Iron Industrial, mining Salinity due to irrigation, natural contribution or sea water intrusion Urban pollution Minimum four times a year (as above), higher frequency if dictated by importance of water use According to the problem under surveillance (e.g. Heavy metals in mining areas) FFe As, Cd, Hg, Zn Na+, K+, Ca++, Mg++, CO3 --, HCO3 -, Cl, SO4 -Total and faecal coliforms Table 2 Parameters of analysis for surface water samplesa Parameter Group Initially Baseline Trend General Temp, EC, pH,

DO,TDS Temp, EC, pH, DO,TDS Temp, EC, pH, DO Nutrients NH3-N, NO2 + NO3, total P NH3-N, NO2 + NO3, total P NH3-N, NO2 + NO3, total P Organic matter BOD, COD None BOD, COD Major ions Ca++, Mg++, K+, Na+, CO3 --, HCO3 -, Cl-, SO4 -Ca++, Mg++, K+, Na+, CO3 --, HCO3 -, Cl-, SO4 -ClOther inorganics None None None Metals None None None Organics None None None Microbiologicalb Total coliforms None Total and faecal coliforms Biological None None None a- based on Surface Water Quality Network Design, Guidelines and an Example, June 1997 b- depending on workload, analysis frequency may be reduced upto 2 samples per year 3 Sample Collection 3.1 GENERAL At least one day before sampling, make sure that all the arrangements are made as per the check list given in Annexure I. Make sure that you know how to reach sampling site(s). Take help of location map for the site which shows the sample collection point with respect to prominent landmarks in the area. In case there is any deviation in the collection point, record it on the sample identification form giving reason. Rinse the sample container three times with the sample before it is filled. Leave a small air space in the bottle to allow mixing of sample at the time of analysis. Label the sample container properly, preferably by attaching an appropriately inscribed tag or label. The sample code and the sampling date should be clearly marked on the sample container or the tag. Complete the sample identification forms for each sample, Figures 1 and 2 for ground and surface

water, respectively. The sample identification form should be filled for each sampling occasion at a monitoring station. Note that if more than one bottle is filled at a site, this is to be registered on the same form. Sample identification forms should all be kept in a master file at the level II or II+ laboratory where the sample is analysed. 3.2 Groundwater Samples for groundwater quality monitoring would be collected from one of the following three types of wells: Open dug wells in use for domestic or irrigation water supply, Tube wells fitted with a hand pump or a power-driven pump for domestic water supply or irrigation Piezometers, purpose-built for recording of water level. Open dug wells, which are not in use or have been abandoned, will not be considered as water quality monitoring station. However, such wells could be considered for water level monitoring. Use a weighted sample bottle to collect sample from an open well about 30 cm below the surface of the water. Do not use a plastic bucket, which is likely to skim the surface layer only. Samples from the production tube wells will be collected after running the well for about 5 minutes. Non-production piezometers should be purged using a submersible pump. The purged water volume should equal 4 to 5 times the standing water volume, before sample is collected. For bacteriological samples, when collected from tubewells/hand pump, the spout/outlet of the pump should be sterilized under flame by spirit lamp before collection of sample in container. 3.3 Surface Water Samples will be collected from well-mixed section of the river (main stream) 30 cm below the water surface using a weighted bottle or DO sampler. Samples from reservoir sites will be collected from the outgoing canal, power channel or water intake structure, in case water is pumped. When there is no discharge in the canal, sample will be collected from the upstream side of the regulator structure, directly from the reservoir. DO is determined in a sample collected in a DO bottle using a DO sampler. The DO in the sample must be fixed immediately after collection, using chemical reagents. DO concentration can then be determined either in the field or later, in a level I or level II laboratory. 3.4 Sample Containers, Preservation and Transport Use the following type of containers and preservation:

Analysis Container Preservation General Glass, PE None COD, NH3, NO2 -, NO3 - Glass, PE H2SO4, pH<2 P Glass None DO BOD bottle DO fixing chemicals BOD Glass, PE 4 oC, dark Coliform Glass, PE, Sterilised 4 oC, dark Heavy metals Glass, PE HNO3, pH<2 Pesticides Glass, Teflon 4 oC, dark Samples should be transported to concerned laboratory (level II or II+) as soon as possible, preferably within 48 hours. Analysis for coliforms should be started within 24 h of collection of sample. If time is exceeded, it should be recorded with the result. Samples containing microgram/L metal level, should be stored at 4oC and analysed as soon as possible. If the concentration is of mg/L level, it can be stored for upto 6 months, except mercury, for which the limit is 5 weeks. Discard samples only after primary validation of data. Figure 1 Sample identification form for groundwater samples Sample code Observer Agency Project Date Time Station code Source of sample: o Open dug well o Hand pump o Tube well o Piezometer Parameter Container Preservation Treatment Code Glass PVC P E Teflo n Non e Cool Acid Other Non e Decant Filte r (1) Gen (2) Bact (3) BOD (4) COD, NH3, TOxN (5) H Metals (6)Tr Organics Field determinations Temp oC pH EC mho/cm DO mg/L

Odour Code (1) Odour free (2) Rotten eggs (3) Burnt sugar (4) Soapy (5) Fishy (6) Septic (7) Aromatic (8) Chlorinous (9) Alcoholic (10) Unpleasant Colour code (1) Light brown (2) Brown (3) Dark brown (4) Light green (5) Green (6) Dark green (7) Clear (8) Other (specify) IF WELL IS PURGED, COMPLETE BELOW: Office Well Data Diameter cm Depth D m Static water level(avg) SWL m Water column (D-SWL) H m Initial volume well V L Projected pump discharge PQ L/s Projected time of purging (V/PQ) PT min Field Flow Measurements Static water level on arrival SWL m Actual pump setting m Purging duration min Pump Discharge before sampling Q L/min Pump Discharge after sampling Q L/min Volume purged V L Dynamic water level DWL m Field Chemical measurement Time at start of sampling started T (C) EC( mho/cm) pH +10 min +20 min +30 min +40 min Figure 2 Sample identification form for surface water samples

Sample code Observer Agency Project Date Time Station code Container Preservation Treatment Parameter code Glass PVC P E Teflo n Non e Cool Acid Other Non e Decant Filte r (1) Gen (2) Bact (3) BOD (4) COD, NH3,NO3 (5) H. Metals (6)Tr. Organics Source of sample Waterbody Point Approach Medium Matrix o River o Drain o Canal o Reservoir o Main current o Right bank o Left bank O Bridge O Boat O Wading o Water o Susp matter o Biota o Sediment o Fresh o Brackish o Salt o Effluent Sample type o Grab o Time-comp o Flow-comp o Depth-integ o Width-integ Sample device o Weighted bottle o Pump o Depth sampler Field determinations Temp oC pH EC mho/cm DO mg/L

Odour code (1) Odour free (2) Rotten eggs (3) Burnt sugar (4) Soapy (5) Fishy (6) Septic (7) Aromatic (8) Chlorinous (9) Alcoholic (10) Unpleasant Colour code (1) Light brown (2) Brown (3) Dark brown (4) Light green (5) Green (6) Dark green (7) Clear (8) Other (specify) Remarks Weather o Sunny o Cloudy o Rainy o Windy Water vel. m/s o High (> 0.5) o Medium (0.1-0.5) o Low (< 0.1) o Standing Water use o None o Cultivation o Bathing & washing o Cattle washing o Melon/vegetable farming in river bed 4 Analysis and Record 4.1 Sample Receipt Register Each laboratory should have a bound register, which is used for registering samples as they are received. An example of headings and information for such a register is given in Figure 3. Figure 3: Sample receipt register Date/Time received at lab. Date/Time collected Station code Project Collecting agency/collector Preservation Parameter code Lab. Sample No. (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) 02.07.99/1400 01.07.99/1100 M 22 WQ

monitoring SW Div II/ Singh No 1 28-1 02.07.99/1400 01.07.99/1700 M 24 WQ monitoring SW Div II/ Singh No 1 29-1 02.07.99/1400 01.07.99/1700 M 24 WQ monitoring SW Div II/ Singh Yes 4 29-4 05.07.99/1100 02.07.99/1300 S 44 Survey A SPCB/ Bhat Yes 5 30-5 Column 3 gives the station code conventionally followed by the monitoring agency. Column (4) gives the project under which the sample is collected. Column (7) corresponds to the parameter(s) code given in the sample identification form. Column (8) gives the laboratory sample number assigned to the sample as it is received in the laboratory. Note that the numbering has two parts separated by a hyphen. The first part is assigned in a sequential manner as samples are received from various stations. If two samples are collected at the same time from a station for different sets of analysis, the first part of the number is the same. The second part corresponds to the parameter code. The results of the analyses of all the samples having the same first part of the code would be entered in the data entry system as one sample having the same station code and time of sample collection. 4.2 Work Assignment and Personal Registers The laboratory incharge should maintain a bound register for assignment of work. This register would link the lab. sample number to the analyst who makes specific analyses, such as pH, EC, BOD, etc. An estimate of time needed for performing the analyses may also be entered in the register. Each laboratory analyst should have his/her own bound register, where all laboratory readings and calculations are to be entered. When analysis and calculations are completed, the results must be recorded in a register containing data record sheets described in the next section. 4.3 Analysis Record and Data Validation

A recommended format for recording data is given in Figure 4. It includes all parameters, except heavy metals and trace organics, that may be analysed in the water quality monitoring programme currently envisaged. Note that ordinarily a sample would NOT be analysed for all the listed parameters. Record of analyses for heavy metals and trace organics, which would be performed on a limited number of samples, would be kept separately in a similar format. Columns (2) (3) are filled from the entries in the Sample Receipt Register. Columns (4) (9) pertain to the field measurements. This information would be available from the Sample Identification Forms. Columns (10) (36) would be filled in by the analyst(s) whom the work has been assigned (see Work Assignment Register). The format also includes primary data validation requirements, columns (37) (53). The laboratory incharge should perform these validation checks as the analysis of a sample is completed. In case the analysis results do not meet any one of the validation checks, whenever possible, the analysis should be repeated. She/he would also fill in Columns (54) (55). The results of the laboratory analyses would be entered from these records in the data entry system. Protocol for Water Quality Monitoring Version 1.0 Page 16 of 11 Figure 4: Data record and validation register Data record Laboratory / organisation Laboratory code Field determinations General Nutrients Org matter Alkalinity Hardness Major ions Other inorganics Coliforms Biol Lab sample No Station code Date of collection pH EC, mho/cm DO, mg/L Temp, oC Colour, code Odour, code pH EC, mho/cm TDS, mg/L TSS, mg/L NH3, mg N/L NO2

-+NO3 -, mg N/L Total P, mg/L BOD, mg/L COD, mg/L Phen, mg CaCO3/L Total, mg CaCO3/L Total, mg CaCO3/L Ca++, mg CaCO3/L Ca++, mg/L Mg++, mg/L Na+, mg/L K+, mg/L Cl-, mg/L SO4 --, mg/L CO3 --, mg/L HCO3 -, mg/L Si, mg/L F-, mg/L B, mg/L Total, MPN/100 mL Faecal, MPN/100mL Chlorophyll-A, g/L (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) (11) (12) (13) (14) (15) (16) (17) (18) (19) (20) (21) (22) (23) (24) (25) (26) (27) (28) (29) (30) (31) (32) (33) (34) (35) (36) Data validation Cations Anions Ion balance EC bal Carbon bal CO3 -- bal Verification criteria Checked by Remarks Lab sample No Station code Ca++, meq/L Mg++, meq/L Na+, meq/L K+, meq/L Total cations

Cl-, meq/L SO4 --, meq/L CO3 --, meq/L, HCO3 -, meq/L NO2 -+NO3 -, meq/L Total anions {(41)-(47)} / {(41)+(47)} (39) / (42) (12) / (11) (18) / (17) If (10) < 8.3, is (19)=0 ? (1) (2) (37) (38) (39) (40) (41) (42) (43) (44) (45) (46) (47) (48) (49) (50) (51) (52) (53) (54) (55) (48) < 0.1 (49) = 0.8-1.2 (50 ) = 0.55-0.9 (51) > 1 (52) = yes Central Pollution Control Board, Delhi 17 Annexure I Checklist for sampling The following is a list of items, which should be checked before starting on a sampling mission. Itinerary for the trip (route, stations to be covered, start and return time) Personnel and sample transport arrangement Area map Sampling site location map Icebox Weighted bottle sampler DO sampler Rope BOD bottles Sample containers Special sample containers: bacteriological, heavy metals, etc. DO fixing and titration chemicals and glassware Thermometer Tissue paper Other field measurement kit, as required Sample identification forms Labels for sample containers Field notebook Pen / pencil / marker Soap and towel Match box

Spirit lamp Torch Drinking water Knife Note that depending on the local conditions, water body, analysis requirements, etc., all items may not be necessary, or other items, not listed, may be required. Decide on the number of each item that would be required depending on the number of samples to be collected. It is always safer to carry a few numbers in excess. Ensure that the concerned laboratory is informed of the programme and ready to receive samples, particularly those, which would need immediate attention. ANNEXURE-2 Central Pollution Control Board, Delhi 18 (1) Central Pollution Control Board, Delhi 19 (2) Central Pollution Control Board, Delhi 20 Central Pollution Control Board, Delhi 21 Central Pollution Control Board, Delhi 22 Central Pollution Control Board, Delhi 23 Central Pollution Control Board, Delhi 24 Central Pollution Control Board, Delhi 25 Central Pollution Control Board, Delhi 26 Central Pollution Control Board, Delhi 27 Central Pollution Control Board, Delhi 28 Central Pollution Control Board, Delhi 29 Annexure 3 Polluted River Stretches Identification And Action Plan to Control of Water Pollution For rational planning of any pollution control programme, complete knowledge of nature and magnitude of pollution is pre-requisite. To acquire such knowledge it is essential that a sound scientific water quality monitoring programme is established. The monitoring programme also helps prioritising pollution control efforts, establishing water quality trends and evaluating effectiveness of pollution control measures already in existence. Realizing this fact, CPCB in collaboration with concerned State Pollution Control Boards has initiated water quality monitoring at limited number of locations. The monitoring network was gradually augmented. At present there are 784 locations. The monitoring data are annually compiled, analysed and compared with desired water quality in different water bodies. Where-ever, gaps are observed especially with

respect to pollution related indicators like Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) the water body is identified as polluted. It is important to concentrate and prioritise pollution control efforts in order of merits. In 198889, CPCB identified 10 problem areas and 10 polluted river stretch to concentrate the pollution control efforts the list of polluted stretches formed the basis for formulation of River Action Plan of the National River Conservation Directorate. The list was further extended based on increasing pollution problem in our country. In the present exercise those water bodies having BOD more than 6 mg/l are identified as polluted water bodies. A list of such water bodies is attached. The respective State Pollution Control Boards/ Pollution Control Committees were requested to formulate action plan to restore the water quality of the water bodies. This is for kind information of the Board. List of Polluted River Stretches River Polluted Stretch Source/Town Critical Parameters (in mg/l) AndhraPradesh River 1.Godavari Polavaram to D/S of Rajamundary Rajamundary & Polavaram Sewage BOD - 6-12 2.Nagavalli Nagavalli along Thotapalli Regulator Industrial & Domestic water from Rayagada BOD- 6-10 3.Musi D/S of Hyderabad Hyderabad- SecuranderabadSewage BOD- 16-44 Lake 4. Kishtra Reddy Pet Tank, Medak Medak Sewage BOD- 9-28 5. Dharamsagar tank, Warangal Warangal Sewage BOD- 7.5-9.4 6. Hussain Sagar Lake Hyderabad-Securandabad

