A Minor Project Report On GSM BASED DISPLAY TOOLKIT

Submitted as a partial fulfillment of the B.Tech program in Electronics & Communication Engineering of Rajasthan Technical University Kota

SESSION: 2011-2012

Guided By:
Ms. Apoorva Agarwal

Submitted by:
Sudhanshu Bansal Shashank Parnami Kalpana Dalal Mohit Siddhpura Juhi Dashora

Department of Electronics & Communication Engineering Vivekananda Institute of Technology (East) Jagatpura, Jaipur

CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the project report entitled GSM BASED DISPLAY TOOLKIT submitted by Sudhanshu Bansal, Shashank Parnami, Kumari Kalpana, Mohit Siddhpura, Juhi Dashora Students of final year B.Tech. in Electronics & Communication Engineering, Vivekananda Institute of Technology (East) Jagatpura, Jaipur .was completed under my supervision and their work is found satisfactory and I found them sincere towards their work.

Mr. SANDEEP VYAS (Reader and Head) ECE Department

Ms. APOORVA AGARWAL Lecturer ECE Department

Place: Jaipur Date:

PREFACE
Engineering is not only a theoretical study but it is an implementation of all we study for creating something new and making things more easy and useful through practical study. It is an art which can be gained with systematic study, observation and practice. In the college curriculum we usually get the theoretical knowledge of industries and a little bit of implementation knowledge that how it works? But how can we prove our practical knowledge to increase the productivity or efficiency of the industry? To overcome such problem we the students of Vivekananda Institute of Technology (East) Jagatpura, Jaipur am supposed to make a project on GSM BASED DISPLAY TOOLKIT. Brief introduction of project:-.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

A scholarly and quality work like designing of any project can be accomplished by motivation, guidance and inspiration of certain quarters besides the individual efforts. Let me in this page express my heartiest gratitude to all those who helped me in various stages of this study. We are very much thankful to Dr. M. Raisinghania, (Director of Academics), Mr.Sandeep Vyas (Reader & HOD, ECE) for giving us permission to undergo this project and providing all the necessary facilities. During our project period all the staff member of EC Deptt. have helped us with there skills. Here by we express our sincere thanks to project coordinator Mr. Manish Yadav. Also we are thankful to other technical staff of the Deptt. who have helped us to complete our project successfully. We wish to express our deep sense of gratitude to our project guide Ms. Apoorva Agarwal for her valuable guidance and kind cooperation without which this project would not have been possible.

All Group Member name (roll no.) Sudhanshu Bansal (08EVVEC058) Shashank Parnami (08EVVEC051) Kumari Kalpana (08EVVEC027) Mohit Siddhpura (08EVVEC055) Juhi Dashora (08EVVEC022)

CONTENTS
A. ABSTRACT B. LIST OF FIGURES C. LIST OF TABLES D. CHAPTERS 1. INTRODUCTION 1.1 INTRODUCTION 1.1.1 INFORMATION 1.1.2 INFORMATION TRANSFER 1.2 BROADCAST 2. DESIGN OVERVIEW 3. HARDWARE PROFILE 3.1 ATMEL 89C51 3.1.1 DESCRIPTION: 3.1.2 FEATURES: 3.1.3 PIN DIAGRAM OF ATMEL 89C51: 3.1.4 MEMORY ORGANIZATION OF ATMEL 89C51: 3.1.4.1 GENERAL PURPOSE RAM: 3.1.4.2 BIT-ADDRESSABLE RAM: 3.1.4.3. REGISTER BANKS: 3.1.4.4 SPECIAL FUNCTION REGISTERS: 3.1.4.5 INPUT/OUTPUT PORTS: 3.1.4.6 INTERRUPTS: 3.1.4.7 TWO 16-BIT TIMERS: 3.1.4.8 SERIAL INTERFACE: 3.2 LIQUID CRYSTAL DISPLAY (LCD) 3.2.1 DISCRIPTION: 3.2.2 FEATURES: 3.2.3 APPLICATIONS: 3.2.4 PIN DISCRIPTION: 3.2.5 IMPORTANT SIGNALS 3.2.5.1 ENABLE (EN) 3.2.5.2 REGISTER SELECT (RS) 3.2.5.3 READ/WRITE (R/W) 3.2.6 CODE (HEX) COMMAND TO LCD INSTRUCTION REGISTER 3.3 LIGHT EMITTING DIODE (LED) 3.4 POWER SUPPLY: 3.4.1 BATTERY: 3.4.2 DC POWER SUPPLY: 3.4.3 AC POWER SUPPLY 4. INTERFACING 4.1 MICROCONTROLLER LCD INTERFACING:

