BY

ABHIJEET SAWANT MURTAZA ZAVERI RIDDHI PARMAR BAKULESH BHOGLE HEMANT PATIL

 What is a trap?
A trap is a device which is used to prevent sewer gases from entering the buildings. The traps are located below or within a plumbing fixture and retains small amount of water. The retaining water creates a water seal which stops foul gases going back to the building from drain pipes.

 Gulley Trap :
These traps are constructed outside the building to carry waste water discharge from washbasin, sinks, bathroom etc. These are deep seal traps, the depth of water seal should be 50 mm minimum. It also prevents the entry of cockroach and other insects from sewer line to waste pipes carrying waste water. MATERIAL- cast iron, UPVC & china clay.

P TRAP :
This trap is usually used with Indian water closet (ORISSA Pattern) as it has an outlet through the wall. MATERIAL- cast iron, UPVC & china clay.

 S TRAP:
This trap is similar to P. trap and is used for fixing water closets in toilets. MATERIAL- cast iron, UPVC & china clay Has outlet through the floor.

Q TRAP:
This trap is used in toilet under water closet. It is almost similar to S trap and is used in upper storey other than ground floor. MATERIAL- cast iron, UPVC & china clay.

 NAHINI TRAP:
This trap is provided in the floor to collect waste water from washbasin, shower, sink and bathroom etc. MATERIAL- cast iron, UPVC & china clay Water from the Nahini trap leads to the waste water pipe. Diameter - 100 to 150 mm.

BOTTLE TRAPS:
This trap is used below washbasin and sinks to prevent entry of foul gases. MATERIAL- cast iron, UPVC, brass, stainless steel & plastic.

These traps available in china clay cost around 75 200 Rs while bottle traps in Plastic and Brass cost from around 700 2500 Rs.

 Water supply pipes are critical components of civic and industrial water distribution systems, which keep buildings and homes functioning, and factories in business. Water supply pipes are circular in design, and come in varying lengths, materials and diametric sizes to suit specific applications.

Earlier, only limited types of water supply pipes were available, but today, there is a wide range of such pipes, each constructed of materials designed/recommended for different residential and commercial applications. Water supply pipes can be divided into three main categories according to material: Metallic pipes, Cement pipes and Plastic pipes. Metallic pipes include steel pipes, galvanized Iron (GI) pipes and cast Iron (CI) pipes. Cement pipes include concrete cement (CC) pipes and asbestos cement (AC) pipes. Plastic pipes include low-density, Polythene pipes, and un-plasticized, Poly Vinyl Chloride (PVC) pipes.

 CI PIPES:
Mainly used for water supply. Well suited for pressure and can withstand external load.

STEEL PIPES:
Extensively used for water supply. Have excellent mechanical properties and are ideally suited for welding. These pipes are made in length more than twice the length of CI pipes; which saves in transport, layout of pipe and joining cost.

CEMENT PIPES:
Main advantage of cement pipes in place of metallic pipes is their corrosion resistance. These pipes are bulky, heavy and require careful transportation and handling. The layout process of these pipes is costlier than steel pipes.

 ASBESTOS CEMENT PIPES:

These pipes are light in weight and easy in transportation and layout. smooth internal surface and are not affected by corrosion (rust). Very cheap pipes.

UN-PLASTICIZED PVC PIPES:

These pipes are rigid PVC pipes. They are light in weight, tough, resistant to chemical attack and large in length. These pipes are not suitable for the area which is very hot.

DRAINAGE PIPE : It can be subdivided into Soil Pipe, Waste Pipe and
Rainwater Pipe.

SOIL PIPE:
Usually connected to the water closets in toilets. These are of 100 mm diameter and referred to as pipes carrying human excreta. These pipes end into gulley traps to prevent the back flow of foul smell. These are generally indicated by blue color in architectural plans. WASTE PIPE: These drain water from the wash basins, sinks in kitchens, Nahini traps in bathrooms. These pipes are of 75 mm diameter and directly end into the inspection chambers. These are indicated in yellow color in architectural plans.