Sewage BOD- 8-19 7. Sarronagar Lake Ranga Reddy Hyderabad BOD- 8.0-12.5 8. Pulicate Lake,Nellore Nellore sewage BOD- 8-12.1 Central Pollution Control Board, Delhi 30 Assam River 9.Kalong Elengabeel System Nagaon- Sewage BOD- 10-70 10.Bharalu D/S Guwahati Guwahati Sewage BOD- 38 Delhi River 11.Yamuna Wazirabad to Okhla Industrial & Domestic Waste from Delhi BOD- 6-77 Jharkhand River 12.Subarnrekha Ranchi to D/S of Jamshedpur Industrial & domestic waste from ranchi & Jamshedpur BOD Gujarat River 13.Sabarmati Ahmedabad to D/s of Vautha Discharge from Meshwa & Ahemdabad BOD-56-504 Kankoria Lake,Ahemdabad Municipal & Industrial waste from Ahemdabad BOD-6-29 14.Amlakhadi Along Ankeshwar Industrial & Domestic waste from Ankeshwar BOD-138-920, Ammonia-117.6-201.60 15.Shedi Along Kheda Kheda Sewage BOD- 8-19 16.Damanganga Vapi D/S to Confl. with sea Industrial & Domestic waste from Vapi,Salvas,Daman & Kachigaon BOD- 9-10 17.Ambika Billimora D/S Billimora Sewage BOD- 18 18.Bhadar Jetpur to Ratia (Junagarh) Jetpur & Dhoraji Sewage BOD- 33

19.Khari Lali village, Ahemdabad BOD-92-675 20.Kolak Vapi to Patalia. Vapi Industrial township Phase III,IV & Daman Industrial area BOD- 11-35 21.Par Vapi to Patalia Atul township & Industrial waste water, Pardi &Umarkhadi waste water BOD- 27 Haryana River 22.Ghaggar Interstate border with Punjab to Ottu wier at Industrial & Municipal waste from Sirsa BOD-8-50 Central Pollution Control Board, Delhi 31 Sirsa 23.Yamuna Okhla to Kosi Kalan Industrial & Domestic waste from Faridabad & Palwal BOD- 16 24.Drain No.8 Sonepat to Confl. with Yamuna Industrial & Domestic waste of Sonepat BOD-6-36 HimachalPradesh River 25.Markanda Kala Amb D/S to Haryana Border Industrial & Domestic waste from Kala Amb BOD- 55 Colour- 1009 Hazen Lake 26. Renuka Lake BOD- 8 Karnataka River 27.Bhadra Maleshwaram to D/s of Bhadravathi Industrial & Domestic waste from Bhadravathi BOD- 7.2 28.Tunga D/S of Shimoga Shimoga Sewage BOD 29.Kali Along Dandeli Town West Coast Paper Mill waste

BOD 30.Tungabhadra Harihar D/S to Hara eahalli Bridge. Harihar Sewage & Grasim waste BOD- 6-8 Lake 31. Heballa Valley Lake, Mandya Mandya Sewage BOD- 6-36 32. Ulsoor Lake Bangalore sewage BOD- 6-18 M.P River 33.Khan river Indore city to confluence with Kshipra Indore-sewage BOD- 65-120 34.Kshipra Ujjain to confluence with Chambal Ujjain- sewage BOD- 8-24] 35.Chambal D/S of Nagda Industrial Waste Grasim & Nagda Sewage BOD- 8-24 36.Tapi D/S of Napanagar to Burhanpur city Domestic & Industrial waste water from Nepanagar & Burhanpur BOD Lake 37. Lower & upper Lake, Bhopal Bhopal sewage BOD- 6-8 Maharashtra River 38.Godavari Nasik to( Raher) Nanded Sewage from Nasik, BOD- 6-66 Central Pollution Control Board, Delhi 32 Chanderpur, Nanded, Raher 39.Kalu Atale village to Confl. with Ulhas BOD- 6-10 40.Ulhas Mohane to Baddapur Industrial & Domestic runoff ulhasnagar BOD- 6-8 41.Weinganga D/S Ashti Ashti town BOD- 6-7 42.Panchganga Along Ichalkaranji Ichalkaranji BOD - 7-25 43.Wardha Along Rajura village Paper mill waste BOD - 6-8 44.Bhima Pargaon to Confluence

with river Daund Pune - Sewage Nira discharge BOD - 6.5 45.Mula & Mutha D/s Pune city City Sewage of Pune BOD - 6.7 46.Bhatsa D/S of shahpur Industrial township. Industrial township Shahpur BOD 47.Patalganga Khopoli to Esturaine region Industrial & Municipal sewage from khopoli, Rasayani & Paundh BOD 6 48.Kundalika Along Roha city Roha city sewage BOD - 6-6.5 49.Krishna Dhomdam to Sangli Sewage & Industrial waste from Karnal & Sangli BOD - 6-8 50.Tapi M.P. Border to Bhusaval Bhusaval Sewage BOD - 6-9 51.Girna Malegaon to Confl.with Tapi Malegaon Sewage BOD - 6-12 52.Nira Along Pulgaon Pulgaon Cotton Mill BOD 6-21 Meghalaya River 53.Kharkhala Near Sutnga Khlieri,Jaintia Hills BOD 8-10 Lake 54. Umiam Lake, Barapani Sewage from Shillong BOD 7-13 55. Ward Lake, Shillong BOD 9-12.2 56. Umtrew lake, Byrnihat East BOD - 7-9 57. Thadlaskena lake Shilong BOD 7-9 Orissa River 58.Brahmani Panposh D/S to Dharamsala Sewage & Industrial waste from Panposh, Rourkela, Talcher, Dharamsala BOD 6-7 59.Ib Sundargarh to Confl. With Mahanadi

Sewage & Industrial waste from Sundargarh, Jharsuguda, Brajrajnagar BOD 6-9 Central Pollution Control Board, Delhi 33 60.Mahanadi Cuttack D/S Cuttack Sewage BOD 6-8 61.Kuakhai Along Bubhaneshwar Bubhaneshwar Sewage BOD - 7 62.Kathjodi Along Cuttack Cuttack Sewage BOD 6-12.3 Punjab River 63.Satluj D/S of Ludhiana Sewage from Ludhiana and Jalandar BOD 8-14.4 64.Beas D/S of Mukorian Industrial discharge from Goindwal and Mukarian BOD-8.4-20 65.Ghaggar Mubarkpur to Sardulgarh Municipal & Industrial discharge from Patiala, Sukhna paper mills & Derra Bassi BOD - 6.4-50 Rajasthan River 66.Ghaggar Ottu weir to Hanumangarh Industrial & domestic waste from Haryana & Punjab BOD 67.Chambal D/S Kota city Industrial & Domestic waste from Kota BOD 6-6.4 68.Banas / Berach river Udaipur to Chittorgarh Municipal waste from Udaipur & Chittorgarh BOD TamilNadu River 69.Vaigai Along Madurai Madurai-Industrial & domestic wastewater BOD- 7-9 70.Palar Vaniyambadi Vaniyambadi - Industrial & Municipal Wastewater BOD71.Adyar Along Chennai Chennai- Industrial & Municipal Wastewater BOD

72.Coovum Along Chennai Chennai- Industrial & Municipal wastewater BOD 73.Tambiraparani Papavinasam to Arunuganeri Madura Coats Indusitrial waste BOD- 6-13 74.Noyyal Along coimbatoor, Tirupur, Palyanakotti Industrial & domestic wastewater from coimbatoor, Tirupur, Palyanakotti BOD 75.Cauvery D/s of Mettur Dam to Erode city Municipal sewage of Erode BOD- 6.4-7 Central Pollution Control Board, Delhi 34 Sikkim River 76.Ranichu Along Ranipur Municipal Wastewater Ranipur BOD- 24 UttarPradesh 77.Yamuna Kosi Kalan to confl. with Chambal Sewage from Agra, Vindravan, Mathura & Etawah BOD- 6-37 78.Hindon Saharanpur to Confl. With Yamuna Sewage & Industrial effluent from Saharanpur, Muzaffur Nagar & Ghaziabad BOD- 9-36 79.Western Kali Muzaffar Nagar to Confluence with Hindon Sewage & Industrial effluents from Muzaffar nagar & Mansoorpur BOD- 21-44 80.Buri Yamuna Pilkhani to Confluence with Yamauna Industrial effluent of Pilkhani Distillary BOD 81.Kali Nadi Eastern Merrut to Kannauj Industrial and Municipal sewage

from , Meerut, Modi nagar, Bulandsahar, Hapur, Gulwati and Kannauj BOD- 43-135 82.Gomti Lucknow to Confluence with Ganga Sewage & Industrial effluent from Lucknow, Sultanpur, Jaunpur. BOD 6-8.2 BOD 6-7.6 83.Ganga Kannauj to Kanpur D/S Discharge through Kalinadi & Ramganga sewage & Industrial effluent from Kannauaj and Kanpur BOD 6-10 84. Varanasi D/s Varanasi sewage & Industrial effluent BOD 6.5- 16.5 WestBengal River 85.Damodar Durgapur to Haldia Industrial waste & sewage from Durgapaur & Asansol BOD 6.4-32 Central Pollution Control Board, Delhi 35 Annexure 4 Guidelines for Assessment of Pollution Sources and Estimation of Pollution Load in a Polluted Stretch 1. Identification of Sources of Pollution Demarcate location of cities and towns and industrial units on the identified polluted stretches. 2. Industrial Pollution (A) Large & Medium Industries i. Listing of polluting industries ii. Pollution load from those industries covering the following parameters a) Volume of Waste water generated from each industrial unit. b) Influent and Effluent Quality of wastewater from each industrial unit in terms of wastewater from each industries unit in terms of BOD, COD, Conductivity, Heavy Metals, Toxic Chemicals, Pesticides etc. iii. Treatment Technology adopted and Process iv. Utilisation of Wastewater (B) Small Scale Industries i. Listing of polluting industries and volume of wastewater generated from cluster of small scale industries ii. Quality of effluents generated from each small-scale industries in terms of BOD,

COD, Conductivity, Heavy Metals, Toxic Chemicals, Pesticides etc. iii. Possibility of application of Common Effluent Treatment Plants for such clusters. 3. Domestic Pollution i. Identification of Major outfall points with their locations ii. Quality and quantity of municipal wastewater discharging in a water body. iii. Identification of extent of pollution control needed in view of critical flow conditions and comparing with desired quality criteria iv. Utilisation of wastewater and Volume of wastewater used for agriculture 4. River Water Quality i. River flow in the identified stretches. ii. Quality of river water with critical parameter in the identified stretches iii. Projected quality of river water in those stretches if effluents are either diverted or discharged after adequate treatment only iv. Assessment of the fraction of Industrial Pollution load contributing towards municipal wastes v. Compare water quality with desired classes of water for beneficial uses Central Pollution Control Board, Delhi 36 5. Treatment of Municipal Wastewater Identification of land for construction of STPs and Treatment technology to be adopted. 6. Post Project Monitoring Water quality monitoring of rivers/water bodies/STPs to be carried out on regular basis to evaluate the performance of Central Pollution Control Board, Delhi 37 Annexure - 5 Some Important Options for Restoration of Water Quality in a Water Body 1. Reuse/recycling of treated domestic sewage: Cities/towns discharging wastewater should treat the wastewater suitably for land application and dispose of such water on land to the maximum extent possible. In cases where waste water is to be discharged into a water body, the degree of treatment will have to be higher, keeping in view the low quantity of available water for dilution and abstraction points downstream, etc. If the city does not have adequate land for irrigation due to increased urbanisation, the neighboring states may be approached. The fresh water so saved from irrigation could be utilised for meeting the drinking water requirements or for ensuring minimum flow in river. It is felt that the dilution of effluents is not a practical and economically viable solution to the problem that domestic and industrial effluents be adequately treated for re-use, for irrigation, industries, etc. Where irrigation from treated sewage is not feasible, the possibility of recharging ground water aquifer by

sewage, treated to a certain desirable level, may be explored by taking up some experimental studies. Water Conservation Incentives for Water conservation If water is available in abundance, there is a usually tendency to use it carelessly. Along with the measures towards pollution abatement it is imperative to further intensify our efforts for conservation of water to prevent water scarcity in surface water sources and ground water depletion. At present the consumer has little incentive to conserve water, as water tariffs are very low. In addition to appropriate pricing of water to reduce water demand in the household sector, there is a need to develop and implement such cost-effective water appliances as low-flow cisterns and faucets and formulate citizen forum groups to encourage and raise awareness on water conservation. Price of water should reflect its scarcity value and environmental costs. It is very important to reduce water use through pricing. The need is to develop surface irrigation sources and take measures for rainwater harvesting and preventing water run-offs. The amount unit area run-off from various basins of India very widely reflects the spatial distribution of annual rainfall. Moreover, the rivers of the country carry about 80% during the monsoon months of June-September and generally in excess of 90% during the period of June-November. Hence, the run-off can be tapped by building appropriate water harvesting structures in the lower reaches to trap the water. However, there are certain constraints associated with rainwater harvesting in terms of the capacity of soil to absorb large quantities of water in a shorter time frame, quality of the harvested water for drinking water purpose, and the cost involved with building such harvesting structures. There is no doubt that water harvesting is a highly desirable solution but it is an iota solution to a holistic problem of water scarcity. Measures to Conserve Water Following measures may be considered for combating water scarcity in 11th Plan: aTraditional Practices for Water Conservation b)Suggested Water Conservation Measures c) Surface Storage d)Conservation of rain water e) Ground water conservation f) Artificial recharge g)Percolation tank method

h)Catchment area protection (CAP) i) Inter-basin transfer of water j) Adoption of drip sprinkler irrigation k)Management of growing pattern l) Selection of crop varieties m) Nutritional management Central Pollution Control Board, Delhi 38 n) Role of Antitranspirants o) Reducing evapotranspiration p) Reducing evaporation q) Recycling of wastewater r) Conservation of water in domestic use Wastewater as a resource Since, there is no dilution available in the receiving water bodies, it is important that no wastewater is discharges into them even after treatment. The efforts should be to use entire wastewater after proper treatment. There are many cases where the sewage or industrial wastewater is treated and used for various inferior uses. Many companies are coming in this business. Focus should be to promote such business. This will benefit the water quality in many ways: 1. reduce pollution 2. save water 3. save nutrients 4. reduce over-exploitation of water resources Wastewater Use in Agriculture The incorporation of wastewater use planning into national water resource and agricultural planning is important, especially where dilution water in the receiving water bodies shortages exist. This is not only to protect sources of high quality waters but also to minimize wastewater treatment costs, safeguard public health and to obtain the maximum agricultural and aquacultural benefit from the nutrients that wastewater contains. Since in most of the urban centres, treatment plants either do not exist or not adequate. Wastewater use may well help reduce costs, especially if it is envisaged before new treatment works are built, because the standards of effluents required for various types of use may result in costs lower than those for normal environmental protection. The use of wastewater has been practiced in many parts of the country for centuries. Unfortunately, this form of unplanned and, in many instances unconscious, reuse is performed without any consideration of

adequate health safeguards, environmentally sound practices or basic agronomic and on-farm principles. Authorities, particularly the Ministries of Health and Agriculture, should investigate current wastewater reuse practices and take gradual steps for upgrading health and agronomic practices. The implementation of an intersectoral institutional framework is the next step that should be taken. This entity should be able to deal with technological, health and environmental, economic and financial, and socio-cultural issues. It should also assign responsibilities and should create capacity for operation and maintenance of treatment, distribution and irrigation systems, as well as for monitoring, surveillance and the enforcement of effluent standards and codes of practice. In places with little or no experience on planned reuse, it is advisable to implement and to operate a pilot project. Prevent pollution rather than control. Past experience has shown that remedial actions to clean up polluted water bodies are generally much more expensive than applying measures to prevent pollution from occurring. Although wastewater treatment facilities have been installed and improved over the years in many parts of the country, water pollution remains a problem. In some situations, the introduction of improved wastewater treatment has only led to increased pollution from other media, such as wastewater sludge. The most logical approach is to prevent the production of wastes that require treatment. Thus, approaches to water pollution control that focus on wastewater minimisation, in-plant refinement of raw materials and production processes, recycling of waste products, etc., should be given priority over traditional end-of-pipe treatments. For water pollution originates from diffuse sources, such as agricultural use of fertilisers, which cannot be controlled by the approach mentioned above. Instead, the principle of "best environmental practice" should be applied to minimise non-point source pollution. Apply the polluter-pays-principle: The polluter-pays-principle, where the costs of pollution prevention, control and reduction measures are borne by the polluter, is not a new concept but has not yet been fully implemented, despite the fact that it is widely recognized that the perception of water as a free commodity can