4.1.1 EMBEDDED CODES FOR LCD INTERFACING 5. CONCLUSION 5.1 CONCLUSION E. REFRENCES

ABSTRACT
Wireless communication has announced its arrival on big stage and the world is going mobile. We want to control everything and without moving an inch. This remote control of appliances is possible through Embedded Systems. The use of Embedded System in Communication has given rise to many interesting applications that ensures comfort and safety to human life. The main aim of the project will be to design a SMS driven automatic display toolkit which can replace the currently used programmable electronic display. It is proposed to design receive cum display toolkit which can be programmed from an authorized mobile phone. The message to be displayed is sent through a SMS from an authorized transmitter. The toolkit receives the SMS, validates the sending Mobile Identification Number (MIN) and displays the desired information after necessary code conversion. The system is made efficient by using clone SIMs of same MIN in a geographical area so that the same SMS can be received by number of display boards in a locality using techniques of time division multiple access. Started of as an instantaneous News display unit, we have improved upon it and tried to take advantage of the computing capabilities of microcontroller. We envision a toolkit that will not only display message but also can be used to do some mechanical work. Looking into current trend of information transfer in the campus, it is seen that important notice take time to be displayed in the notice boards. This latency is not expected in most of the cases and must be avoided. It is proposed to implement this project at the institute level. It is proposed to place display boards in major access points. The electronics displays which are currently used are programmable displays which need to be reprogrammed each time. This makes it inefficient for immediate information transfer, and thus the display board looses its importance. The GSM based display toolkit can be used as a add-on to these display boards and make it truly wireless. The display board programs itself with the help of the incoming SMS with proper validation. Such a system proves to be helpful for immediate information transfer the system required for the purpose is nothing but a Microcontroller based SMS box. The main components of the toolkit include microcontroller, GSM modem. These components are integrated with the display board and thus incorporate the wireless features. The GSM modem receives the SMS. The AT commands are serially transferred to the modem through MAX232. In return the modem transmits the stored message through the COM port. The microcontroller validates the SMS and then displays the message in the LCD display board. Various time division multiplexing techniques have been suggested to make the display boards functionally efficient. The microcontroller used in this case is Philips P89C51RD2BN. Matrix Simado GDT11 is used as the GSM modem. In the prototype model, LCD display is used for simulation purpose. While implementation this can be replaced by actually display boards.

The results presented in the thesis support the proper functionalities and working of the system. The timing diagram suggests the response of the modem to various AT commands.

Chapter

INTRODUCTION

1.1 INTRODUCTION
Presently, the United States is the most technologically advanced country in the area of telecommunications with about; 126 million phone lines, 7.5 million cellular phone users, 5 thousand AM radio broadcast stations, 5 thousand FM radio stations, 1 thousand television broadcast stations, 9 thousand cable television systems, 530 million radios, 193 million television sets, 24 ocean cables, and scores of satellite facilities! This is truly an "Information Age" and sometimes, you need to look at where we've been in order to see the future more clearly!

1.1.1 Information
---A message received and understood --- Princeton ---Information is a term with many meanings depending on context, but is as a rule closely related to such concepts as meaning, knowledge, instruction, communication, representation, and mental stimulus --- Wikipedia --- any communication or representation of knowledge such as facts, data, or opinions in any medium or form, including textual, numerical, graphic, cartographic, narrative, or audiovisual forms (OMB Circular A-130). --- Gils.net --- Facts, concepts, or instructions; any sort of knowledge or supposition which can be communicated. --- cedar.web.cern --- Is organized data that has been arranged for better comprehension or understanding. What is one person's information can become another person's data. --- earthlink.net

1.1.2 Information Transfer

A coordinated sequence of user and telecommunications system actions that cause information present at a source user to become present at a destination user. Note: An information-transfer transaction usually consists of three consecutive phases called the access phase, the information-transfer phase, and the disengagement phase.

