Gross National Product (GNP) is the market value of all products and services produced in one year by labor

and property supplied by the residents of a country. Unlike Gross Domestic Product (GDP), which defines production based on the geographical location of production, GNP allocates production based on ownership. GNP does not distinguish between qualitative improvements in the state of the technical arts (e.g., increasing computer processing speeds), and quantitative increases in goods (e.g., number of computers produced), and considers both to be forms of "economic growth".[1] GNP vs. GDP Gross National Product (GNP) is often contrasted with Gross Domestic Product (GDP). While GNP measures the output generated by a country's enterprises - whether physically located domestically or abroad - GDP measures the total output produced within a country's borders whether produced by that country's own firms or not. When a country's capital or labor resources are employed outside its borders, or when a foreign firm is operating in its territory, GDP and GNP can produce different measures of total output. In 2009 for instance, the United States estimated its GDP at $14.119 trillion, and its GNP at $14.265 trillion.[2] The United States used GNP as its primary measure of total economic activity before 1991, when it began to use GDP.[3] In making the switch, the Bureau of Economic Analysis (BEA) noted both that GDP provided an easier comparison of other measures of economic activity in the United States and that "virtually all other countries have already adopted GDP as their primary measure of production."[4]

Gross national income (GNI) comprises the total value produced within a country (i.e. its gross domestic product), together with its income received from other countries (notably interest and dividends), less similar payments made to other countries.[1] The GNI consists of: the personal consumption expenditures, the gross private investment, the government consumption expenditures, the net income from assets abroad (net income receipts), and the gross exports of goods and services, after deducting two components: the gross imports of goods and services, and the indirect business taxes. The GNI is similar to the gross national product (GNP), except that in measuring the GNP one does not deduct the indirect business taxes. The gross domestic product (GDP) or gross domestic income (GDI) is the market value of all final goods and services produced within a country in a given period of time. It is often positively correlated with the standard of living,[1] alternative measures to GDP for that purpose.[2] Gross domestic product comes under the heading of national accounts, which is a subject in macroeconomics. Income Approach This method measures GDP by adding incomes that firms pay households for the factors of production they hirewages for labor, interest for capital, rent for land and profits for entrepreneurship. The US "National Income and Expenditure Accounts" divide incomes into five categories: 1. Wages, salaries, and supplementary labour income 2. Corporate profits 3. Interest and miscellaneous investment income

4. Farmers income 5. Income from non-farm unincorporated businesses These five income components sum to net domestic income at factor cost. Two adjustments must be made to get GDP: 1. Indirect taxes minus subsidies are added to get from factor cost to market prices. 2. Depreciation (or capital consumption) is added to get from net domestic product to gross domestic product. Expenditure approach In economies, most things produced are produced for sale, and sold. Therefore, measuring the total expenditure of money used to buy things is a way of measuring production. This is known as the expenditure method of calculating GDP. Note that if you knit yourself a sweater, it is production but does not get counted as GDP because it is

never sold. Sweater-knitting is a small part of the economy, but if one counts some major activities such as child-rearing (generally unpaid) as production, GDP ceases to be an accurate indicator of production. Similarly, if there is a long term shift from non-market provision of services (for example cooking, cleaning, child rearing, do-it yourself repairs) to market provision of services, then this trend toward increased market provision of services may mask a dramatic decrease in actual domestic production, resulting in overly optimistic and inflated reported GDP. This is particularly a problem for economies which have shifted from production economies to service economies. GDP vs GNP GDP can be contrasted with gross national product (GNP) or gross national income (GNI). The difference is that GDP defines its scope according to location, while GNP defines its scope according to ownership. In a global

context, world GDP and world GNP are therefore equivalent terms. GDP is product produced within a country's borders; GNP is product produced by enterprises owned by a country's citizens. The two would be the same if all of the productive enterprises in a country were owned by its own citizens, and those citizens did not own productive enterprises in any other countries. In practices, however, foreign ownership makes GDP and GNP non-identical. Production within a country's borders, but by an enterprise owned by somebody outside the country, counts as part of its GDP but not its GNP; on the other hand, production by an enterprise located outside the country, but owned by one of its citizens, counts as part of its GNP but not its GDP. To take the United States as an example, the U.S.'s GNP is the value of output produced by American-owned firms, regardless of where the firms are located. Similarly, if a

country becomes increasingly in debt, and spends large amounts of income servicing this debt this will be reflected in a decreased GNI but not a decreased GDP. Similarly, if a country sells off its resources to entities outside their country this will also be reflected over time in decreased GNI, but not decreased GDP. This would make the use of GDP more attractive for politicians in countries with increasing national debt and decreasing assets. Gross national income (GNI) equals GDP plus income receipts from the rest of the world minus income payments to the rest of the world.[18] In 1991, the United States switched from using GNP to using GDP as its primary measure of production.[19] The relationship between United States GDP and GNP is shown in table 1.7.5 of the National Income and Product Accounts.[20]