no longer be maintained. The principle is an economic instrument that is aimed at affecting behavior, i.e. by encouraging and inducing behavior that puts less strain on the environment. Examples of attempts to apply this principle include financial charges on sewage generated by urban population, industrial wastewater discharges and special taxes on pesticides. The difficulty or reluctance encountered in implementing the polluter-paysCentral Pollution Control Board, Delhi 39 principle is probably due to its social and economic implications. Full application of the principle would upset existing subsidized programmes (implemented for social reasons) for supply of water and removal of wastewater in India. Nevertheless, even if the full implementation of the polluter-pays-principle is not feasible at present, it should be maintained as the ultimate goal. Balance economic and regulatory instruments: Until now, regulatory instruments have been heavily relied upon. Economic instruments, typically in the form of wastewater discharge fees and fines, have been introduced to a lesser extent. Compared with economic instruments, the advantages of the regulatory approach to water pollution control is that it offers a reasonable degree of predictability about the reduction of pollution, i.e. it offers control to authorities over what environmental goals can be achieved and when they can be achieved. A major disadvantage of the regulatory approach is its economic inefficiency. Economic instruments have the advantages of providing incentives to polluters to modify their behaviour in support of pollution control and of providing revenue to finance pollution control activities. In addition, they are much better suited to combating nonpoint sources of pollution. The setting of prices and charges are crucial to the success of economic instruments. If charges are too low, polluters may opt to pollute and to pay, whereas if charges are too high they may inhibit economic development. Against this background it seems appropriate, therefore, to apply a mixture of regulatory and economic instruments for controlling water pollution. In our country financial resources and institutional capacity are very limited, the most important criteria for balancing economic and regulatory instruments should be cost-effectiveness and administrative feasibility. Establish mechanisms for cross-sectoral integration: since water quality management is related to many

sectors, their involvement is very crucial in implementing various policies and regulations. The most important ones are: Ministry of Water Resources, Central Water Commission, Central Ground Water Board, State ground Water departments, State Irrigation/Water Resources Departments, Rajiv Gandhi Drinking Water Mission, State Public Health Departments, Water Supply Authorities, Ministry of Industries, Ministry of Power, and Ministry of Urban Development, Ministry of Agriculture. In order to ensure the co-ordination of water pollution control efforts within water-related sectors, a formal mechanisms and means of cooperation and information exchange need to be established. Such mechanisms should: Allow decision makers from different sectors to influence water pollution policy. Urge them to put forward ideas and plans from their own sector with impacts on water quality. Allow them to comment on ideas and plans put forward by other sectors. For example, a permanent committee with representatives from the involved sectors could be established. The functions and responsibilities of the cross-sectoral body would typically include at least the following: Co-ordination of policy formulation on water pollution control. Setting of national water quality criteria and standards, and their supporting regulations. Review and co-ordination of development plans that affect water quality. Resolution of conflicts between different states and government bodies regarding water pollution issues that cannot be resolved at a lower level. Encourage participatory approach with involvement of all relevant stakeholders: The participatory approach involves raising awareness of the importance of water pollution control among policymakers and the general public. Decisions should be taken with full public consultation and with the involvement of groups affected by the planning and implementation of water pollution control activities. This means, for example, that the public should be kept continuously informed, be given opportunities to express their views, knowledge and priorities, and it should be apparent that their views have been taken into account. Various methods exist to implement public participation, such as interviews, public information sessions and hearings, expert panel hearings and site visits. The most appropriate method for each situation should take account of local social, political, historical, cultural and other factors. Public participation may take time but it increases public support for the final decision or result and, ideally, contributes to the convergence of the views of the public,

governmental authorities and industry on environmental priorities and on water pollution control measures. Give open access to information on water pollution: This principle is directly related to the principle of involvement of the general public in the monitoring, decision-making process, because a precondition for participation is free access to information held by public authorities. Open access to information helps to stimulate understanding, discussions and suggestions for solutions of water quality problems. Central Pollution Control Board, Delhi 40 Promote interstate co-operation on water pollution control: Trans-boundary water pollution, typically encountered in large rivers, requires interstate co-operation and co-ordination of efforts in order to be effective. Lack of recognition of this fact may lead to wasteful investments in pollution load reductions in one state if, due to lack of cooperation, measures are introduced upstream (Delhi-Haryana case) that have counteractive effects. Permanent interstate bodies with representatives from riparian states can be established, with the objective of strengthening interstate co-operation on the pollution control of the shared water resources. Economic Instrument for Pollution Control: Besides the command and control regulatory mechanism the government has also introduced major economic incentives for pollution abatement in India, not as alternative to regulation but only as a supplementary measure. The Water Cess Act was introduced in 1977, empowering the state pollution control boards to levy a cess on local authorities supplying water to consumers and on consumption of water for certain specified activities. The Act also provides for a rebate on the cess payable if the person or local authority concerned installs a plant to treat sewage or trade effluent. Besides the Water Cess Act, efforts have to be made to introduce and implement the Zero discharge concepts, which would enhance recycle and reuse of effluent discharge. Waste minimization and clean technologies It may be noted that by recycling techniques the waste concentrations may increase, however the total load remain the same. The concentration of waste strength would help the economical conversion of spent wash to biofertilizer. Waste strength reduction can be achieved by adopting in plant control measures such as reduction of spillages of wastes, elimination of process failures, use of proper equipment for handling and dry cleaning techniques etc. This

is often termed as clean technologies; it does not add to the cost of production, in fact industry gains from it. Innovation in pollution prevention/waste minimization efforts on the part of the industries needs to be sternly promoted. Pollution prevention/ waste minimization, in our country at least, is done only for product quality improvement, energy saving or other economic reasons and any reduction in pollution is only incidental. All organic wastes are best source of energy. A number of anaerobic technologies are now available for treatment of organic industrial effluents. Spent wash, black liquor (pulp mill), dairy effluents, sugar factory effluents and press mud etc. are some of the organic wastes tried for energy recovery. The energy recovery will incidentally solve the air pollution problem, as biogas is a cleaner fuel compared to baggasse, rice husk or coal. It is essential to introduce energy audit in all the industries so hat cost-benefit ratio can be established in each case. Bio-fertilizers are now prepared from organic rich wastes by admixing filler materials. Spent wash is converted to manure by addition of press mud, bagasse cillo, agricultural residues etc. In this technology the entire liquor effluent is converted into solid mass and it can be termed as "Zero-discharge technology.

IMPLEMENTING RULES AND REGULATIONS TO GOVERN THE PROCESSING OF APPLICATION FOR LOCATIONAL CLEARANCE OF MARKETS AS AMENDED
Pursuant to the policies and objectives embodied in Executive Order No. 648, the Charter of the Human Settlements Regulatory Commission now the Housing and Land Use Regulatory Board, specifically Article IV, Section 5, to wit: "(a) Promulgate zoning and other land use control standards and guidelines which shall govern land use plans and zoning ordinances of local governments; the zoning components of civil works and infrastructure projects of the national, regional and local governments.." and Executive Order No. 72, on devolved functions, the following Rules and Regulations are hereby promulgated .

RULE I DEFINITION OF TERMS Section 1. Definition of Terms. As used in these Rules, the
following definitions shall apply: 1 . Board - shall mean the Housing and Land Use Regulatory Board. 2. Rules - shall mean the Rules Implementing the Design Standards and Guidelines for Markets. 3. Market - a general term referring to a public place, building or structure where commodities such as foodstuffs, wares and other merchandise may be bought or sold. It includes any of the following: 3-1 Public Market - a market owned, operated and/or managed by the government intended to serve the general public. 3-2 Private Market - a market owned, operated and/or managed by private individuals or entities, cooperatives, institution or corporation.

3-3 Food Terminal - a market where products such as seafoods, fruits, vegetables and other food merchandise are being sold on a wholesale basis (e.g. fish landing, trading posts, "bagsakan", "consignacion") 3.4 Satellite Market/Talipapa - a type of market with less than 150 stalls that cater to a limited number of customers. 3.5 Supermarket - a market distinct from a wet or dry market and larger than a grocery in which shoppers serve themselves by using baskets or pushcarts in selecting commodities from shelves or cold display storage and pay their purchase at the exit. 3.6 Wet Market - a market where most of the commodities for sale are readily perishable foods. 3-7 Dry Market - a market where most of the merchandise displayed for sale are dry goods.

RULE II APPLICATION FOR LOCATIONAL CLEARANCE Section 2. Scope of Application. These rules and regulations
shall apply to all applications for locational clearance of new development or expansion of existing markets with the Board or the city/municipality concerned.

Section 3. Application for Locational Clearance of

Markets. A registered owner of a parcel of land who wishes to utilize the same as site for market shall apply with the Board or the city/municipality concerned per EO 72 , on the approval of locational clearance, by accomplishing and filing in duplicate the following: A. Requirements | 1. Letter of Application 2. Vicinity map drawn to a scale of 1:10,000 showing the exact location of proposed site and all existing land use/establishments within 500 meter radius from the proposed site and access road leading to it. 3. Site development plan drawn to the scale of 1:200 indicating lot property boundaries, circulation/road network, parking, building site/buildable area, future expansion, if any, signed and sealed by a Licensed

Environmental Planner. 4. Transfer Certificate of Title or Contract of Sale or Lease 5. Tax Declaration (current year) 6. Environmental Compliance Certificate (ECC) or Certificate of Non-Coverage (CNC) from the Environmental Management Bureau (EMB) Regional Office as required under PD 1586, Philippine Environmental Impact Statement System and its Implementing Rules and Regulations. 7.. Conversion Order (CO) or Exemption Clearance (EC) from the Department of Agrarian Reform (DAR), if applicable. B. Location and plans of markets shall be reviewed and verified by the local health officer through the sanitary engineer and approved by the local health authority before they are established, constructed or altered C. A sanitary permit from the local health officer is required before market is operated. D. A locational clearance shall be issued by the Housing and Land Use Regulatory Board (HLURB) or the local government unit concerned only upon issuance of an Environmental Compliance Certificate (ECC) or Certificate of Non-Coverage (CNC) by the DENR-EMB Regional Office. A zoning certificate shall be issued by the HLURB or the city/municipality concerned prior to issuance of an ECC or CNC.

For renovation/rehabilitation of old/existing market, no

locational clearance is required but an Alteration permit, if it has the same features as the old/existing ones, prior to renovation/rehabilitation shall be required for submission. E. Inspection. Inspection of the proposed site shall be conducted considering the following factors: 1. Compatibility of the project to the land use plan/zoning ordinance or in the absence of any of which, the existing dominant land use in the area. 2. Accessibility. No market shall be established beside a national or local road, if, due to the absence of ample parking space within the vicinity of the market area, it shall cause obstruction to traffic. 3. Presence of/or ability to provide utilities (power, water

supply, etc.) in the site. 4. Degree of traffic generation. Validate the implementation of an efficient traffic management plan. 5. Suitability of the site for the proposed activity. F. Evaluation. Evaluation shall be based on substantial conformance to the herein standards and provisions of applicable codes: 1 PD 825 - prescribing and regulating disposal of waste in public places to promote environmental sanitation and hygiene 2. PD 856 - Sanitation Code of the Philippines and its Implementing Rules and Regulations, Regulating the establishment of all trades, occupations, industry, institutions, commercial undertakings, water system, refuse disposal system, sewage collection and disposal system, vermin control, etc. in accordance with prescribed guidelines and standards promoting environmental sanitation and hygiene. 3. Duly approved city/municipal comprehensive land use plan and zoning regulations 4. National Building Code and other related rules and regulations.

RULE III DESIGN STANDARDS AND REQUIREMENTS Section 4. Design Standards and Requirements A. General Guidelines 1. Location
Location must be within designated commercial zone/commercial area and is accessible preferably through an arterial street. Service access for trucks is essential for the delivery of goods and other services. The market site shall be located at least 50 meters (164 ft.) from schools, religious institutions, public offices, funeral establishments and other public gathering/places such as auditorium, public plazas and 25 meters (82 ft.) from abattoirs and other possible sources of contamination. (see figure 1) The market shall be located at a site within walking distance of 0.75 km to the nearest terminal.

Population to be served ranges from 10,000 to 150,000 people. If located near rivers, streams or lakes, the easement shall be in accordance with the Water Code of the Philippines. 2. Topography The land should be level to rolling terrain, or as long as clearing and grading will pose no problem in terms of undue expense and soil erosion. The site should not be subject to flooding. 3. Soil Bearing Capacity Soil bearing capacity must be adequate to support building load. 4. Size The size shall be large enough to accommodate all activities in the center Lot shape shall be regular and preferably be separated and within market site.

5. Circulations
Pedestrian and vehicular circulation for the public market should be properly planned to facilitate convenience and efficiency. a. Access, loading and unloading of goods, customer and services should preferably be separated and within markets b. Carrying capacities of roads and pedestrian walk within the site be adequately planned so as not to obstruct traffic flow along access road. 6. Parking Parking space should be provided in accordance with the National Building Code. a. Location of the parking area should be between the stores and the streets such that it will be away from the pedestrian areas. b. Separate area should be provided specifically for parking and queuing of public transport modes such as tricycles, buses and jeepneys. 7. Landscaping and Buffering The market complex needs sufficient landscaping and buffering. A minimum of five (5) meters for this purpose may be provided along perimeter of the site.