RAIN WATER PIPES:

These drain the rain water from roof tops and terrace of buildings. these pipes are kept raised at a height of 600 mm above ground so that rodents or other insects do not enter these pipes. The bottom portion i.e. till 900 mm above ground is made of cast iron so as to prevent it from breaking in case a car dashes into it. These pipes are of 150 mm diameter and available in U.P.V.C. and C.P.V.C.

 VENT PIPE These pipes are connected to the soil pipe so as to release the siphonic pressure created when the WC is flushed. these pipes are kept raised at a height of 1500 mm to prevents rodents from entering it. On the top end it is covered with a cowl again for the same reason.

FOR SUPPLY: For supply of water in kitchen work galvanized iron (G.I.) pipes are used. These pipes come in 12 mm thickness to inch thick. G.I. pipes come in three qualities A quality for temporary use B quality for pipes which are to be kept exposed or are to be used in toilets. C quality beat quality pipes. These pipes are denoted by three colors in market:- Green is for A quality, Blue is for B quality and Red is for C quality.

 PIPES

TYPE- UPVC PIPE, CPVC PIPE. AVAILABLE COLORS- IVORY AND WHITE. BRANDS IN PIPES ARE PIPES PHINOLEX, PRINCE, PARAS. SIZES AVAILABLE- FROM INCH TO 3 INCHES (DIAMETER). PRICES- FROM 100RS TO 2000RS.

DRAINAGE PIPE GREY ( MIX MATERIAL): INCH TO 18

INCHES

STEEL PIPES: THESE PIPES ARE AVAILABLE IN THREE

QUALITIES DENOTED BY ITS COLOR BAND i.e. RED BAND FOR HEAVY DUTY AND ARE OF GOOD QUALITY, BLUE BAND ARE OF MEDIUM QUALITY. YELLOW ARE OF LIGHT QUALITY. SIZE- INCH TO 8 INCHES. LENGTH- 20 FEET. PRICE- 340 TO 8000 RS.

SOIL PIPES: MAINLY AVAILABLE IN CAST IRON

SIZE- 2 INCH TO 8 INCHES. AND OTHER WISE AVAILABLE IN P.V.C AND S.W.R.

 This mainly occurs in traps of middle floor W.C.s in 3 storeyed or multistoried buildings where all W.Cs are connected to the same vertical soil pipe. When all upper floor W.Cs is flushed the waste water column coming down the soil pipe pressurizes the air in the pipe to force its way in to the lower W.C. through water soil. As the waste water column passes below this W.C. level it sucks all the air within outgo pipe creating partial vacuum on the outer surface of the seal, creating imbalance and water seal is also sucked out by siphonage. To over come this W.C. trap under trouble is provided with additional socket on the outgo side to which antisiphonage pipe(62.5 mm dia)is connected and taken above terrace level. it helps in two ways-at first it provides outlet for pressurized air and secondly provides air supply and restores balance of water seal.

 In multi-storey building, if sanitary fittings on different floors are connected by a single soil pipe or waste pipe, sudden flush of water from the upper floor sucks air from the branch pipes of the lower floors.
This result in partial vacuum in the short branches drain pipes of the lower floors and subsequently breaks the water seal due to siphonic action. To prevent this, a separate pipe of smaller diameter is attached to the traps of WCs on all floors which is opened at the top. This pipe is called antisiphonage pipe which supplies air to the short branch drain pipe at the time of suction. It also acts as a vent pipe.

 WATER CLOSET (WC):

The water closet is a sanitary fitting which is designed to receive human excreta directly from the person using it. The room in which it is installed is also sometimes referred by the term water closet. TYPES OF WCs:
European Indian Anglo Indian.

 EUROPEAN
European WCs are of the following types: Wall Mounted WCs:
These WCs cost around 5000 12000 Rs.

Floor Mounted WCs:

These WCs cost around 7000 25000 Rs.

Back to wall WCs:

With flushing ceramics these cost up to 1,20,000 Rs.