1.2 Broadcast
A term to describe communication where a piece of information is sent or transmitted from one point to all other points. There is just one sender, but the information is 3 simultaneously sent to all connected receivers. In networking, a distinction is made between broadcasting and multicasting. Broadcasting sends a message to everyone on the network whereas multicasting sends a message to a select list of recipients. One of the most common examples is broadcast through a cellular network service. This serves multiple end users at different locations in a simulcast fashion. Practically every cellular system has some kind of broadcast mechanism. This can be used directly for distributing information to multiple mobiles, commonly, for example in a mobile telephony system, the most important use of broadcast information is to set up channels for one to one communication between the mobile Trans-receiver and the base station. This is called paging. The details of the process of paging vary somewhat from network

to network, but normally we know a limited number of cells where the phone is located (this group of cells is called a location area in the GSM system or Routing Area in UMTS). Paging takes place by sending the broadcast message on all of those cells. Today, interaction with digital displays is a deskbound or device-dependent experience. However, developments in display and information sharing technologies may enable a new form of interaction with digital media: ubiquitous computing. In ubiquitous computing, the physical location of data and processing power is not apparent to the user. Rather, information is made available to the user in a transparent and contextually relevant manner. A single display device restricts the repertoire of interactions between the user and digital media, so ubiquitous computing requires displays wherever the user might need one in appliances, tabletops public transport, walls, etc. This project aims at integrating the expansiveness of a wireless cellular network and the ease of information transfer through the SMS with the coverage of public display boards. It is thereby a modest effort to realize the complete potential of public display boards in instantaneous information broadcast in swift response to events of interests.

Chapter

Circuit Diagram

Figure 2.1 LCD Interfacing with Microcontroller

Chapter

HARDWARE PROFILE

3.1 ATMEL 89C51

3.1.1 Description
The AT89C51 is a low-power, high-performance CMOS 8-bit microcomputer with 4K bytes of Flash programmable and erasable read only memory (PEROM). The device is manufactured using Atmels high-density nonvolatile memory technology and is compatible with the industry-standard MCS-51 instruction set and pinout. The on-chip Flash allows the program memory to be reprogrammed in-system or by a conventional nonvolatile memory programmer. By combining a versatile 8-bit CPU with Flash on a monolithic chip, the Atmel AT89C51 is a powerful microcomputer which provides a highly-flexible and cost-effective solution to many embedded control applications.

Figure 3.1 ATMEL 89C51 Microcontroller

3.1.2 Features
Compatible with MCS-51 Products 4K Bytes of In-System Reprogrammable Flash Memory Endurance: 1,000 Write/Erase Cycles Fully Static Operation: 0 Hz to 24 MHz Three-level Program Memory Lock 128 x 8-bit Internal RAM 32 Programmable I/O Lines Two 16-bit Timer/Counters Six Interrupt Sources

Programmable Serial Channel Low-power Idle and Power-down Modes

3.1.3 PIN Diagram of ATMEL 89C51

3.1.4 Memory Organization of ATMEL 89C51

It implements a separate memory space for code and data, both code and data may be internal ;both expand using external component to a maximum of 64k code memory and 64k data memory. The memory consists of on chip ROM(4KB) and on-chip RAM(128B). The on-chip RAM contains rich arrangements of general purpose storage, bit addressable storage, register banks, and special function registers. The notable features are: The registers and input/output ports are memory mapped. The stack memory resides within the internal RAM.

3.1.4.1 General purpose RAM

There are total 80 bytes of general purpose RAM from address 30H to 7FH. Any location in this part can be addressed using direct or indirect addressing modes.

3.1.4.2 Bit-addressable RAM

The ATMEL 89C51 contain 210 bit-addressable locations, of which 128 are at byte addresses 20H through 2F, and the rest are in SFRs. Bits can be set, cleared, ANDed, ORed etc with a single instruction. These bits can be accessed as bytes or as bits.

3.1.4.3. Register banks

The bottom 32 locations of internal memory contain the register banks, each having registers lying from R0 to R7. The different banks are selected using register bank select bits(RS0 and RS1) in program status word.

3.1.4.4 Special function Registers

The ATMEL 89C51 internal registers are configured as a part of on chip RAM, therefore each register also has an address. There are 21 special function registers, each having a name and a direct address.