8. Use The market and all the properties therein shall be used for market purposes only. For wet markets, offices allowed are for the market master/employees and market cooperatives and cold storage establishment (except for ice depository) should be located at least ' 25 m. from the market 9. Maintenance Maintenance of the market shall be the sole responsibility of the owner/operator 10. Location of Stalls Stalls shall only be allowed inside the market premises. Construction of stalls and selling along the sidewalk and outside the market shall be penalized under Section 7 : fines and Penalties and other penalties defined under specific LGU ordinance. Utility Requirements (Per DOH Implementing Rules and Regulations of Chapter IV - Markets and Abattoirs of the Code on Sanitation of the Philippines - PD 856) 1 . Water Supply a. There shall be sufficient supply of potable water either from the public main water supply or from an approved source. b. The quality of water used within the market shall be in accordance with the Phil. National Standards for Drinking Water. c. Each stall in the carindena, fish, meat and entrails sections shall be provided with piped water supply facilities. Water supply shall be maintained at a pressure of 1.379 kilopascals (Kpa) or 1.379 Bar. d. There shall be adequate number of water pipe outlets for easy cleaning of the market and its premises. Water-supply of at least 40 liters/capita/ day shall be provided and maintained based on the number of vendors and average number of customers per day. e. The use of water not obtained from a source certified as safe by the Secretary of Health or his duly authorized representative, for drinking or for

use in connection with food preparation or - washing of plates, glasses, cups, forks and similar objects shall be prohibited in the market. f. Drinking fountain or any equivalent water dispensers shall be provided in the market. g. Ice used in the markets shall come from ice plants with sanitary permit or shall be made from potable water supply. h. All other pertinent provisions of the Implementing Rules and Regulations of Chapter II - Water Supply of (the Code on Sanitation of the Philippines (PD 856) are hereby adopted and made part of these Rules and Regulations. 2. Sewage Disposal and Drainage a. Sewage shall be disposed to a public sewerage system or in the absence thereof, in a manner complying with Chapter XVII - Sewage Collection and Disposal, Excreta Disposal and Drainage of the Code on Sanitation of the Philippines (PD 856) and its Implementing Rules and Regulations. b. There shall be sufficient facilities in the market and its premises. At least one floor drain shall be provided in every 46.5 square meters (500 square feet) of floor area. Slope shall not be less than 2.05 centimeters per meter (1/4 inch per foot) to the drainage inlet. c. Sewer line from toilets and urinals shall not be connected with drainage line in the market. d. Pipe diameter for drainage purposes shall not be less than 15 centimeters (6 inches). e. All floor drains shall be provided with a deep seal trap (P-trap or U-trap). f. Grease trap shall be provided for sewage coming from the meat and carinderia section. g. Drainage facilities shall be installed in accordance with the provisions of the National Plumbing Code of the Philippines. 3. Power Power supply shall be connected to any approved public or community power supply system. A stand-by

generator may be provided in case of power failure. 4. Fire Safety Equipment/Facilities Provision/installation of fire safety equipment/facilities in the market should be in accordance with the Fire Code of the Philippines. : . Facility Requirements (Per DOH Implementing Rules and Regulations of Chapter IV - Markets and Abattoirs of the Code on Sanitation of the Philippines - PD 856) 1. Waste Disposal a. Proper solid waste management shall be instituted in the market in accordance with the pertinent provisions of Chapter XVIII - "Refuse Disposal" of the Code on Sanitation of the Philippines (PD 856) and its Implementing Rules and Regulations. b. Market Premises b.1 Adequate number of refuse bins (separate bin or bin with separator) or refuse depository, one for biodegradable and one for nonbiodegradable wastes, shall be provided in strategic places for temporary disposal of refuse before being collected. b.2 A shredding space shall be allocated in the market premises c. Stalls. Each stall shall be provided with at least two (2) covered refuse receptacles lined with green-colored plastic bag for biodegradable * wastes and another receptacle lined with black colored plastic bag for non-biodegradable wastes. d All receptacles/refuse bins shall be provided with tight fitting lids or covers, so constructed and maintained as to be vermin-proof and easily cleaned. e. Storage bins or refuse shall be in designated space separate from food handling operations. 1 Storage bins for refuse shall be done in such a way that it shall be inaccessible to vermin to avoid becoming a potential attractment and harborage for vermin and cause of nuisance. g. Refuse shall be temporarily stored in garbage depository and collected on time as scheduled by

the city or municipal collection system. h. Solid wastes shall be collected daily or more often as necessary.. i. After being emptied, each container shall be thoroughly brushed and cleaned inside and outside with water and soap.

2. Toilet and Hand-Washing Facilities

a. Adequate number of toilet facilities shall be provided with two compartments, one for men and one for women, in accordance with the following; Table 1 Minimum Requirements for Toilet and Hand-Washing Facilities for Personnel and Stallholders Number of Persons 1 -49

50-100
Water Closet Female 1 2 Male 1 1 Urinal 1 Wash-Hand Basin Female 1 1 Male 1 1 Note: Additional one (1) fixture for each additional 50 persons. Table 2 Minimum Requirements for Toilets and Hand-Washing Facilities for Consumers Number of Persons

1 -49 50-100
Water Closet Female 1 2 Male 1 1
}

Urinal 1 Wash-Hand Basin Female 1 1 Male 1 1 One (1) toilet for differently-abled female and male customers respectively, shall be provided. Note: Additional one (1) water closet and one (1) urinal for each additional one (1) water closet for each additional female. Toilet and hand-washing facilities shall be located within the market
area to cater the public.

Table 3 Minimum Toilet Space Requirement Unit Water closet Lavatory Urinal Sq.m./Unit 1-5 1.11 1.11 Sq. Ft/Unit 1 12 12

RULE IV MISCELLANEOUS PROVISIONS

Section 5. Monitoring. The HLURB/DOH/LGU, may exercise its right to monitor market projects granted Locational Clearance. It may exercise visitorial power at any reasonable hours during weekdays. Section 6- Fees. As per HLURB Board Resolution No. 622, Series of 1998, adopting a revised schedule of fees charged and collected by the [Commission] Board or the city/municipality concerned, the following project cost: a. Project Cost of P100,000 and below b. Over P100,000 P1,000.00 P1,000 + 1/10of 1% of P100,000 or any fraction thereof Section 7- Fines/Penalties. Violation of any of the provisions of these Rules shall be subject to fines/penalties provided for in the approved Schedule of Fines and Penalties, as follows: . i A. For violation of TPZ and ULRZ/APD laws, rules and regulations. Failure to secure locational clearance prior to the start of the project. . . Conformity with Land Use 1/ Conforming . Non-Conforming Minimum P 700-1,500 P1.501 -3,000 Medium , 1,501 - 3,000 3,000 - 6,000 Maximum 3,001 -4,500 6,001 -9,000 B. Article IV, Section 5.o of Executive Order No. 648, impose administrative fine not exceeding twenty thousand pesos (P20.000.00) for any violation of its charter and its implementing rules and regulations. C. For selling and constructing stalls along the sidewalks and outside the market, the fines and penalties shall be in accordance with the existing fines and penalties approved and adopted by the Sangguniang Bayan/Panglungsod. D. Article IV, Section 5.q of Executive Order Bi, 648, Cite and declare any person, entity or enterprise in contempt of the [Commission] Board in the following case: 1. Whenever any person, entity or enterprise commits any . disorderly or disrespectful conduct before the

[Commission] Board or in the presence of its members of authorized representatives actually engaged in the exercise of their official functions, or during the conduct of any hearing or official inquiry by the said [Commission] Board, at the place or near the premises where such hearing or processing is being conducted which obstruct, distract, interfere or in any other way disturb, the performance of such functions or the conduct of such hearing or proceeding. 2. Whenever any person, enterprise or entity fails or refuses to comply With or obey without justifiable reason, any lawful order, decision, writ or process of the [Commission] Board. In connection therewith, it may in cases falling within the first paragraph hereof, summarily impose a fine of any amount not exceeding P2,000.00 and order of confinement of the violator for a period that shall not exceed the duration of the hearing or proceeding or the performance of such functions, and in cases falling with the second paragraph hereof, it may, in addition to the administrative fine abovementioned imposed a fine of P 500.00 for each day that the violation or failure or refusal to comply continues, and order the confinement of the offender until the order or decision shall have been complied with; In case the offender is a partnership, corporation or association or enterprise, the above fine shall be imposed on the assets of such entity and the president, managing partner or chief executive officer shall be ordered confined. Section 8. Effectivity These Rules shall take effect after the [Commission's] Board's approval and [upon] after publication for two consecutive weeks in two [any] newspapers of general circulation.
FIGURE \

LOCATION OF MARKETS LEGEND:

MARKET ABATTOIRS FUNERAL ESTABLISHMENTS CHURCHES SCHOOLS PLAZAS

TERMINALS

( " ) AUDITORIUM 1. Population Served 2. Zoning 3. Distance Requirements a. Abattoirs b. Funeral establishments c. Churches d. Schools e. Plazas f. Auditorium g. Terminals 10,000-150,000 Commercial Area/Zone 25 m. 50 m. 50 m. 50 m. 50 m. 50 m. 750 m.

PRESIDENTIAL DECREE NO. 856

CODE ON SANITATION WHEREAS, the health of the people, being of paramount importance, all efforts of public services should be directed towards the protection and promotion of health; and WHEREAS, the advance in the field of sanitation in recent years, there arises the need for updating and codifying our scattered sanitary laws to ensure that the are in keeping with modern standards of sanitation and provide a handy reference and guide for their enforcement; NOW, THEREFORE, I, FERDINAND E. MARCOS, President of the Philippines, by virtue of the powers vested in me by the Constitution, do hereby order and decree the following Code on Sanitation:

CODE ON SANITATION OF THE PHILIPPINES Chapter 1- General Provisions Sec. 1. Title. - The title of this Code is "Code on Sanitation of the Philippines" Sec. 2. Definition of Terms. - Whenever any of the following words or terms are used herein or in any rules or regulation issued under this Code, it shall have the meaning given it in this section, as follows: a. Code - Code on Sanitation of the Philippines b. Department - The Department of Health. c. Secretary - The Secretary of Health. d. Regional Director - An official who heads a Regional Health Office. e. Local Health Authority - An official or employee responsible for the application of a prescribe health measure in a local political subdivision. f. Health Officer - Provincial, City or Municipal Health Officer. g. Engineer - A Sanitary Engineer. h. Section - Any section of this code unless the term refers to statutes which are specifically mentioned. Sec. 3. the other

Functions of the Department of Health. - The Department shall have following powers and functions:

a. Undertake the promotion and preservation of the health of the people and raise the health standards of individuals and communities throughout the Philippines. b. Extend maximum health services to the people in rural areas and provide medical care to those who cannot afford it by reason of poverty; c. Develop, administer and coordinate various health activities and services which shall include public health, preventive, curative and rehabilitative programs, medical care, health and medical education services; d. Upgrade the standards of medical practice, the quality of health services and programs to assure the people of better health services; e. Assist local health agencies in developing public health programs including medical care, and promote medical and public health research; f. Issue permits to establish and operate government and private hospitals, clinics, dispensaries, schools of nursing, midwifery, and other para-medical courses, puericulture centers, clinical laboratories and blood banks.

g. Prescribe standard rates of fees for health, medical, laboratory, and other public health services; and h. Performs such other functions as may be provided by law. Sec. 4. Authority of the Secretary. - In addition to the powers and authority of the Secretary which are provided by law, he is likewise empowered to promulgate rules and regulations for the proper implementation and enforcement of the provisions of this Code. Sec. 5. Authority of the Bureau of Directors. - The Bureau Directors shall be responsible for staff activities involving the development of plans, programs. operating standards and management techniques in their respective field of assignment. Sec. 6. Authority of the Regional Directors. - The Regional Directors shall administer health functions in their regions, implement policies, standards and programs involving health services; and enforce the provisions of this Code and the rules and regulations promulgated by the Secretary under this Code. Sec. 7. Authority of Health Officers. - The health officers shall administer health functions in areas under their jurisdiction and enforce the provisions of this Code and the rules and regulations promulgated by the Secretary under this Code. Sec. 8. Miscellaneous Provisions. a. International treaties, agreements and conventions - The Republic of the Philippines recognizes international treaties, agreement and conventions on public health. Their provisions may be considered parts of this Code provided they do not contravene the Constitution, existing laws or any provision of this Code. b. Rights and proceedings - Any proceeding which has commenced or any right which has accrued upon the effectivity of this Code shall not be affected by any of its provisions. However, matters of procedure and rights arising after the date of effectivity of this Code shall conform to the provisions hereof. c. Delegation of power and assignment of duty - Whenever a power is granted or a duty is assigned to any public health officer in this Code, the power may be exercised by a deputy or agent of the official pursuant to law, unless it is expressly provided otherwise in this Code. d. Language required - Any notice, report, statement or record required or authorized by this Code, shall be written in English or Pilipino. e. Mailing of notices - Unless otherwise expressly provided, any notice required to sent to any person by any provision of this Code, shall be sent through the postal service. The affidavit of the official or employee who mailed the notice is prima facie evidence that the notice was sent as prescribed herein.

f. Condemnation and seizure of property - Then any property is officially condemned or seized by government authorities in the interest of public health, the owner thereof shall not be entitled to compensation. g. Command responsibility - When a duty is expressly vested in a health officer as provided in this Code, it shall be understood that it shall likewise be the concern of the superiors of the health office under the principle of command responsibility.

Chapter II. Water Supply Sec. 9. Prescribed Standards and Procedures. - Standards for drinking water and their bacteriological and chemical examinations, together with the evaluation of results, shall conform to the criteria set by the National Drinking Water Standards. The treatment of water to render it safe for drinking, and the disinfection of contaminated water sources together with their distribution systems shall be in accordance with procedures prescribed by the Department. Sec. 10. Jurisdiction of the Department. - The approval of the Secretary or that of his duly authorized representative is required in the following cases: a. Sites of water sources before their construction; b. Delivery systems; of water to consumers from new or recently repaired water

c. Operation of a water system after an order of closure was issued by the Department; c. Plans and specifications of water systems of subdivisions and projects prior to the construction of housing units thereat; and e. Certification of potability of drinking water. Sec. 11. Types of Water Examinations Required. - The following examinations are required for drinking water: a. Initial examination - The physical, chemical and bacteriological examinations of water from newly constructed systems or sources are required before they are operated and opened for public use. Examination of water for possible radio active contamination should also be done initially. b. Periodic examination - Water from existing sources is subject to bacteriological examination as often as possible but the interval shall not be longer than six months, while general systematic chemical examination shall be conducted every 12 months or oftener. Examination of water sources shall be conducted yearly for possible radioactive contamination. Sec. 12. Examining Laboratories and Submission of Water Samples. - The examination of drinking water shall be performed only in private or government laboratories duly accredited by the Department. It is the responsibility of operators of water systems to submit to accredited

laboratories duly accredited by the Department. It is the responsibility of operators of water systems to submit to accredited laboratories water samples for examination in a manner and at such intervals prescribed by the Department. Sec. 13. Other protective Measures. - To protect drinking contamination, the following measures shall be observed: water from

a. Washing clothes or bathing within a radius of 25 meters from any well or other source of drinking water is prohibited. b. No artesians, deep or shallow well shall be constructed within 25 meters from any source of pollution. c. No radioactive sources or materials shall be stored within a radius of 25 meters from any well or source is adequately and safely enclosed by proper shielding . d. No person charged with the management of a public water supply system shall permit any physical connection between its distribution system and that any other water supply, unless the latter is regularly examined as to its quality by those in charge is made and found to be sage and potable . e. The installation of booster pump to boost water direct from the water distribution line of a water supply system where low-water pressure prevails is prohibited. Chapter III. Food Establishment Sec. 14. Sanitary Permit. a. No person or entity shall operate a food establishment for public patronage without securing a permit from the local health office. The term " food establishment" as used in this chapter means an establishment where food or drinking are manufactured, processed, stored, sold or served. b. Every Sanitary Permit shall be posted in a conspicuous place of the establishment. c. Fees - The fees payable on applications for permits and upon the issuance, renewal and noting of such certificates shall be is such amounts as the City or Municipal Authority may by resolution impose. d. Noting of Permit - Within 14 days after any chance n the ownership or occupancy of any establishment, the new occupant shall apply to the City or Municipal Health Officer to have such change noted in the records and on the permit certificate which he shall produce for the purpose and shall pay the corresponding fee in respect of such noting. e. Record of Permit Certificates. -

1. Every City or Municipality shall keep a record of all establishments in respect of which permits have been issued and all permit certificates and renewals thereof; f. The record shall in every case show the following: i. The name and address of the holder of the permit who in every case shall be the actual occupier of the establishment : ii. The location of the establishment; iii. The purpose or purposes for which the permit has been issued; iv. The date the first permit thereof. was issued and the dates of any renewal

v. Every change of occupation and management of the establishment since the first permit was issued; and vi. Conditions under which the permit was issued or any renewal thereof granted; The record shall be available at all reasonable times for inspection by any officer of the Department of Health. Sec. 15. Health Certificates. - No person shall be employed in any food establishment without a Health Certificate issued by the local health authority. This certificate shall be issued only after the required physical and medical examinations are performed and immunizations are administered at prescribed intervals. Sec. 16. Quality and Protection of Food. - All food must be obtained from sources approved by the local health authority. In this regard, the following requirements are applicable: a. Meats, meat products and fish shall be procured for sources under sanitary or veterinary supervision. b. All meat and fish shall be properly cooked before serving . c. No meat products fish, vegetables and other food sources shall be procured from sources or areas known to have been affected by radioactivity as for example, areas contaminated with a very large amount of radioactive fallout. d. Milk and fluid milk products shall be obtained from sources approved by the local health authority. Milk obtained from other sources must be sterilized, pasteurized or otherwise heated. e. Milk shall be stored in a refrigerator. Canned or packaged milk, other than milk powders, shall be refrigerated after the container has been opened. f. All perishable and potentially hazardous foods shall be stored at 45F (7C ) or below.

