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effective porosity classification uniform overburden pressure p pack cubic packing rhombohedral packing formation f ti
1 Definition of Porosity
The Constitution of Sandstone
Sandstone is formed from grains that have undergone sedimentation,compaction and cementation.
1 Definition of Porosity
Porosity() : the ratio of the pore volume in a y() p rock to the bulk volume of that rock. express in per cent.
Mathematical form is:
V V
p b
.(1) (1)
Vp
2 Classification of Porosity
( ( 1) Geological classification of porosity
Porosity can be classified into two groups: primary and secondary porosity. A. Primary porosity B. Secondary porosity yp y
Classification of Porosity f f y
Classification of Porosity 2) E i Engineering classification of i l ifi ti f p porosity y From a reservoir engineering standpoint, Porosity may be classified as total effective and d d dynamic porosity: i i A. Total (absolute) porosity B. B Effective porosity C. Dynamic porosity
Classification of Porosity f f y
volume in a rock to the bulk volume of that rock, regardless of whether or not those pore k
spaces are interconnected.
V tp p Vb
e =
V ep Vb
V V
fp b
a > e>
Classification of Porosity Only ff ti O l effective porosity has real significance it h l i ifi in all reservoir engineering calaulations calaulations, because it is only from this type of porosity that the fluids can move and be recovered.
1) Effect of packing on rock porosity 2) Effect of sorting on rock porosity 3) Effect of cementation on Porosity 4) Effect of compaction on Porosity
Pf
Psi
If the size of grain is not uniform ,some small particles are mixed with larger sand g grains, the porosity will be reduced.
The composition of cementing material The content of cementing material Cementing type of cementing material
Factors Governing Porosity The higher degree of cementation is,the lower porosity is. is
The deeper the depth is ,the higher the degree of hi h th d f compaction is. p
Apllications of Porosity
1) Evaluating formation
Grade
Very good d g good
5~0
no value l
Apllications of Porosity
N=AShSoi
where: As = surface area of the reservoir h = thickness of the formation = porosity Soi= th percent of the pore volume the t f th l occupied by the oil
5 Determination of Porosity y
1) Determination of Porosity by Direct Measurements
V V
p b
Determination of Porosity
Determination of Porosity
Determination of Porosity
Vb =
Wair Wimm i i
fluid
Vf =
w 2 w 3 w 2 w1 w p
P density of paraffin
Example 2
A. A Weight of dry sample in air =20.0 g 20 0 B.Weight of dry sample coated with paraffin = 20.9 g C. Weight of coated sample immersed in water = 10.0g density of paraffin = 0.9g/cc density of water = 1.00 g/cc
Determination of Porosity
Vp =
W2 W1
W1 Weight of dry sample in air W2 Weight of saturated sample in air l density of the liquid, g/ cm3
Example 4
A. Weight of dry sample in air =20.0 g B. B Weight of saturated sample in air = 22.5 g sat rated 22 5 C. C Weight of saturated sample in water = 12.6g 12 6g density of water = 1.00 g/cc
2.3 2 3 Compressibility of Porous Rocks 1.Definition Compressibility th f ti C ibilit the fractional change in pore l h i volume of per unit bulk volume with a unit change in pressure. 1/ MPa reciprocal megapascal
1 VP = Vb P
The depletion of fluids from the p p pore space of a p reservoir rock results in a change in the internal stress in the rock, thus causing the rock to be subjected to a different resultant stress. This change in stress results in changes in the grain grain, pore, and bulk volume of the rock.
Pf
Pf
Psi
Psi
Befor development
After development
rock-pore compressibility Pore compressibility is the fractional change in i pore volume of the per unit pore volume l f th it l with a unit change in pressure.
1 VP = VP P
rock-matrix compressibility Rock-matrix compressibility is the fractional change in pore volume of per unit the solid rock material(grains) volume with a unit change in pressure
1 VP = Vs P
total t t l compressibility ibilit Total compressibility is the fractional change in pore and liqued volume of the per unit bulk volume rock with a unit change in pressure.
1 V0 Ct = Vb P
V0 = VP + VL
Ct=Cf + (SoCo+SwCw+SgCg) (
= 0e
P
CP P
CP