 INDIAN ORISSA PAN Indian WCs are of the following types:

ANGLO INDIAN

 Generally on storage at convenient point for distribution convenience. Terrace above toilet block is correct position to minimize length of distribution branches. Since water is very heavy, due consideration in structural design should be given for this load. As far as possible it should be fixed slightly above terrace level so as to leave min. 60 cm. Clear space between tank bottom and terrace top for easy maintenance.
Water consumption of 135 liters/head/day X No. of person = Cubic capacity of storage Tank

MASONRY Tank:
Constructed on a separated R.C.C. Slab with 230mm. Brick walls & finished smooth with water proofing and cement. Covered with R.C.C. Slab with manhole cover. Suitable for smaller residence . Leakages, if developed are difficult for repairs.

A.C. TANK:
Readymade, capacities: 227,272,454,545 and 601 liters. Hygienic but needs careful handling cover is like a lid. Drilling holes for pipes fitting is to be done with extreme care. Suitable for smaller residence.

R.C.C. TANK:
Possibility of any form, size and shape, internally finished with water proofing and cement. Hygienic, readymade Hume pipe tanks are available in various capacities.

POLYETHYLENE TANK:
Readymade, light weight, hygienic, easy handling, various shapes, capacities: 200, 270, 300, 425, 500, 750, 850, 1000 and upwards up to 20,000 liters. Black in color.

M.S. TANK:
Made of log steel plates, welded to give square or rectangle tanks. Very strong and durable subject to maintenance in terms of regular painting. Unhygienic in the sense that M.S. tanks are generally placed on R.C.C. beams supported on walls or columns.

 A UGT is a tank made below ground for storage of water before it is sent to the OHT. A UGT is filled with water brought from the main water pipe in the city (basically carrying water from the water resource.) This tank generally has brick side walls and a R.C.C. slab for its roof. This tank is divided into two chambers. The first chamber that occupies 30 % of the tank is used for storage of water fire fighting purpose. This chamber is filled first when water enters this tank. This also ensures that this collected water does not remain stagnant. The rest 70% is used for refilling the OHT. The UGT is given a rise of 600mm above the ground level so that it is noticed by people and no one parks his o her car on it. The sketch shown will give a better explanation.

The quantity of water to be stored depends on the following:

Hours of supply from mains with pressure sufficient to fill-up the OHT. Frequency with which the OHT can be filled during 24hrs. Rate and regularity of water supply from the mains. Fire Fighting requirements.

 Septic Tank are usually designed so that waste water takes at least 24 hrs to pass through them. Septic tank need to be cleaned out every 1-4 years to remove accumulation of sludge. They should be located far away as possible for exterior of the wall of building and should be accessible for cleaning. Mineral matter settles down as sludge and is converted into liquid and gases by the anaerobic action (In the absence of oxygen or air). In the septic tank 50%-60% of sludge is so digested and the remaining is removed once in a year or at longer period depending on design capacity. The chamber is water tight and provided with a vent pipe at least with 50mm with suitable cage of mosquito proof wire mesh at the top of it for gases to escape. A free board 15.30 cm should be kept above the surface of water below the bottom of the slab in which the gases can collect. The septic tank shall have minimum width of 75 cm minimum depth of 1 meter below water level and minimum liquid capacity of one cu. m. The length of tank is 2-4 times the width. The septic tank should have two compartments as a better quality effluent is usually produce by tanks having more than one compartment. The first compartment should have twice the volume of the second.

An I.C in drainage system facilitates the following:

Inspection and cleaning of underground drains. Inspection and cleaning of branch drain. Smooth change of direction of flow and drop in invert level.

I.C. should be located at every branch junction, at change of direction, at sudden drop of invert level. On a straight line without any of the above I.C. should be at every 30M c/c. An I.C is referred by internal dimensions, common sizes being 400x900, 450x600, 600x900 mm. bigger sizes are for deeper chambers. Construction with smoothly finished brick walls over P.C.C. bedding, finished with C.I. frame and cover. Bottom is finished with concrete benching and semicircular channel. Incoming and outgoing drain pipes terminate at the two walls, sewage flowing through open channel within the chamber.