g. Cooked food intended to be served hot shall be kept at a temperature not lower than 140F (60C ) h. Raw fruits and vegetables shall be thoroughly washed before they are used. Sec. 17. Structural Requirements. - Food establishments shall be constructed in accordance with the following requirements: 1. No person shall use any room or place for or in connection with the preparation, storage, handling or sale of any article of food a. Which is at anytime used or in direct communication apartment or toilet. b. In which any animal is kept; or c. which is or has been used for any purpose which would be likely to contaminate the food or to affect injuriously its wholesomeness or cleanliness; or d. Which is not used exclusively for the purpose: Provided, that in department stores or multi-purpose business establishments, food may be manufactured, prepared, cooked, stored, or sold only in the area set aside exclusively for said purpose and for which a sanitary permit has been issued. 2. No sanitary permit shall be issued for any premises to be used for the preparation, handling and sale of food unless it is constructed in accordance with the following requirements: a. Floors - The Floors shall bei. Constructed of concrete or other impervious and easily cleaned material that is resistant to wear and corrosion and shall be adequately graded and drained; All angles between the floors and walls shall be rounded off to a height of not less than 3 inches (7.62 cm.) from the floor; or ii. Constructed or wood with dovetailed or tongue and grooved floor boards laid on a firm foundation and tightly clamped together with all angles between the floor and walls rounded off to height of 3 inches (7.62 cm.); or iii. Constructed in accordance with the requirements of sub-clause i. and ii. of this clause and covered with linoleum, smooth surfaced rubber or similar material fixed to the floor with cement or suitable adhesive: Provided, That with the approval in writing of the local authority, floors may be covered with carpets or other floor covering in those parts of the premises where such carpets or coverings can be satisfactorily cleaned and maintained. b. Walls i. The internal surface of walls shall have a smooth, even, non-absorbent surface capable of being readily cleaned without damage to the surface and constructed of dust-proof materials; with a sleeping

ii. The walls, where subject to wetting or splashing, shall be constructed of impervious, non-absorbent materials to a height of not less than 79 inches (2 meters) from the floor. iii. The internal walls shall be painted in light colors or treated with such other wall finish as the health authority may prescribed. c. Ceilings i. All ceilings or, if no ceiling is provided, the entire under-surface of the roof shall be dust-proof and washable. ii. The ceiling or under-surface of the roof of rooms in which food is prepared or packed or in which utensils or hands are washed shall be smooth, non-absorbent and light coloured. d. Lighting i. The general standards of illumination provided shall permit effective inspection and cleaning and shall be sufficient intensity appropriate to the purpose for which any room or place is used; ii. In rooms where food is prepared or packed or in which utensils or hands are hands are washed there shall be a minimum illumination intensity of 20foot candles; in premises where food is consumed, there shall be a minimum illumination intensity of 5-foot candles. Intensities of illumination shall be measured at a point 30 inches (76.20 cm.) above the floor; iii. All lightning shall be reasonably free from glare and distributed so as to avoid shadows; iv. At other areas or working surfaces, the illumination shall be of such intensity as may be required by the health authority. e. Ventilation i. Ventilation shall be provided which shall be effective and suitable to maintain comfortable condition; ii. The ventilation shall be adequate to prevent the air from becoming excessively heated, prevent condensation and the formation of excess moisture on walls, ceilings and for the removal of objectionable odors, fumes and impurities; iii. In the absence of effective natural ventilation, mechanical ventilation with airflow from a clean area, and discharging in such manner as not to create a nuisance, shall be provided; iv. Canopies, air ducts, fans or other appliances shall be required by the health authority in particular circumstances; v. Effective provision reasonable temperature; shall be made for securing and provided as

maintaining

f. Overcrowding - There shall be sufficient floor space to enable every person working thereon to carry out his duties efficiently and to permit easy access for cleaning. Working spaces, aisles or passageways and areas to which

customers have access shall unobstructed and sufficient to permit movement of employees and customers without contamination of food by clothing or personal contact. g. Changerooms i. There shall be provided adequate and suitable lockers or other facilities for the orderly storage of clothing and personal belongings of employees or persons engaged or employed in the premises. Such facilities shall be so situated and arranged so that there is no contamination of food by contact with clothing, and where the number of persons engaged or employed is four or more of either sex, there shall be provided separate changing rooms for each sex. ii. If required in writing by the local health authority an additional washhand basin shall be installed as near as practicable to the toilet facilities; Provided, That wash-hand basins specified in this Code need not be installed in premises where only food in sealed containers is sold: and, Provided, further, That wash-hand basins specified in this regulation shall be installed under specifications of the National Plumbing Code of the Philippines. h. Wash-hand Basin Maintenance i. An adequate supply of soap, clean towels, roller towels presenting a clean surface to each user from a continuous roller towel dispenser or other hand drying services approved by health authorities. ii. The wash-hand basin and all hand washing facilities shall, at all times, be maintained in good repair and in a clean condition. iii. All wash-hand basins shall, at all times, while the premises are being used, be supplied with hot and cold or tempered running water at a minimum temperature of 100F (37.8C). Sec. 18. Use of Food-Service Spaces. a. Food-service spaces shall not be used as living or sleeping quarters. b. Clothing or personal effects shall be kept in lockers or in designated places away from food service spaces. c. No animal or live fowls shall be allowed in such spaces. d. Persons not directly connected with food preparation and serving shall not be allowed to stay in food-serving spaces. e. Foods in storage or in preparation must not be handled by anyone other than the preparation and serving staff. SEC. 19. Food Handlers. a. No person shall be employed in any food establishments without health certificate issued by the local health authority.

b. Food handlers shall at all times: i. Wear clean working garments. The Cook shall wear prescribed caps and female employees caps or hairnets. ii. Observe food personal hygiene. iii. Wash their hands thoroughly with soap and water and dry them with a clean or disposable towel or a suitable hand-drying device immediately before working, or after visiting the toilet. Sec. 20. Vermin Control. Vermin - A group of insects or small animals such as flies, mosquitoes, cockroaches, fleas, lice, bedbugs, mice and rats which are vectors of diseases. a. Spaces where food and drinks are stored, prepared and served shall be so constructed and maintained as to exclude vermin. b. All opening which connects spaces to the outer air shall be effectively protected with screen of non-corrosive wire 16-mesh or finer. Door screens shall be tight-fitting. c. A vermin abatement program shall be maintained in the establishments by their owners, operators, or administrators. If they fail, neglect or refuse to maintain a vermin abatement programs, the local health agency will undertake the work at their expense. d. During deratting or disinfecting operations, all food stuffs, utensils, food preparation and cleaning equipment shall be covered to protect them from toxic chemical substances. e. Vermin control in public places shall be the responsibility of the provincial, city or municipal governments which have jurisdiction over them. f. The procedure and frequency of vermin abatement determined and approved by the local health authority. Sec. 21. Toilet and Washing Facilities. a. Adequate and clean toilet facilities for male and female customers and personnel shall be provided in properly located areas. b. Toilet rooms shall not open directly into spaces where food is prepared, stored or served. Where such toilets exist, the doors shall be tight fitting and self-closing. c. Adequate hand-washing facilities shall be provided within or adjacent to toilet room d. Facilities shall include hot and cold running water single-service paper or cold towel dispenser or drying device and soap or detergent. program shall be

Sec. 22. Disposal of Refuse. a. Refuse cans may be used in food - preparation areas for immediate use only. b. Storage refuse cans, filled and empty, shall be in a designated space from food-handling operations. c. These cans shall be so constructed and maintained as to be vermin -proof and easily cleaned. d. Cans containing refuse shall be tightly covered at all times, except during actual use in food-handling areas. e. Holding bins may likewise be used, provided they are constructed of impervious, readily-cleaned materials and fitted with tight-fitting covers. f. Where refuse cans are used, a space separate from the food-handling spaces and adjacent to the refuse-can storage space be provided for cleaning them. This space shall be equipped with scrubbing-brushes, cleansing agents, steam or hot water under pressure, and a hose fitted with adjustable nozzle. Sec. 23. Equipment and Utensils. a. They shall be so designated, fabricated and installed so that cleaning is easy and they do not pose health hazards. b. Lead-soldered containers and cadium-lined piping and fixtures shall not be used. c. Surfaces that come into contact with food or drinks shall be constructed or materials that are impervious, corrosion-resistant, non-toxic, easily cleanable, durable and resistant to chipping. d. Sliding doors on cabinets shall be easily cleanable and removable. Runners shall be allotted at the ends to permit removal of dust and debris. The bottom shelves of open-based fixtures shall be removable to facilitate inspections, cleaning and maintenance. Sec. 24. Washing Utensils. a. They shall be scraped and pre-rinsed to remove food articles. b. They shall be thoroughly cleansed in warm water at 120F (49C) with soap or detergent. c. If running water is not used, the wash-water shall be changed frequently. Sec. 25 Bactericidal Treatment-Eating and drinking utensils and equipment, after thoroughly cleaned, shall be subjected to one of the following bactericidal treatments:

a. Immersion for at least half a minute in clean hot water at a temperature of at least 170F (77C); b. They shall be thoroughly cleansed in warm water at 120F (49C) with soap or detergent. c. If running water is not used, the wash-water shall be changed frequently. Sec. 25. Bactericidal Treatment. - Eating and drinking utensils equipment, after thoroughly cleaned, shall be subjected to one of following bactericidal treatments: and the

a. Immersion for at least half a minute in clean hot water at a temperature of at least 170F (77C); b. Immersion for at least one minute in a lukewarm chlorine solution 50 ppm; c. Exposure in a steam cabinet at a temperature of at least 170F (77C) for at least 15 minutes at a temperature of 200F (90C) for at least 5 minutes; d. Exposure in an oven or hot-air cabinet at a temperature of at least 180F (82C ) for at least 20 minutes; or e. Any other method approved by the local health authority. Sec. 26. Handling of Washed Utensils. a. Washed utensils shall be allowed to drain dry in wire racks without use of drying cloths, or shall be stored in self-draining position to permit ready air-drying. b. The drying cloth on which to store dishes and utensils temporarily after bactericidal treatment should be clean and changed frequently. Sec. 27. Storage of Washed Utensils. a. They shall be stored in a clean and dry place protected against vermin and other sources of contamination. b. Cups, bowls, and glasses, shall be inverted for storage. c. When not stored in closed cupboards or lockers, utensils and containers shall be covered or invented whenever practicable. Utensils shall not be stored on the bottom shelves of open cabinets below the working top level. d. Racks, trays and shelves shall be made of materials that are impervious, corrosion-resistant, non-toxic, smooth, durable and resistant to chipping. e. Drawers shall be made of the same materials and kept clean. Felt-line drawers are not acceptable, but the use of clean and removable towels for lining drawers is acceptable.

Sec. 28. Dry Storage of Non-Perishable Foods.- Non-perishable foods shall be stored in the following manner: a. Designated spaces, lockers, cupboards, racks, shelves and containers shall be used for storage. b. All spaces, lockers and cupboard shall be constructed of materials of the same quality as used for food-preparation and food-serving operations. Containers shall be made metal fitted with tight covers. c. The recommended temperature range for dry stores is 50- 60F (10-15C) except where dry foods for immediate use are stored in the preparation and servicing spaces. Sec. 29. Refrigerated Storage of Perishable Foods. - Perishable foods shall be stored in the following manner: a. They shall be kept at or below 45F (7C) except during preparation or when held for immediate serving after preparation. b. When such food s are to be stored for extended periods, a temperature of 40F (4C) is recommended. c. Fruits and vegetables shall be stored in cool rooms. d. Recommended temperatures for perishable food storage are: 1. Frozen foods; not more than 10F (2C) 2. Meat and fish: 32-38F (O-3C) 3. Milk and milk products: 40-45F (5-7C) 4. Fruits and vegetables: 44-50F (7-10C) e. All refrigerating compartments and refrigerators must be kept clean, in good repair and free from odors. They shall be provided with thermometers with scale divisions not larger than 32F (1C). Sufficient shelving shall be provided to prevent stocking and to permit adequate ventilation and cleaning. Sec. 30. Food Servicing Operations. - These accordance with the following requirements: operations should be in

a. Hand contacts with food or drink shall be avoided; fingers shall not be used to serve butter, ice, or similar items or food. Sugar shall be served in covered dispensers or containers, or in packages wrapped for single service. b. The surfaces of containers and utensils, including glasses and tablewares, which come in contact with food and drink shall not be handled. c. Disposable cups, plates, spoons and other single-service containers and utensils shall be purchased in sanitary cartons and stored in a clean, dry place until used. These articles shall be so handled on removal from the

carton that the hand does not touch the surface which will be in contact with food or drink. d. Clean cloths, napkins, spoons, towels and other cloth equipment shall be stored in clean places designated specially for them. Soiled linens, including towels, aprons, and coats, shall be stored in a closed bin or locker, suitably marked. e. Spoons, spatulas, dippers and scoops used intermittently for disposing frozen desserts shall be kept in running water or in water maintained at 170F (77C) and frequently changed, or they may be washed and stored in a dry place after each use. Constant-temperature bottles and other containers used for potable water and other beverages shall be kept clean and given effective bactericidal treatment before and after subsequent use. Sec. 31. Evaluation of Food Establishment. - It shall be the duty of the Provincial, Municipal or City Health Officer to cause an inspection and evaluation of every food establishment requiring a permit for its operations, at least every six months and shall cause as many additional inspection and re-inspections and evaluation to be made as are necessary for the enforcement of the provision of this Chapter. During the inspection or evaluation carried out at least every six months, the inspector shall record his findings on an inspection form provided for the purpose and shall furnish the original of such report to the holder of sanitary permit, the manager or occupier of the premises. Demerits entered in the appropriate column inspections forms shall indicate that the item does not, in the opinion of the inspector, comply with the requirements of this regulation. Within 48 hours of the inspection or evaluation, the original of the inspection report shall be furnished the holder of the permit certificate, the manager or occupier of the food establishment. Whenever an inspection form issued indicates noncompliance items relating to any particular type of premises,the inspector shall notify the holder of the sanitary permit,the manager or occupier of the correction to be made and indicate a reasonable period for its compliance. If upon upon reinspection after the deadline the inspector finds the correction has not been effected he shall forthwith report to the Health Officer and the Health Officer shall revoke the sanitary permit. A copy of the inspection form and any notices served shall, in all cases be filed and kept by the local health authority and be available at all reasonable time for inspection by an officer of the Department of Health. a. Service of Notice - Whenever an inspection or evaluation report form indicates non-complying items, the Health Officer of the Province, Municipality or City may cause to be served on the holder of the permit, the manager or occupier a notice requiring him, within the time stated in the notice, to take such remedial action as may be specified therein. In the event within the time stated in the notice, the terms of the first notice are not complied with,the Health Officer may cause to be served on the holder of the permit, the manager or occupier a second notice calling on him to show cause, at all time and place stated in the notice, why the permit issued in respect of the food establishment should not be revoked. b. Revocation of Permits - After prior notice and hearing as provided above, the Health Officer, if satisfied that the terms of the notices have not been

complied with or that the failure to comply therewith is not excusable, shall revoke the said permit. c. Summary Suspension of Permits - Whenever the Provincial, Municipal or City Health Officer finds unsanitary or unhealthy conditions in the operation of a food establishment which in his judgment constitute a substantial hazard to the public health, the Health Officer may order the immediate suspension of the permit. Any person to whom such an order is issued written petition shall be afforded a hearing as soon as possible. d. Appeals - The person or panel conducting the hearing may confirm, modify or reverse the decision appealed from, which decision shall be final. e. Protection of Food - Notwithstanding the other provisions of this regulation relating to the issuance of permit, every person who is engaged in the sale of food or in the manufacture, preparation, storage, packing or delivery of food for sale shall protect such food from contamination. f. Power of Entry - Any sanitary Inspector or duly authorized officer of the Department of Health or of the Provincial, Municipal or City Health Officer, upon presentation of power credentials may at all reasonable times enter any premises engaged in the manufacture, preparation, or packing of any article of food for sale or any premises used for any of the purposes referred to in this Code for the purpose of inspection or any other action necessary for administration of this Code. Sec. 32. Special Provisions. a. Groceries or "Sari-Sari'"Stores 1. No grocery or sari-sari store shall be established within a distance of 25 meters from any source of contamination. 2. All foods which require no further cooking before they are eaten shall be protected from contamination while in countries or showcases. b. Bakeries 1. Delivery trucks and carts of bakery products shall always be kept clean and sanitary. c. Dairies 1.No dairy shall keep unhealthy or infected cows, carabaos or goats for the production of mild, or feed them unwholesome food which produces impure or unwholesome mild. 2. No animals used for the production of milk shall be allowed to graze on land which has been contaminated by radioactivity. 3. No dairy shall sell unwholesome pasteurized or otherwise sterilized. milk that has not been previously

d. Ice Plants 1. Only potable water shall be used in the manufacture of ice.