3.1.4.5 Input/output ports

a. Port 0: Port 0 is a dual purpose serving as general-purpose I/O port. For larger design it is used to multiplex the low byte of 16 Bit address.

b. Port 1: Port 1 is a dedicated input/output port, used for interfacing to external devices. No alternate functionality is defined for this port. c. Port 2: Port 2 is a dual purpose port serving as general purpose input/output or as a high byte of address bus for designs with external code memory exceeding 256 Bytes. d. Port 3: Port 3 is a dual purpose port serving as general purpose input/output or the individual pins of port 3 also has some special features.

3.1.4.6 Interrupts
There are in total of five interrupts in ATMEL 89C51 as given below: --Two for external interrupts INT0 and INT1 --Two for timer1 and timer0. --One for serial port.

3.1.4.7 Two 16-bit timers

The ATMEL 89C51 have two 16-bit timers, controlled by TCON registers. They can be operated in four different modes named: 13-bit timer mode,16-bit timer mode, 8bit auto reload mode and a split timer mode. The mode and clocking sources of timer0 and timer1 are set by TMOD registers. Other registers that are used in timer operation are THx and TLx. The timer is started by setting the timer TRx and when an overflow occurs TFx flag is set automatically.

3.1.4.8 Serial Interface

The ATMEL 89C51 serial port has four modes of operation, named 8-bit shift register mode(fixed baud rate), 8-bit UART mode(variable baud rate), 9-bit UART mode(fixed baud rate) and 9-bit UART mode(variable baud rate). The timer1 is used for setting the variable baud rate. The different flags used in serial interfacing are T| and R|. MAX 232 converts serial data into parallel in receiving mode while it converts parallel data into serial in transmitting mode. Standard serial interfacing for PC, MAX 232 requires negative logic i.e. logic 1 is -5V to -12V and 0 is +5V to +12V. To convert TTL logic say TxD and RxD pins of the microcontroller chips thus need a converter chip. A MAX 232 chip has long been using in many microcontroller boards. It provides 2-channel RS232C ports and requires external 10uF capacitors. Carefully check the polarity of capacitor when soldering the board.

3.2 LIQUID CRYSTAL DISPLAY (LCD)

3.2.1 Discription
A liquid crystal display (LCD) is a flat panel display, electronic visual display, video display that uses the light modulating properties of liquid crystals (LCs). LCs do not emit light directly. LCDs are more energy efficient and offer safer disposal than CRTs. Its low electrical power consumption enables it to be used in battery-powered electronic equipment. It is an electronically modulated optical device made up of any number of segments filled with liquid crystals and arrayed in front of a light source (backlight) or reflector to produce images in color or monochrome. The most flexible ones use an array of small pixel. Each pixel of an LCD typically consists of a layer of molecules aligned between two transparent electrodes, and two polarizing filters, the axes of transmission of which are (in most of the cases) perpendicular to each other. With no actual liquid crystal between the polarizing filters, light passing through the first filter would be blocked by the second (crossed) polarizer. The surface of the electrodes that are in contact with the liquid crystal material are treated so as to align the liquid crystal molecules in a particular direction. This treatment typically consists of a thin polymer layer that is uni-directionally rubbed using, for example, a cloth. The direction of the liquid crystal alignment is then defined by the direction of rubbing. Electrodes are made of a transparent conductor called Indium Tin Oxide (ITO). Before applying an electric field, the orientation of the liquid crystal molecules is determined by the alignment at the surfaces of electrodes. In a twisted nematic device (still the most common liquid crystal device), the surface alignment directions at the two electrodes are perpendicular to each other, and so the molecules arrange themselves in a helical structure, or twist. This reduces the rotation of the polarization of the incident light, and the device appears grey. If the applied voltage is large enough, the liquid crystal molecules in the center of the layer are almost completely untwisted and the polarization of the incident light is not rotated as it passes through the liquid crystal layer. This light will then be mainly polarized perpendicular to the second filter, and thus be blocked and the pixel will appear black. By controlling the voltage applied across the liquid crystal layer in each pixel, light can be allowed to pass through in varying amounts thus constituting different levels of gray. The optical effect of a twisted nematic device in the voltage-on state is far less dependent on variations in the device thickness than that in the voltage-off state. Because of this, these devices are usually operated between crossed polarizers such that they appear bright with no voltage (the eye is much more sensitive to variations in the dark state than the bright state). These devices can also be operated between parallel polarizers, in which case the bright and dark states are reversed. The voltage-off dark

state in this configuration appears blotchy, however, because of small variations of thickness across the device. Both the liquid crystal material and the alignment layer material contain ionic compounds. If an electric field of one particular polarity is applied for a long period of time, this ionic material is attracted to the surfaces and degrades the device performance. This is avoided either by applying an alternating current or by reversing the polarity of the electric field as the device is addressed (the response of the liquid crystal layer is identical, regardless of the polarity of the applied field).