 It is the last I.C in house drainage before connecting to public sewage line or municipal manholes. It has additional fixtures of disconnecting trap towards the outgoing pipe and a fresh air inlet. It helps to disconnect public sewage from house drainage due to water seal. Authorities differ on provision of such traps as a separate vent system is required for public sewage. In the absence of such trap public sewage is also ventilated through house drainage vents.

 A manhole 1500mm at base 600 mm at top is generally built on public sewage on streets. It is stronger because of arch action and withstands road traffic and shocks better. It is for inspection and cleaning of sewage line. Cover is of heavy duty C.I.M.S Side entrance manhole is useful in lanes with heavy traffic as inspection and cleaning is possible while the traffic remain undisturbed. An access chamber is built in the foot path and tunnel leading to the chamber on the sewage line but below road. Ventilation is by pipes brought from top of underground tunnel to the foot path and taken at least 6M above foot path level.

 CERAMIC TILE:
When we talk about tile being cost effective, we are talking about ceramic tile. While not all ceramic tile is cheap, Ceramic tile starts with clayshale, gypsum, and sandand is worked into a material called bisque. The bisque is shaped into tiles and is fired in a kiln up to 2500 F. The higher the temperature, the stronger the tile will be.

DIFFERENT TYPES OF CERAMIC TILES ARE:

WALL TILE ceramic wall tiles are normally less durable than the designed floor tiles. Most wall tiles are glazed with semi gloss surface. The glazed surface becomes slippery when wet. This is the reason why they are suitable for walls and kitchen platforms an not the floors. GLAZED CERAMIC TILES made from clay and water. Various clays are mined, ground and processed to form the tile body. This is then dried and the surface is coated with color glaze and burnt at 2000 F. PORCELAIN TILE made from fine grained clay and other minerals. Therefore it is highly resistant to moisture and stains. Because of this it has been used for interiors and exteriors for maintaining color and beauty. COLOUR BODY PORCELAIN TILE densest of all tiles. Has color body and defined by 0.5 % water absorption.

Can withstand heavy foot traffic.

 ANTISKID TILES AVAILABLE IN ALL SIZES.normaly used in toilets.standard size is 12 x 12 inches while in big toilets even 16 x 16 inches is used. For DADO (market term ELEVATION TILES) size of 6 x 16 inches is used in toilets an in living rooms 6 x 18 inches is used. Tile sized granite or marble with words like om , allah etc is also used for tiling.this carving is done by professionals who charge Rs 20 per word. BRANDS OF TILES. Kajaria, Marbonyte, Jhonson, la-bell, sun heart, magic, lunar, nitco, sumani etc.

MARBLE GRANITE SAND STONE LIME STONE KADAPPA SAND BLAST

40 500 Rs/sq.ft 100 300 Rs/sq.ft 15 100 Rs/sq.ft 20 60 Rs/sq.ft 20 50 Rs/sq.ft 20 Rs extra/ sq.ft

GRANITE IS AVAILABLE IN 90 COLOURS.IT IS BROUGHT FROM ANDHRA PRADESH. STRONGEST IS GRANITE AND SANDSTONE IS WEAK MARBLE IS AVAILABLE IN 10 15 COLOURS.it is brought from rajasthan. ITALIAN MARBLE IS COSTLIEST i.e. 300 2000 Rs PER sq.ft. IT IS IMPORTED FROM ITALY AND IS AVAILABLE IN 50 60 PATTERNS. MOULDING OF THE EDGES OF THESE STONES COSTS AROUND 25 RS RUNNING ft. Grooving costs Rs 10 running ft. (STUDY OF THESE TILES AND STONES IS DONE FROM MAULANA AZAD ROAD,TWO TANKS wiz MUMBAIS FAMOUS SANITORY AND CERAMIC MARKET)