2. In storing and transporting ice intended for public consumption, precautionary measures shall be taken to protect the ice from sources of contamination. e. Ambulant Food Vendors 1. These vendors shall confectioneries.

sell

only

bottled

food

drinks,

biscuits

and

2. It is prohibited for food vendors to sell food that requires the use of utensils. f. Oyster beds 1. Oysters shall be planted and grown only in areas approved by the Secretary or his duly authorized representatives and in places duly licensed by the Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources. 2. Oysters offered for sale, if not originating from approved areas, shall be confiscated and destroyed by the local health authority. g. Fish Marketing Areas 1. Only fresh and wholesome fish products shall be sold. 2. Fish caught in radioactive zones as well as in areas contaminated by toxic substances or high in mercury count as determined by the health authorities shall be condemned and not be allowed for public consumption. 3. The selling, distribution and buying of fish caught through the use of explosives and chemicals are prohibited. Sec. 33. Responsibility of the Local Health Authority. The local health authority shall: a. Make periodic inspections to enforce the maintenance sanitation in food establishments and their premises; of adequate

b. Take samples of food and drink from any establishments or vendor as often as necessary to determine if these are unwholesome, adulterated, or contaminated by radioactivity; c. Prevent the sale or condemn and destroy food and drinks if these are found unfit for human consumption; d. Seal and prohibit vehicles,machines, piping unsanitary; and the and use of devices, utensils, containers, appurtenances if in his opinion the are

e. Enforce the provisions of this Chapter and the rules and regulations promulgated by the Secretary.

CHAPTER IV - MARKETS AND ABATTOIRS

Sec. 34. Prescribed Standards of Construction - The construction of markets and abattoirs shall conform to standards prescribed by the Department. These standards shall be set along the following guidelines: 1. Suitability of site insofar as elimination of nuisance condition and prevention contamination are contamination are concerned; 2. Availability of ample water supply for cleaning; 3. Accessibility of adequate drainage facilities; 4. Durability of construction to protect vendors and customers hazard and exposure to the elements; and from any

5. Facilities for sanitation maintenance, such as cleaning and elimination of harborages of vermin. Sec. 35. Responsibility of the Local Health Authority. a. On markets 1. Make periodic inspections to ascertain the sanitary conditions of markets and their premises; maintenance of adequate

2. Supervise and control the proper care and use of market stalls; 3. Prohibit the construction of living quarters within any market and its premises; 4. Enforce the ban on construction of partitions, sheds or booths within the market area. b. On Abattoirs 1. Supervise the maintenance of adequate sanitation in abattoirs and their premises; 2. Enforce the existing laws; requirements on the examination of meat as provided in

3. Permit the slaughter of animals for public consumption in other designated areas in certain exigences, provided public health is adequately protected; 4. Supervise the sanitary disposal of all abattoir wastes; and 5. Ensure that only healthy animals shall be slaughtered, and the method of slaughtering, the techniques of dressing and the storing, handling and transporting procedures are in accordance with prescribed standards. Sec. 36. Responsibility of local governments and private operators. - Local government s and private operators in charge of public or private markets and abattoirs shall employ an adequate number of personnel to ensure their efficient operation and hygienic maintenance. These employees shall be under the direct supervision of the local health authority.

CHAPTER V. PUBLIC LAUNDRY Sec. 37. Sanitary Permit. - No public laundry shall operate without a sanitary permit from the Secretary or his duly authorized representative. As used in this Chapter, a public laundry is a laundry established and operated for commercial purposes, open to the public, and not to an exclusive clientele. Sec. 38. General Requirements. - The construction and operation of a public laundry shall be governed by the following requirements: a. Structural Requirements 1. the site should be distant from sources of nuisance. 2. only durable construction materials shall be used. 3. Smooth and water tight materials shall be used for flooring. 4. All Work rooms shall be properly ventilated and provided with 10 foot candles for lighting. 5. Adequate drying facilities shall be provided and protected from sources of contamination. articles for drying

b. Sanitary Requirements 1. Laundry supplies in both liquid and solid state shall be properly stored, prepared and handled. Containers of chemical shall be properly labeled. 2. Employees shall be washing facilities. provided with potable drinking water, toilets and

3. Employees shall be provided with lockers for their working garments and street cloths. 4. The plant and its premises and equipment shall be maintained clean and sanitary at all times. Sec. 39. enforced: Special Requirements. The following requirements shall be

a. All articles to be laundered coming from hospitals and infected sources shall be treated by exposure to a sufficient quantity of hot water detergents or by other effective means of disinfection. b. All linen, bed clothes, pajamas, towels, bedsheets,pillow cases, etc, that have come in contact with any form of radioactivity should be isolated in a certain area and monitored by Radiation Safety personnel before sending these articles for laundry. If any amount of radioactive contamination is found, the affected article should be set aside and the radioactivity allowed to completely decay before said article is sent for laundry.

c. All articles for delivery to the laundry shall be kept in containers which shall be kept closed until the articles are removed at the laundry. d. Laundry vehicles shall be kept clean and sanitary at all times. e. A separate room shall be used solely for receiving, sorting, marking or handling unwashed articles. f. Diapers must be protected from pathogenic organisms and from chemical substances which are irritating to the skin of the infant. Laundered diapers for delivery shall be packed in sealed sanitary containers.

CHAPTER VI - School Sanitary and Health Services Sec. 40. Definition of Terms. - As used in this Chapter, the following terms shall mean: a. School - An institution of learning which may be public, private or parochial. b. Special School - A school which utilizes cadavers,plants, bacterial and viral cultures for studies and research. c. Physical Environments - The school Plant, grounds and facilities. d. Emotional Environment - Factors which affect the students and members of the faculty. emotional health of animals,

Sec. 41. The Physical Environment. - In the design and construction of the school plant, the following factors shall be considered: a. Site - Traffic hazards are to be avoided but not to the point of sacrificing accessibility to public transportation. It shall be distant from sources of nuisances. b. Grounds - The acreage shall be athletic fields and school gardens . large enough to permit playgrounds,

c. Building - Preferably it shall be constructed of strong and durable materials and designed along functional lines. For the prevention of the fire hazards, the requirements of the local fire department shall be observed. Sufficient ventilation shall be provided. Wall and ceiling finishes should be chosen so as to give optimum lightning with minimum glare. Artificial lightning with louvered fluorescent or incandescent fixture shall be used to supply a minimum lightning of 25 foot-candles in the darkest corner. For flooring, suitable materials shall be used which will give maximum durability without creating a slippery surface. d. Sanitary Facilities - the school population shall be provided with potable water, sewage and waste disposal systems shall likewise conform to the requirements shall prescribed in this Code. Sec. 42. The Emotional Environment. - for the promotion of emotional health of the school population the following requirements shall be observed:

a. Suitable Location - the school site shall be located disturbances and places which give undesirable influence.

away

from

the

b. Recreational Facilities - The school must have safe and playgrounds and adequate facilities for suitable sports and games.

attractive

c. Rest Rooms - facilities shall be provided where faculty members can rest and get short respite from teaching chores. Sec. 43. Health Services. - Trained personnel and adequate facilities should be available so that students may be afforded the following health services: a. Periodic physical and medical examination; b. Periodic immunization; c. Medical and dental treatment; d. Treatment for common emergencies; and e. Counseling and guidance. Sec. 44. Requirements for Special Schools. a. Cadavers shall be stored in morgues and dissected in dissecting rooms, all which shall be constructed and maintained in accordance with standards prescribed by the Department. b. Poisonous or harmful plants and animals shall be kept in adequate and secured areas. c. Viral and bacterial culture shall be kept in laboratories s under standard security laboratory measures. d. Schools utilizing radioactive materials or sources for study or research should closely conform to the requirements and guidelines given by the Radiation Health Office and Philippine Atomic Energy Commission concerning radiation protection; Sec. 45. Sanitary Requirements for Operating an Industrial Establishment. The following sanitary requirements shall be applicable to industrial establishments: a. No person, firm, corporation, or entity shall operate any industrial establishment without first obtaining a sanitary permit from the Secretary or his duly authorized representatives. b. Industrial establishments shall be allowed to operate only in places or zones assigned for the kind of industry by existing zoning laws, ordinances, or policies. The local health authority shall determine the suitability of location where no zoning law, ordinance or policy exists. c. Adequate potable water supply shall be provided to employees.

d.Sewage disposal shall be by means of a municipal or city sewerage system whenever possible. If no municipal or city sewerage system exists it shall be done in accordance with the provisions of this Code. Adequate and conveniently located toilet and bath facilities shall be provided for each sex. e. All wastes incident to the operation of the industrial plant shall be collected, stored, or disposed of in a manner to prevent health hazards, nuisances, and pollution. Where a city or municipal collection and disposal system exists, it should be maintained. f. an abatement program for the control of vermin shall be maintained. g. Adequate restrooms and mass halls shall be provided for employees. h. All places of employment and all workrooms, equipment, shall be kept clean and sanitary. including machinery and

SEC. 46. Responsibility of the Secretary. - The Secretary shall: a. Issue a list of maximum concentration of atmospheric contaminants as guide in appraising health hazards and in evaluating control measures. The term maximum concentration as used in this Chapter means the amount of atmospheric contaminant which can be tolerated by man for continuous daily exposure with no impairment of health or well-being either immediate or after a long period of exposure. b. Review the concentration values at regular intervals to amend or alter the list where indicated. c. Specify other concentrations of short intermittent duration capable of causing acute impairment of health. d. Require control of other contaminants known or believed to be capable of causing impairment of health but not included in the list already issued by the Department. e. Prescribe control measures to eliminate transmission of infectious disease through processing or handling of industrial products or wastes. f. Prescribe illumination standard values and order their review at regular intervals to alter to which workers may be exposed while on their job. g. Promulgate measures to effectively and adequately control any possible radioactivity to which workers may be exposed while on their job. h. Promulgate control measures to reduce noise pollution. Sec. 47. Responsibilities of the employer and employees. - The following are the responsibilities of the employer and employees in industrial establishments: a. Employer responsibility -

1. Provide, install and maintain in good repair all control measures and protective equipment; 2. Inform affected employees regarding the nature of the hazards and the reasons for, and methods of control measures and protective equipment; 3. Make periodical testing of the hearing of all employees in noisy areas of operation. 4. Adopt measures so that the noise produced is within allowable limits so as not to affect neighboring offices, buildings or establishments; 5. Request the Department a permit for variation from the requirements when other means of equivalent protection are provided: and 6. Provide personal protective equipment and or protective barriers when they are necessary. b. Employee responsibility 1. Observe strictly protective control measures which are prescribed; and 2. Use equipment provided them properly. Sec. 48. Environmental provisions. - The environmental provisions enumerated hereunder for the protection of the health workers are applicable to all industrial establishments: a. Control of atmospheric contaminants 1. Workers shall not be exposed to atmospheric contaminants hazardous to health. 2. Control of atmospheric contaminants shall be accomplish by methods approved by the Secretary or his duly authorized representatives or other government authority. b. Control of infectious agents 1. Control measures shall be provided to eliminate or control transmission of infectious diseases through processing or handling of industrial products or wastes. c. Control of possible sources of radiation of radiation hazards should be carried out under the supervision of the Radiation Health Officer or his authorized representative. d. Noise - Control measures shall be provided to reduce intensity of noise sufficiently to render it harmless to workers and to eliminate it at its source as a nuisance by following recommendations of the local health or other government authority. e. Illumination 1. Adequate lightning shall be provided and distributed in all word areas in amount required for the type of work or seeing tasks measured by a light -

meter with a minimum of glare and contrasting intensities between work and workroom. 2. Where the specific task requires more light than provided by general illumination, supplementary lighting shall be supplied f. Ventilation 1. Natural or artificial ventilation shall be provided in all work areas at a rate to insure a safe and healthful working atmosphere, free from injurious amounts of toxic materials and reasonably free from offensive odours and dust throughout the establishment. 2. Proper control measures shall be used to reduce concentration of toxic contaminants to allowable limits. 3. Air inlets shall be arranged, located and equipped to insure sufficient air velocity and an exhaust system shall be located so that discharged materials shall not reenter places of employment or habitations nor create any hazard of nuisance. Sec. 49. Personal Protective Equipment. - The following requirements shall be applicable for personal protective equipment: a. Personal protective equipment and or protective barriers shall be provided whenever substances, radiations or mechanical irritants are encountered in a manner capable of causing any pathological change or injury or impairment in functions of any part of the body through skin and or mucous membrane absorption. b. Personal protection equipment which shall include respiratory protectors and other accessories shall be fitted to each exposed worker when necessary. c. X-ray film badges or pocket desimeters should be worn by workers who, during their course of work are unavoidably exposed to even a small amount of radiation. d. Supervisors and employees shall familiarize themselves with the use,proper sanitary care and storage of this equipment. Sec.50. Health Services. - Medical services shall be provided to all employees in accordance with existing laws and the rules and regulations prescribed by the Department.

CHAPTER VIII - Public Swimming or Bathing Places Sec. 51. Sanitary Permits. - No public swimming and bathing places shall be operated for public use without a sanitary permit issued by the Secretary or his duly authorized representative. Sec. 52. Protection of Customers. - To protect the health and safety of persons who use them, the Department shall promulgate:

a. Rules and regulations concerning: 1. Correct sanitary practices for persons swimming or bathing to prevent the transmission of communicable diseases: 2. Correct sanitary procedures for personnel working in those places to maintain their adequate sanitation and cleanliness of accessories used by customers. 3. Adequate number of trained personnel and necessary equipment needed for life-saving and rescue work. 4. Post conspicuous signs to warn the public of the presence of artificial or natural hazards; and b. Standards and criteria concerning: 1. Sanitary structural requisites for swimming pools and bath houses to prevent pollution of their waters and to facilitate sanitation maintenance; 2. Sanitary structural standards for appurtenances, such as toilets, shower baths and dressing rooms to eliminate the risk of infection; 3. Methods of determining the sanitary quality of water, particularly that which is used in swimming pools; and 4. Criteria to be used in the limitation of swimming or bathing loads of swimming pools in accordance with the type of water treatment applied. Sec. 53. Responsibility of the Local Health Authority. - The local health authority concerned shall: a. Inspect the state of sanitation of public swimming or bathing places; b. Ascertain if their personnel are examined regularly for the presence of any infections or contagious disease; c. Enforce rules and regulation of the Department under this Chapter; and d. Recommend to the Department the revocation of their permits when it is deemed necessary for the protection public health.