For example, the profits of a US-owned company operating in the UK will count towards US GNI and UK GDP, but will not count towards UK GNI or US GDP. Similarly, if a country becomes increasingly in debt, and spends large amounts of income servicing this debt this will be reflected in a decreased GNI but not a decreased GDP. Similarly, if a country sells off its resources to entities outside their country this will also be reflected over time in decreased GNI, but not decreased GDP. This would make the use of GDP more attractive for politicians in countries with increasing national debt and decreasing assets. GNP is also one of the few concepts which goes hand in hand with GDP, GNI, NNI. Environmental Noise Weakest sound heard 0dB Whisper Quiet Library 30dB Normal conversation (3-5') 60-70dB Telephone dial tone 80dB City Traffic (inside car) 85dB Train whistle at 500', Truck Traffic 90dB Subway train at 200' 95dB Level at which sustained exposure may result in hearing loss 90 - 95dB Power mower at 3' 107dB Snowmobile, Motorcycle 100dB Power saw at 3' 110dB Sandblasting, Loud Rock Concert 115dB Pain begins 125dB Pneumatic riveter at 4' 125dB Even short term exposure can cause permanent damage - Loudest recommended exposure WITH hearing protection 140dB Jet engine at 100', Gun Blast 140dB Death of hearing tissue 180dB Loudest sound possible 194dB What is RadioActive Pollution Some atoms are radioactive, ie radioactivity emitted during spontaneous the transformation of an unstable isotope to a more stable. Radioactive contamination the results of environmental pollution with these substances, which may represent significant health risk to humans & other organisms. Radioactive pollution differs conventional pollution that can not be decontaminated. However, radioactive materials must be isolated from the environment until its radiation level was decreased to a safe level, a process that takes thousands of years for some materials. According to data from the land Agency for Hydrometeorology in the Government of Kyrgyzstan, radioactive situation in the territory of Kyrgyzstan in 1996 remained stable. A concentration of hot substances in to the air from the atmosphere, the density of its fall & the power of gamma radiation doses in a place were at the limits of natural fluctuations.

Surface water is a powerful factor that causes the migration of radionuclides through the territory of Belarus. For this reason, it is essential to consider the transit function of the rivers in the transport of radionuclides, including transboundary transfer. In watercourses and water bodies flowing concentration of radionuclides are decreasing every year, but they tend to accumulate in sttatic water bodies (lakes, ponds, reservoirs, especially in the bottom sediments).

examples of heinous nuclear fall out are atomic bomb dropping at Nagasaki and Hiroshima (Japan, 1945) The greatest threat of radioactivity to life as we know it is damage to genes the pool, the genetics of all living species. Genetic damage from radiation exposure is cumulative over lifetimes and generations. Some of the biomedical effects of radiation are well known. If exposure is sufficiently large, as it was for 200,000 people in Japan in 1945 and the cleaning crew at Chernobyl, death can occur immediately or a few days. CAB Abstracts is a unique resource containing over 5 Million scientific abstracts, which can be thoroughly searched to pull out whatever information you may need to do your research. It comprehensively covers agriculture, plant sciences, animal and veterinary sciences, public health and nutrition, food science, and many other fields within the life sciences. How to control RadioActive Pollution: There is a solution. No one knows how to detoxify a radioactive particle, except letting go over time, during which continues to contaminate and damage of all life forms with which it comes into contact. How, then, we proceed? The Chernobyl disaster was the final argument, according to Gorbachev. In this point "we all understand the kind of monster he had created" (1994). The Ukrainian poet and playwright Ivan Drach said: "For the first time, we understand what sovereignty means, what democracy means, what freedom means. Ukraine has been sacrificed. This nation, which has thousands of years of history, is now on his knees, radioactive knees. This is not a drama, this is a tragedy. But the most important What are children. Without healthy children, we have no future ".

Effect of RadioActive Pollution 1.UV Rays. Short wave wavelength of 100-300 nm and have high energy UV rays of 260nm wavelength are more effective against DNA. Damages the cells of the cornea leads to permanent blindness. It damages the cells of the germinal layer of the skin and produces blisters and redness of the skin (skin cancer). Normally, the skin has pigmentation to protect against UV rays, but some lack this pigmentation and more probable cases. This state is called xeroderma pigmentosum. Increased UV the incidence of cancer and mutations in humans . Cosmic rays. They have less than 0,001 high-energy radiation with sufficient to break each organic compound in which they fall. But fortunately, are stuck in the stratosphere, and only a small fraction reaches the ground. Other radiation are X-rays, background radiation from radioactive fallout to which they have reached such a step that has slowed the evolution of various organisms on Earth . Effects were noted in 1909 when uranium miners were found to suffer from sun burns and caner. High altitude plants have developed polyploidy as a protective mechanism against radiations. During a nuclear fall out immediate effect is through isotopic I-131 and Sr-90. Radioactive I-131 get concentrated in thyroid gland like ordinary iodine (I-127). It causes damage to WBCs, bone marrow, spleen, lymph nodes etc. It impairs eyesight and produces sterility, skin cancer and lung tumours. Radioactive Sr-90 is mistaken for calcium and enters bones to cause bone cancer e.g. Historic

After a fallout event, a quantity of possible interventions measures to reduce radiation dose to the public through the means of surface water. They have critically reviewed the options obtainable to decision makers in the case of of radioactive contamination of surface waters. They believe the most effective & feasible measures to reduce radioactivity in drinking water are operating in water treatment & distribution stage. The intervention measures to reduce concentrations of of radioactivity in rivers & reservoirs are expected to be much less viable & efficient at reducing doses by drinking water. Bans on consumption of Freshwater fish can be effective, but there's few viable measures to reduce radioactivity in fish prior to preparation. Lake liming & biomanipulation have been found to be ineffective for radiocaesium, although the addition of potassium to lakewaters looks promising in some situations. Lake liming may be effective in reducing radiostrontium in fish, although this has not, to our knowledge, check. Deboning fish contaminated by strontium is probably the most effective measure of food preparation, but the salting & freezing can also reduce radiocaesium concentrations in fish. Providing accurate information to the public highlights as a key element of the application of countermeasures.