Figure 3.2 LCD Display

3.2.2 Features
y y y y y y 5 x 8 dots with cursor Built-in controller (KS 0066 or Equivalent) + 5V power supply (Also available for + 3V) 1/16 duty cycle B/L to be driven by pin 1, pin 2 or pin 15, pin 16 or A.K (LED) N.V. optional for + 3V power supply

3.2.3 Applications
They are used in a wide range of applications, including computer monitors, television, instrument panels, aircraft cockpit displays, signage, etc. They are common in consumer devices such as video players, gaming devices, clocks, watches, calculators,

and telephones. LCDs have replaced cathode ray tube (CRT) displays in most applications. They are available in a wider range of screen sizes than CRT and plasma displays, and since they do not use phosphors, they cannot suffer image burn-in.

3.2.4 PIN Discription

PIN 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 SYMBOL GND VCC VEE Rs R/W E DB0 DB1 DB2 DB3 DB4 DB5 DB6 DB7 I/O +5v I I I/O I/O I/O I/O I/O I/O I/O I/O I/O DESCRIPTION Ground Power Supply Contrast Control Command/ Data Register Selection Write/Read Selection Enable The 8-bit Data Bus The 8-bit Data Bus The 8-bit Data Bus The 8-bit Data Bus The 8-bit Data Bus The 8-bit Data Bus The 8-bit Data Bus The 8-bit Data Bus

Table 3.1 Pin Configuration of LCD

3.2.5 Important Signals

The following pins are important to LCDs while programming 3.2.5.1 Enable (EN) The EN line is called "Enable." This control line is used to tell the LCD that you are sending it data. To send data to the LCD, your program should make sure this line is low (0) and then set the other two control lines and/or put data on the data bus. When the other lines are completely ready, bring EN high (1) and wait for the minimum amount of time required by the LCD datasheet (this varies from LCD to LCD), and end by bringing it low (0) again. 3.2.5.2 Register Select (RS) The RS line is the "Register Select" line. When RS is low (0), the data is to be treated as a command or special instruction (such as clear screen, position cursor, etc.).

When RS is high (1), the data being sent is text data which should be displayed on the screen. For example, to display the letter "T" on the screen you would set RS high. 3.2.5.3 Read/Write (R/W) The RW line is the "Read/Write" control line. When RW is low (0), the information on the data bus is being written to the LCD. When RW is high (1), the program is effectively querying (or reading) the LCD. Only one instruction ("Get LCD status") is a read command. All others are write commands--so RW will almost always be low. Finally, the data bus consists of 4 or 8 lines (depending on the mode of operation selected by the user). In the case of an 8-bit data bus, the lines are referred to as DB0, DB1, DB2, DB3, DB4, DB5, DB6, and DB7. Above is the quite simple schematic. The LCD panel's Enable and Register Select is connected to the Control Port. The Control Port is an open collector / open drain output. While most Parallel Ports have internal pull-up resistors, there are a few which don't. Therefore by incorporating the two 10K external pull up resistors, the circuit is more 18 portable for a wider range of computers, some of which may have no internal pull up resistors. We make no effort to place the Data bus into reverse direction. Therefore we hard wire the R/W line of the LCD panel, into write mode. This will cause no bus conflicts on the data lines. As a result we cannot read back the LCD's internal Busy Flag which tells us if the LCD has accepted and finished processing the last instruction. This problem is overcome by inserting known delays into our program. The 10k Potentiometer controls the contrast of the LCD panel. Nothing fancy here. As with all the examples, I've left the power supply out. You can use a bench power supply set to 5v or use a onboard +5 regulator. Remember a few de-coupling capacitors, especially if you have trouble with the circuit working properly.