CHAPTER IX - Rest Areas, Bus Terminals, Bus Stops and Service Stations Sec. 54. Rest areas, bus terminals, bus stops and service station areas with one or more permanent sheds, buildings and service facilities for the convenience and personal necessities of the traveling public. a. Rest areas, bus terminals, bus stops and service stations shall be established with ample area to prevent overcrowding of motor vehicles and travelers.

b. They shall be provided with adequate ventilation and lighting and away from sources of nuisance. c. Safe and adequate water supply shall be provided in accordance with the provisions of Chapter II of this Code. d. Excreta and sewage collection and disposal shall be provided in accordance with the provisions of Chapter XVII of this Code.' e. Refuse collection and disposal shall be in accordance with the provisions of Chapter XVIII of this Code. f. Comfort rooms - Adequate number of comfort rooms shall be provided as well as auxiliary facilities therein in accordance with the provisions on Chapter XVII of this Code. g. Waiting sheds for computers shall be of adequate size to comfortably accommodate a minimum of thirty (30) persons. Floors shall be of smooth concrete finish and adequate sitting facilities provided for . h. Sale of foodstuffs in those establishments shall be done in conformity with the provisions of Chapter III of this Code.

CHAPTER X - Camps and Picnic Grounds Sec. 55. No camps and picnic grounds shall be open for public patronage without a sanitary permit issued by Secretary or his duly authorized representative. a. Camps and picnic ground sites shall not be subject to flooding, must be well drained, distant from any source of nuisance and will not endanger sources of any public water supply. b. Camp and picnic houses shall be provided with adequate lightning and ventilation. Where tents are used flooring shall be at least 4 inches above the ground. c. Adequate and safe drinking water shall be available at all times in accordance with the provisions of Chapter II of this Code. d. Adequate number of sanitary facilities shall be provided. e. Sewage disposal shall be in accordance with the provisions on Chapter III of this Code. f. The Storage, preparation and serving food shall be in accordance with Chapter III of this Code. g. Refuse cans shall be provided at strategic points in the ground area provided with tight fitting cover. A regular collection service shall be maintained. Refuse disposal shall be in accordance with the provisions of Chapter XVIII of this Code.

h. Camps and picnic grounds shall at all times be maintained clean, free from litter and accumulated rubbish. i. A program on Vermin Control shall be made in accordance with Chapter XVI of this Code.

CHAPTER XI - Dancing Schools, Dance Halls and Night Clubs Sec. 56. General Provisions. - The following provisions are applicable to dancing schools, dance halls and night clubs: a. These establishments shall be operated and opened for public patronage only when a sanitary permit is issued by the local health authority. b. These establishments and their premises shall be kept clean and sanitary at all times. c. Patrons shall be provided with adequate potable water facilities in accordance with standards prescribed in this Code. and toilet

d. There shall be no private rooms or separate compartments for public use except those used for lavatories, dressing rooms, bars and kitchens. Sec. 57. Special Provisions. - The following provisions are applicable in cases herein specified: a. For dancing schools No person shall be employed as a dancing instructor or instructress without securing a health certificate from the local health authority. b. For dance halls and night clubs 1. No person shall be employed as hostess or cook or bartender or waiter without first securing a health certificate from the local health authority. 2. The storage, preparation and serving of food and drinks shall be in accordance with the provisions prescribed in Chapter III of this Code. CHAPTER XII - Tonsorial and Beauty Establishments Sec. 58. Definition of Terms. - As used in this Chapter, the term"Tonsorial and Beauty Establishments" include barber shops, beauty parlors, hairdressing and manicuring establishments and figure slenderizing salons. a. Requirements requirements: These establishments are subject to the following

1. Sanitary permit shall be produced from the local health authority before their operation. 2. They shall be maintained clean and sanitary at all times.

3. No person shall be employed to service customers certificate issued by the local health authority.

without

health

b. Correct Sanitary Practices - the following sanitary practices shall be observed. 1. Working personnel shall wash their hands with soap and water before servicing customers. 2. They shall wear clean working garments. 3. They shall not smoke nor eat while working. 4. Implements of their trade shall be cleaned and disinfected before and after their use. 5. Customers shall be supplied with clean and fresh towels, drapes and other linen necessary. 6. Precautionary measures to prevent disease transmission shall be observed when serving customers showing any form of dermatoses. CHAPTER XIII - Massage Clinics and Sauna Bath Establishments Sec. 59. Definition of Terms. - As used in this Chapter the following terms shall mean: a. Message - A method wherein the superficial soft t parts of the body are rubbed or stroked or kneaded for remedial or aesthetic or hygienic purposes. b. Message customers. Clinic An establishment where message is administered to

c. Masscur - A trained person duly licensed by the Secretary of his authorized representative to perform massage and to supervise massage clinic attendants. d. Massage Clinic Attendant - A trained person duly permitted by the Secretary or his authorized representative to massage customers under the guidance and supervision of a masseur. e.Sauna Bath Establishment - An establishment where customers are exposed to steam which is generated by sprinkling water on hot stones or by some other means. f. Sauna Bath attendant - A person Who applies the proper technique of giving steam bath to customers. Sec. 60. Sanitary Permit. - No person or entity shall operate a massage clinic and or a sauna bath establishment without fist securing a sanitary permit from the local health authority. Sec. 61. enforced: Sanitary Requirement. The following requirement s shall be

a. Massage Clinic 1. The reception and office rooms shall be properly lighted and ventilated. 2. Every massage room shall be adequately ventilated, provided with a sliding curtain at the entrance and the with a suitable and clean massage table . 3. Sanitary and adequate hand washing, bath and toilet facilities shall be available 4. Customers shall be provided with soap, clean towels, sanitized rubber or plastic slippers.The y shall be required to take a thorough bath before massage. 5. Masseur and masseur attendant shall wash their hands with soap and water before and after massaging a customer. 6. the establishment and its premises shall be maintained clean and sanitary at all times. b. Sauna Bath Establishment 1. The reception and office rooms shall be properly lighted and adequately ventilated. 2. The sauna bath room shall be properly lighted, provided with thermometers, and maintained clean and sanitary at all times. 3. Sanitary and adequate hand washing, bath and toilet facilities shall be available. 4. Customers shall be provided with soap, clean towels and sanitized rubber or plastic slippers. Sec. 62. Personnel. - The following requirements shall be enforced: a. Masseur 1. The person must have a certificate as a registered masseur, issued by the Committee on Examiners for Masseur of the Department. b. He must possess an up-to-date health certificate issued by the local health authority to include VD clearance secured from any government clinic or hospital. 1. The person must wear a clean working garment when attending to customers. c. Sauna Bath Attendant 1. Attendant must possess an up-to- date health certificate issued by the local health authority. 2. The person must wear a clean working garment when attending to customers. CHAPTER XIV - Hotels, Motels and Apartments, Lodging, Boarding, or Tenement Houses, and Condominiums.

Sec. 63. Definition of Terms. - As used in this Chapter, the following terms shall mean: a. Hotel - A building where transient guests are received and are supplied with and charged for meals, lodging and other services. b. Motel - A roadside hotel for motorists, usually consisting of private cabins. c. Boarding House- A building where selected persons for fixed periods of time are supplied with, and charged for sleeping accommodations and meals. d. Lodging House - A building where persons are supplied with and charged for sleeping accomodotations only. e. Tenement House - A building or portion thereof which is leased or sold to an occupant as residence by four or more families doing their cooking within the premises but living independently of one another although having a common right in the use of halls, stairways, terraces, verandas, toilets and baths. f. Apartment House - A building containing a number of separate residential suites. g. Condominium - A building with one or more storeys composed of multi-unit residential suites under joint ownership of occupants each unit provided with complete sanitary facilities, utilities and other amenities. h. Establishments - A collective term construed to include terms (a) to (g). Sec. 64. General Provisions. - The following establishments defined in the preceding Section: are required for the

a. No establishment shall be operated and opened for public patronage without a sanitary permit issued by the Secretary or his duly authorized representative. b. Any extension or additional construction in an establishment shall require a sanitary permit before it could be operated. c. All establishment shall provide their patrons with adequate water supply, toilet and bath facilities in accordance with standards prescribed in this Code. d. Establishments and their premises shall be kept clean and sanitary at all times. e. Periodic insect and vermin eradicate vectors of diseases. control measures shall be undertaken to

f. Animals, fowls and pets shall be housed in appropriate kennels or cages separate from living quarters.

g. No person shall be employed in establishments without first procuring a health certificate from the local health authority, Sec. 65. Special Provisions. - The following provisions are applicable. a. Hotels and Motels 1. The storage, preparation and serving of food to customers shall be in accordance with the standards prescribed in Chapter III of this Code. 2. Customers shall be provided with clean linen such as bedsheets, pillow cases, towels and napkins. 3. When rooms or cabin are vacated, their toilets or baths shall sanitized and clean and fresh linen shall be provided before the room or cabin is rented for occupancy. b. Condominium - the following conditions are applicable: 1. the choice for sites should consider availability transportation services.

of

bus

and

taxi

2. Nearness to place of work, schools,police stations and clinics. 3. Availability of low-cost goods. 4. Parking facilities and playgrounds for children. 5. Facilities for refuse disposal and cleanliness of buildings, and 6. Efficiency of lifts.

CHAPTER XV - Port, Airport, Vessel and Aircraft Sanitation Sec. 66. Port and Airport Sanitation. - In ports and airports, the following sanitary requirements shall be applied: a. Every port and airport shall be provided with potable drinking water and wholesome food supplied from sources approved by the Secretary or his duly authorized representative. b. The drinking water and food shall be stored and handled in a manner to ensure their protection against contamination. The local health authority shall conduct periodic inspections of equipment, installations and premises, and collect regularly samples of water and food for laboratory examination to determine if they are fit for human consumption. c. There shall be available to as many ports and airports as practicable organized medical and health services with adequate staff, equipment and facilities for the prompt isolation and care of infected persons,

disinfection, disinfecting, deratting, laboratory examination of rodents for plague infection, collection of water and food samples for examination. d. the local health authority for each port and airport shall take all practicable measures to keep port and airport installation free of rodents. e. In ports and airports of entry, facilities immunizations required in international travel. shall be provided for

f. Every port of entry and the area within the perimeter of an airport of entry shall be kept free from mosquito vectors of yellow fever, malaria and other diseases of epideniological significance. Sec. 67. Bessel Sanitation. - For the purpose of this Section, the provisions of Art.II of the Quarantine Regulations promulgated under Section 5 of Republic Act No. 123 shall be applied and enforced. Sec. 68. Aircraft Sanitation. - For the purpose of this Section, the requirements in the Guide to Hygiene and Sanitation in Aviation of the World Health Organization are adopted as part of this code.

CHAPTER XVI - Vermin Control Sec. 69. Definition of Terms. - As used in this Chapter, the following terms shall mean: a. Place - Land, building, residence, pier, watercraft, aircraft or any means of conveyance. b. Vermin - A group of insects or small animals such as flies, mosquitoes, cockroaches, fleas, lice, bedbugs, mice and rats which are vectors of diseases. Sec. 70. General Requirements. a. A vermin abatement program shall be maintained in places by their owners, operators or administrators. If they fail, neglect or refuse to maintain a vermin abatement program, the local health agency will undertake the work at their expense. b. Vermin control in public places shall be the responsibility of the provincial, city or municipal governments which have jurisdiction over them. c. The procedure determined and and frequency of approved by vermin abatement program shall be the local health authority.

CHAPTER XVII - Sewage Collection and Disposal, Excreta Disposal and Drainage. Sec. 71. Definition of Terms. - As used in this chapter the following terms shall mean:

a. Public sewerage system - A system serving twenty five persons or more. b. Septic tank - A water tight receptacle which receives the discharge of a plumbing system or part thereof, and is designed to accomplish the partial removal and digestion of the suspended solid matter in the sewage through a period of detention. Its construction shall be in accordance with specifications prescribed in this Chapter. c. House sewer - The pipe line conveying sewage from the house or building to the septic tank or to any point of discharge. d. Septic tank absorption bed or drain field - an underground system or pipes leading from the outlet of the septic tank, consisting of open jointed or perforated pipes so distributed that the effluent from a septic tank is exidized and absorbed by the soil. e. Effective capacity of a septic tank - The actual liquid capacity of a septic tank as contained below the liquid level line of the tank. f. Effective depth of a septic tank - The actual liquid depth of a septic tank as measured from the inside bottom of the septic tank to the liquid level line. g. Freeboard or air space of a septic tank - The distance as measured from the liquid level line to the inside top of the septic tank. h. Distribution box - A small concrete receptacle between the septic tank and the drain field from which lines of drain tile extends and which acts as surge tank to distribute the flow of sewage equally to each line of drain tile. i. Approved excreta disposal facilities shall mean any of the following: 1. Flush toilets properly connected to a community sewer; 2. Flush toilets connected to a septic tank constructed in accordance with this Chapter: 3. any approved type pit privy built in accordance with this Chapter;and 4. Any disposal device approved by the Secretary or his duly authorized representative. j. Privy - A structure which id not connected to a sewerage system and is used for the reception, disposition and storage of feces or other excreta from the human body. k.Septic privy where the fecal matter is placed in a septic tank containing water and connected to a drain field but which is not served by a water supply under pressure. l. Box and can privy - A privy where fecal matter is deposited in a can bucket which is removed for emptying and cleaning.

m. Concrete vault privy - A pit privy with the pit lined with concrete in such manner as to make it water tight. n. Chemical privy - A privy where fecal matter is deposited into a tank containing a caustic chemical solution to prevent septic action while the organic matter is decomposed. Sec. 72. Scope of Supervision of the Department. - The approval of the Secretary or his duly authorized representative is required in the following matters: a. Construction of any approved type of toilet for every house including community toilet which may be allowed for a group of small houses of light materials or temporary in nature; b. Plans of individual sewage disposal system and the sub-surface absorption system, or other treatment device; c. Location of any toilet or sewage disposal system in relation to a source of water supply; d. Plans, design data and specifications of a new or existing sewerage system or sewage treatment plant; e. The discharge of untreated effluent treatment plants to bodies of water; f. Manufacture of septic tanks; and g. Method of disposal of sludge from septic tanks or other treatment plants. Sec. 73. Operation of Sewage Treatment Works. - Private or public sewerage systems shall: a. Provide laboratory facilities for control tests and other examinations needed; b. Forward to the local health authority in case of breakdown or improper functioning of the sewage treatment works; c. Inform the local health authority functioning of the sewage treatment work; and in case of breakdown or improper of septic tanks and or sewage

d. Provide for the treatment of all sewage entering the treatment plant. Sec. 74. Requirements in the operation of Sewerage Works and Sewage Treatment Plants. - The following are required for sewerage works and sewage treatment plants: a. All houses covered by the system shall be connected to the sewer in areas where a sewerage system is available.

b. Outfalls discharging effluent from a treatment plant shall be carried to the channel of the steam or to deep water where the outlet is discharged. c. Storm water shall discharged to a storm sewer, sanitary sewage shall be discharged to a sewerage only; but this should not prevent the installation of a combined system. d. Properly designed grease traps shall be provided for sewers from restaurants or other establishments where the sewerage carries a large amount of grease. Sec. 75. Septic Tanks. - Where a public sewerage system is not available, sewer outfalls from residences, schools, and other building s shall discharged into a septic tank to be constructed in accordance with the following minimum requirements: a. It shall be generally rectangular in shape. When a number of compartments are used, the first compartment shall have the capacity from one-half to twothirds of the total volume of the tank. b. It shall be built of concrete, whether pre-cast Brick,concrete blocks or adobe may be used. or poured in place.

c. It shall not be constructed under any building and within 25 meters from any source of water supply. SEC.76. Disposal of Septic Tank Effluent.- The effluent from septic tanks shall be discharged into a subsurfaced soil, absorption field where applicable or shall be treated with some type of a purification device. The treated effluent may be discharged into a stream or body of water if it conforms to the quality standards prescribe by the National Water and Air Pollution Control Commission. SEC. 77. Determination of Septic Tanks Capacity. - The septic tank capacity may be determined from the estimated unit flow contained in Table I "Quantities of Sewage Flow", based on adequate detention time interval resulting in efficient sedimentation. Daily flow from mattered results, may be used as estimated flow when available. For edifices with occupants, the number of persons to be served shall be computed on the number of rooms with each room considered as occupied by two persons or in the basis of the actual number of persons served by the tank, whichever is greater. Sec. 78. Sanitary Privies. - The privy recommended for use is the sanitary privy. It shall conform with the following minimum requirements: a. It shall consist of an earthen pit, a floor covering the pit, and a water -sealed bowl. It shall be so constructed in order that fecal matter and urine will be deposited into the earthen pit which shall be completely fly-proof. b. The pit shall be at least one meter square. c.The floor should cover the pit tightly to prevent the entrance of flies. It shall be constructed of concrete or other impervious material.

d. The water-sealed bowl shall be joined to the floor so as to form a watertight and insect proof joint. e.A suitable building, shall be constructed to provide comfort and privacy for the users of the privy. f. Wooden floors and seat risers shall not be used. Sec. 79. Drainage. - a. Responsibility of cities and municipalities - It shall be the responsibility of all cities and municipalities to provide and maintain in a sanitary state and in good repair a satisfactory system of drainage in all inhabited areas where waste water from buildings and premises could empty without causing nuisance to the community and danger to public health. b. Connection to the municipal drainage system- Building or premises producing wastes water shall be connected to the municipal drainage system in all areas where it exists. Sec. 80. Special Precaution for Radioactive Excreta and Urine of Hospitalized Patient. a. Patients given high doses of radioactive isotope for therapy should be given toilet facilities separate from those use by "non-radioactive" patients. b. Radioactive patients should be instructed to use the same toilet bowl at all times and to flush it at least 3 times after its use.

CHAPTER XVIII - Refuse Disposal Sec. 81. Definition of Terms. - As used in this chapter, refuse is an inclusive term for all solid waste products consisting of garbage, rubbish, ashes, night soil, manure, dead animals, street sweepings and industrial wastes. Sec. 82. Responsibility of Cities and Municipalities. - Cities and municipalities shall provide an adequate and efficient system of collecting, transporting and disposing refuse in their areas of jurisdiction in a manner approved by the local health authority. Sec. 83. Additional Requirements. a. Occupants of buildings and residences shall, provide a sufficient number of receptacles for refuse. Refuse in receptacles shall be protected against vermin and other animals. b. Refuse shall be disposed through a municipal collection service. If this service is not available, disposal shall be by incineration, burying, sanitary landfill or any method approved by the local health authority.

c. Refuse shall not be thrown i any street, sidewalk, yard, park or any body of water. It shall be stored suitable container while awaiting its final disposal. d. Streets shall be kept clean by occupants or owners of properties lining the street from the line of the property to the middle of the street and from one property to the other.' e. Parks, plazas and streets adjacent to public buildings shall be kept clean by the local government concerned.

CHAPTER XIX - Nuisances and Offensive Trades and Occupations Sec. 84. Nuisances and Offensive Trades and Occupations. a. Nuisance - Anything that injures health, endangers life, offends senses or produces discomfort to the community. b. Offensive trades or occupations - These are the following: 1. Soap boiling 2. Guts cleaning 3. Boiling of offal, bones, fat or lard; Permissible if process prescribed regulations. is performed in a public slaughter house under the

4. Manufacturing or glue or fertilizer; 5. Skin Curing 6. Scrap processing 7. Manure storing 8. Lime burning 9. Lye making; and 10. Any manufacturing process in which lead, arsenic, mercury, phosphorous, or other poisonous substance is used. Sec. 85. Types of Nuisances. - For the purpose of this Chapter, the following shall be considered nuisances: a. Public or private premises maintained and used in a manner injurious to health; b. Breeding places and harborages of vermin;

c. Animals and their carcasses which are injurious to health; d. Accumulation of refuse; e. Noxious matter or waste water discharged improperly in streets; f. Animals stockage maintained in a manner injurious to health; g. Excessive noise; and h. Illegal shanties in public or private properties. The use of such chemicals permissible in the practice of pharmacy and in printing where ready made lead types are used. Sec. 86. Responsibilities of Owners, managers or Operators. - The owners, managers or operators of establishments shall: a. Secure a sanitary permit from the local health establishing and operating their business or trade; b. Remove daily all injurious by-products and wastes; c. Prevent the escape of industrial impurities and adopt methods to render them innocuous; d. Maintain working establishments and their premises clean and sanitary at all times; e. Store all materials properly to prevent emission of noxious or injurious effluvia. authority before

CHAPTER XX - Pollution of the Environment Sec. 87. General Provisions. - For the purpose of this Chapter, the provisions of Republic Act No. 3931, the rules and regulations of the National Water and Air Pollution Control Commission promulgated in accordance with the provisions of Section 6 (a) 2 of the said Act, the provisions of Presidential Decree No. 430 and the rules and regulations of the Radiation Health Office of the Department of Health shall be applied and enforced. Sec. 88. Authority of the Secretary. - The Secretary is authorized to promulgate rules and regulations for the control and prevention of the following types of pollution:

a. Pollution of pesticides and heavy metals; b. Pollution of food caused by chemicals, biological agents, radioactive materials, and excessive or improper use of food additives;

c. Non-ionizing radiation caused by electronic products such as laser beams or microwaves; d. Noise pollution caused by industry, land and air transports and building construction; e. Biological infections; pollutants including the causative agents of intestinal

f. Pollution of agricultural products through the use of chemical fertilizers and plant pesticides containing toxic chemical substances and unsanitary agricultural practices; and g. Any other type of pollution which is not covered by the provisions of Republic Act 3931, the rules and regulations of the National Water and Air Pollution Control Commission, the provisions of Presidential Decree No. 480 and the rules and regulations of the Radiation Health Office of the Department of Health which is likely to affect community Health adversely.

CHAPTER XXI - Disposal of Dead Persons Sec. 89. Definition. - As used in this Chapter, the following terms shall mean: a. Burial grounds - cemetery, memorial park of any place duly authorized by law for permanent disposal of the dead. b. Embalming - preparing, disinfecting, and preserving a dead body for its final disposal. c. Embalmer - a person who practices embalming. d. Undertaking - the care, transport and disposal of the body of deceased person by any means other than embalming. e. Undertaker - Person who practice undertaking f. Funeral establishment - any place used in the preparation and care of the body of a deceased person for burial. g. Remains - the body of a dead person h.Burial- Internment of remains in a grave, tomb or in the sea. i.Disinterment interment. the removal or exhumation of remains from places of

Sec. 90. Burial Grounds Requirements. - The following requirements shall be applied and enforced: a. It shall be unlawful for any person to bury remains in places other than those legally authorized in conformity with the provisions of this Chapter.

b. A burial ground shall at least be 25 meters distant from any dwelling house and no house shall be constructed with in the same distance from any burial ground. c. No burial ground shall be located within 50 meters from either side of a river or within 50 meters from any source of water supply. Sec. 91. Burial Requirements. - The burial of remains is subject to the following requirements: a. No remains shall be buried without a death certificate. This certificate shall be issued by the attending physician. If there has been no physician in attendance, it shall be issued by the mayor, the secretary of the municipal board, or a councilor of the municipality where the death occured. The death certificate shall be forwarded to the local civil register within 48 hours after death. b. Shipment of remains abroad shall governed by the rules and regulations of the Bureau of Quarantine. c. Graves where remains are buried shall be at least one and one-half meters deep and filed well and firmly. d. The cost of burial of a dead person shall be borne by the nearest skin. If the kin is not financially capable of defraying the expenses or if the deceased had no kin, the cost shall be borne by the city or municipal government. e. The burial of remains in city or municipal burial grounds shall not be prohibited on account of race, nationality, regional or political persuasion. f. If the person who issues a death certificate has reasons to believe or suspect that the cause of death was due to violence or crime, he shall notify immediately the local authorities concerned. In this case the deceased shall not be buried until a permission is obtained from the provincial or city fiscal. If these officials are not available the permission shall be obtained from any government official authorized by law. g. Except when required by legal investigation or when permitted by the local health authority, no unembalmed remains shall unburied longer than 48 hours after death. h. When the coast of death is a dangerous communicable disease, the remain shall be buried within 12 hours after death. They shall not be taken to any place of public assembly. Only the adult members of the family of the deceased may be permitted to attend the funeral. SEC. 92. Disinterment Requirements. - Disinterment of remains is subject to the following requirements: a. Permission to disinter remains of persons who died of non-dangerous communicable diseases may be granted after a burial period of three years. b. Permission communicable to disinter remains of person who died of dangerous

diseases may be granted after a burial period of five years. c. Disinterment of remains covered in paragraphs "a" and "b" of this Section may be permitted within a shorter time than that prescribed in special cases, subject to the approval of the Regional Director concerned of his duly authorized representative. d. In all cases of disinterment, the remains shall be disinfected and places in a durable and sealed container prior to their final disposal. SEC. 93. Funeral and Embalming Establishments. - These establishments are subject to the following requirements: a. Scope of inclusion - For the purposes of this Section, requirements prescribed herein shall be applied and enforced to funeral chapels, embalming establishments and morgues. b. Sanitary permit - No establishment mentioned in the preceding paragraph shall be operated without a sanitary permit issued by the Secretary or his duly authorized representative. This permit shall be revoked in case of any violation of the provision of this chapter and the rules and regulations promulgated by the Secretary. c. Classification - Funeral establishment shall be classified in three (3) categories which are described as follows: 1. Category I - Establishments with chapel, and embalming facilities and offering funeral services. 2. Category II - Establishments with chapels and offering funeral services but without embalming facilities. 3. category III - Establishments offering only funeral services from the house of the deceased to the burial ground. d. Sanitary requirements for funeral chapels- the requirements prescribed for places of public assembly in this Code shall be applied. For embalming and dressing rooms 1. They should be constructed of concrete or semi-concrete materials with sufficient space to accommodate five bodies at one time. 2. The floors and walls shall be made of concrete or other durable impervious materials. 3. ventilation and lighting should be adequately provided.

4. Embalming shall be performed on a table made of a single marble slab or other equally impervious materials. It shall be so constructed that all washings and body fluids shall flow to a drain connected to the waste piping system of the building. 5. Embalming and assistants shall use rubber gloves when working. 6. Washing facilities with soaps, detergents and germicidal solutions shall be provided for use of the working personnel. SEC. 94. Licensing and Registration Procedures. - the licensing and registration of undertakers and embalmers are subject to the following requirements: a. Issuance of license to practice 1. Any person who desires to practice undertaking or embalming shall be licensed to practice only after passing examination conducted by the Department. 2. Licensed undertakers or embalmers shall practice undertaking or embalming in accordance with requirements prescribed by the Departments. 3. Licensed undertakers or embalmers shall display conspicuously in the establishments where they work. their licenses

b. Issuance of certificates or registration 1. An undertaker or embalmer shall apply annually for a registration certificates and pay an annul registration fee of twenty-five pesos to the Regional Health Office concerned. 2. The first registration certificate issued shall cover the period from the date of issuance to the last day of the current year. Subsequent certificate shall expire December 31 of the year. 3. Certificates of registration establishments concerned. shall be posed conspicuously in

c. Exemption - Government and private physicians may perform embalming without license and registration certificates as exigencies require. Sec. 95. Autopsy and Dissection of Remains. - The autopsy and dissection of remains are subject to the following requirements: a. Person authorized to perform these are: 1. Health officers; 2. Medical officers of law enforcement agencies; and 3. Members of the medical staff of accredited hospitals.

b. Autopsies shall be performed in the following cases: 1. Whenever required by special laws; 2. Upon orders of a competent court, a mayor and a provincial or city fiscal; 3. Upon written request of police authorities; 4. Whenever the Solicitor General, provincial or city fiscal as authorized by existing laws, shall deem it necessary disinter and take possession of remains for examination to determine the cause of death; and 5. Whenever the nearest kin shall request concerned to ascertain the cause of death. in writing the authorities

c. Autopsies may be performed on patients who die in accredited hospitals subject to the following requirements: 1. The Director of the hospital shall notify the next of kin of the death of the deceased and request permission to perform an autopsy; 2. Administer city or municipal cemeteries; 3. Issue permits to inter, disinter or transfer remains; 4. Apply prescribed measures when cause of death is due to a dangerous communicable disease; 5. Keep records of death occurring within his area of jurisdiction; and 6. Authorize the delivery of unclaimed remains to medical schools and scientific institutions for purposes specified in this Chapter and in accordance with the rules and regulations of the Department. Sec. 101. Responsibility of Local Government. - Local governments shall: a. Reserve appropriate tracts of land under their jurisdiction, cemeteries subject to approval of regional Directors concerned; b. Utilize judiciously grants, gifts, bequests of property or donations for the establishment or improvement of cemeteries;and c. Close cemeteries under Regional Director. for

financial

their jurisdiction subject to approval

of the

Sec. 102. Penal Provisions. a. The Secretary or his duly authorized representative may revoke or suspend the license of an undertaker or embalmer who violates any provisions of this Chapter or the rules and regulations promulgated by the Secretary under this Chapter. b. Any person who shall engage in the business of undertaking or embalming in violation of any provision of this Chapter shall be liable to a penalty of not more than one thousand pesos for each violation.

c. Each day or any part thereof during which any prohibited business or practice is continued shall be deemed a separate violation and subject to the same penalty prescribed in the preceding paragraph.

CHAPTER XXII - Final Provisions Sec. 103. Penal Provisions. a. Unless otherwise provided in any Chapter or section in this Code, any person who shall violate, disobey, refuse, omit or neglect to comply with any of the rules and regulations promulgated under this Code shall be guilty of misdemeanor and upon conviction shall b punished by imprisonment for a period not exceeding six months or by a fine of not exceeding one thousand pesos or both depending upon the discretion of the court. b. Any person who shall interfere with or hinder, or oppose any officer, agent or member of the Department or of the Bureaus and offices under it, in the performance of his duty as such under this Code, or shall tear down, mutilate, deface or alter any placard, or notice, affixed to the premises in the enforcement of the Code, shall be guilty of misdemeanor and punishable upon conviction by imprisonment for a period not exceeding six months or by a fine or not exceeding one thousand pesos or both depending upon the discretion of the Court. Sec. 104. Separability Clause. - In the event that any section, paragraph, sentence clause or word of this Code is declared invalid for any reason, other provisions thereof shall not be affected thereby. Sec. 105. Repealing Clause. - All laws, as will as pertinent rules and regulations thereof which are inconsistent with the provisions of this Code are hereby repealed or amended accordingly. Sec. 106. Effectivity. - This Code is hereby made part of the law of the land and shall take effect immediately. Done in the City of Manila, this 23rd day of December, in the year of Our Lord, nineteen hundred and seventy-five.

(Sgd.) FERDINAND E. MARCOS President of the Philippines

By the President:

(Sgd.) JUAN C. TUVERA Presidential Assistant

Approved:

23 December 1975.

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