3.2.6 Code (hex) Command to LCD Instruction Register

1 2 4 5 6 7 8 A C E F 10 14 18 1C Clear Display Screen Return home Shift cursor to left Shift display right Shift cursor to right Shift display left Display off, Cursor off Display off, Cursor on Display on, cursor off Display on, cursor blinking Display on, cursor blinking Shift cursor position to left Shift cursor position to right Shift the entire display to the left Shift the entire display to the right

80 C0 38

Force cursor to beginning of 1st line Force cursor to beginning of 2nd line 2 lines and 5x7 matrix

Table 3.2 Control Codes of LCD

3.3 LIGHT EMITTING DIODE (LED)

A light-emitting diode (LED) is a semiconductor light source.[1] LEDs are used as indicator lamps in many devices and are increasingly used for other lighting. Introduced as a practical electronic component in 1962,[2] early LEDs emitted lowintensity red light, but modern versions are available across the visible, ultraviolet and infrared wavelengths, with very high brightness. When a light-emitting diode is forward biased (switched on), electrons are able to recombine with electron holes within the device, releasing energy in the form of photons. This effect is called electroluminescence and the color of the light (corresponding to the energy of the photon) is determined by the energy gap of the semiconductor. LEDs are often small in area (less than 1 mm2), and integrated optical components may be used to shape its radiation pattern.[3] LEDs present many advantages over incandescent light sources including lower energy consumption, longer lifetime, improved robustness, smaller size, and faster switching. LEDs powerful enough for room lighting are relatively expensive and require more precise current and heat management than compact fluorescent lamp sources of comparable output. Light-emitting diodes are used in applications as diverse as replacements for aviation lighting, automotive lighting (particularly brake lamps, turn signals and indicators) as well as in traffic signals. LEDs have allowed new text, video displays, and sensors to be developed, while their high switching rates are also useful in advanced communications technology. Infrared LEDs are also used in the remote control units of many commercial products including televisions, DVD players, and other domestic appliances.

Figure 3.3 LED

3.4 POWER SUPPLY:

A power supply is a device that supplies electrical energy to one or more electric loads. The term is most commonly applied to devices that convert one form of electrical energy to another, though it may also refer to devices that convert another form of energy (e.g., mechanical, chemical, solar) to electrical energy. A regulated power supply is one that controls the output voltage or current to a specific value; the controlled value is held nearly constant despite variations in either load current or the voltage supplied by the power supply's energy source. Every power supply must obtain the energy it supplies to its load, as well as any energy it consumes while performing that task, from an energy source. Depending on its design, a power supply may obtain energy from:
y y y y

Electrical energy transmission systems. Common examples of this include power supplies that convert AC line voltage to DC voltage. Energy storage devices such as batteries and fuel cells. Electromechanical systems such as generators and alternators. Solar power.

A power supply may be implemented as a discrete, stand-alone device or as an integral device that is hardwired to its load. In the latter case, for example, low voltage DC power supplies are commonly integrated with their loads in devices such as computers and household electronics. Commonly specified power supply attributes include:
y y y y

The amount of voltage and current it can supply to its load. How stable its output voltage or current is under varying line and load conditions. How long it can supply energy without refueling or recharging (applies to power supplies that employ portable energy sources). Power supplies for electronic devices can be broadly divided into linefrequency (or "conventional") and switching power supplies. The linefrequency supply is usually a relatively simple design, but it becomes increasingly bulky and heavy for high-current equipment due to the need for large mains-frequency transformers and heat-sinked electronic regulation circuitry. Conventional line-frequency power supplies are sometimes called "linear," but that is a misnomer because the conversion from AC voltage to DC is inherently non-linear when the rectifiers feed into capacitive reservoirs. Linear voltage regulators produce regulated output voltage by means of an active voltage divider that consumes energy, thus making efficiency low. A switched-mode supply of the same rating as a line-frequency supply will be smaller, is usually more efficient, but will be more complex.

3.4.1 Battery:

Figure 3.4 Alkaline Batteries

A battery is a device that converts stored chemical energy to electrical energy. Batteries are commonly used as energy sources in many household and industrial applications. There are two types of batteries: primary batteries (disposable batteries), which are designed to be used once and discarded, and secondary batteries (rechargeable batteries), which are designed to be recharged and used multiple times. Batteries come in many sizes, from miniature cells used in hearing aids and wristwatches to room-size battery banks that serve as backup power supplies in telephone exchanges and computer data centers.

3.4.2 DC power supply:

Figure 3.5 DC Power Supply

A home-made linear power supply (used here to power amateur radio equipment). An AC powered unregulated power supply usually uses a transformer to convert the voltage from the wall outlet (mains) to a different, nowadays usually lower, voltage. If it is used to produce DC, a rectifier is used to convert alternating voltage to a pulsating direct voltage, followed by a filter, comprising one or more capacitors, resistors, and sometimes inductors, to filter out (smooth) most of the pulsation. A small remaining unwanted alternating voltage component at mains or twice mains power frequency

(depending upon whether half- or full-wave rectification is used)rippleis unavoidably superimposed on the direct output voltage. For purposes such as charging batteries the ripple is not a problem, and the simplest unregulated mains-powered DC power supply circuit consists of a transformer driving a single diode in series with a resistor. Before the introduction of solid-state electronics, equipment used valves (vacuum tubes) which required high voltages; power supplies used step-up transformers, rectifiers, and filters to generate one or more direct voltages of some hundreds of volts, and a low alternating voltage for filaments. Only the most advanced equipment used expensive and bulky regulated power supplies.

3.4.3 AC power supply

An AC power supply typically takes the voltage from a wall outlet (mains supply) and lowers it to the desired voltage (e.g. 9 VAC). As well as lowering the voltage some filtering may take place. An example use for an AC power supply is powering certain guitar effects pedals (e.g. the DigiTech Whammy pedal) although it is more common for effects pedals to require DC.

Chapter

INTERFACING

4.1 Microcontroller LCD Interfacing

Figure 4.4 Pin Configuration Above is the quite simple schematic. The LCD panels Enable and Register Select is connected to the Control Port. The Control Port is an open collector / open drain output. While most Parallel Ports have internal pull-up resistors, there are a few which dont. Therefore by incorporating the two 10K external pull up resistors, the circuit is more portable for a wider range of computers, some of which may have no internal pull up resistors. We make no effort to place the Data bus into reverse direction. Therefore we hard wire the R/W line of the LCD panel, into write mode. This will cause no bus conflicts on the data lines. As a result we cannot read back the LCDs internal Busy Flag which tells us if the LCD has accepted and finished processing the last instruction. This problem is overcome by inserting known delays into our program. The 10k Potentiometer controls the contrast of the LCD panel. Nothing fancy here. As with all the examples, Ive left the power supply out. You can use a bench power supply set to 5v or use a onboard +5 regulator. The user may select whether the LCD is to operate with a 4-bit data bus or an 8- bit data bus. If a 4-bit data bus is used, the LCD will require a total of 7 data lines. If an 8-bit data bus is used, the LCD will require a total of 11 data lines. The three control lines are EN, RS, and RW. Note that the EN line must be raised/lowered before/after each instruction sent to the LCD regardless of whether that instruction is read or write text or instruction. In short, you must always manipulate EN when communicating with the LCD. EN is the LCDs way of knowing that you are talking to it. If you dont raise/lower EN, the LCD doesnt know youre talking to it on the other lines.

4.1.1 Embedded Codes For LCD Interfacing

#include<at89x51.h> sbit Rs=P1^0; sbit Rw=P1^1; sbit E = P1^2; #define Lcd_data P2 #void delay(int times) { int i,j; for(i=0;i<=times;i++) { for(j=0;j<=100;j++); } } void lcd_command(char val) { Rs=0; Rw=0; Lcd_data=val; E=0; delay(1); E=1; } void lcd_data(char val) { Rs=1; Rw=0; Lcd_data=val; E=0; delay(1); E=1; }

void main(void) { int i,x; char name[20]="Shashank Parnami"; lcd_command(0x0e); lcd_command(0x38); lcd_command(0x01); lcd_command(0x02);

lcd_command(0x05); lcd_command(0x04); lcd_command(0x8f); //while(1) //{ //x=0x80; //while(x!=0x8f) // { // lcd_command(0x01); // lcd_command(x); for(i=0;name[i]!='\0';i++) lcd_data(name[i]); delay(100); x++; while(1); }

//

//} //}

Chapter

CONCLUSION

5.1 CONCLUSION:
The prototype of the GSM based display toolkit was efficiently designed. The prototype has facilities to be integrated with a display board thus making it truly mobile. The toolkit accepts SMS, stores it, validates it and then display it in the LCD module. The MS is deleted from SIM each time it is read, thus making room for next SMS. The major constraints incorporated are the use of * as the termination character of the SMS and the display of one Sms at a time. These limitations can be removed by the use of higher end microcontrollers and extended RAM. The prototype can be implemented using commercial display boards. In this case, it can solve the problem if instant information transfer in the campus.

REFRENCES: