ASSIGNMENT DIABETES MELLITUS

BY : EKA RANIDA SARI 09-120

FAKULTAS KEDOKTERAN UNIVERSITAS BAITURRAHMAH PADANG 2011/2012

What Is Diabetes?
Diabetes is a chronic disease that occurs when the pancreas does not produce enough insulin, owhen the body cannot effectively use the insulin it produces. The function of insulin is as an intermediary glucose which absorbed to enter into fat cells, heart, and muscle, and then be stored as calories. Raised blood sugar (hyperglicemic), is a common effect of uncontrolled diabetes and over time leads to serious damage to many of the body's systems, like damage the nerves system and blood vessels.

Causes Of Diabetes
There are two major types of diabetes: type 1 and type 2 diabetes. y Type 1 diabetes is caused by the destruction of insulin producer cells in the pancreas. This results to a very serious insulin deficiency. When there is an alarming absence of insulin in the body, glucose is not properly absorbed into the cells thus making this form of sugar stay in our blood. As glucose remains in your blood instead of penetrating in your cells for energy, your blood sugar level rises up to its highest peak which leads to the destruction of your body cells. Without taking in sufficient insulin, the diabetes patient in an advanced stage cannot last a day. y Type 2 diabetes is caused by lack of insulin or inefficient insulin in the body. Experts point to obesity, sedentary lifestyle, and old age as the main culprits. The disease is actually a complex condition that requires continuous discussions. Type 2 diabetes is more prevalent than type 1. Millions of people are plagued by this health condition. Diabetes can attack a person at any age. Children and teens between 15 and 16 years old usually develop the disease. There is also adulthood diabetes which frequently occurs at between the ages 50 and 60. Diabetes usually disturbs people who have office paper works than those who work physically. This is because the intellectuals only sit down on their desks practically each day thus they dont burn fats by sweating. Being confined to pure office works for years without making up for the physical idleness leads to obesity. The reality today is that most people dont do regular physical exercises anymore because they would rather choose to enjoy going out to eat and drink and party during their spare time. Heredity is also an accepted cause of diabetes. Having a family history of diabetes

makes you a potential victim of the disease. But this does not necessarily mean that you automatically inherit the disease by bloodline. Most of the time, diabetes skips generations and takes a collateral character instead. The fact that family history can trigger a possibility of the disease reminds people to take necessary steps as soon as possible in order to avoid the worst scenario of diabetes. Scientific studies have shown that obesity is a major factor of diabetes. Experts suggest that the usual pattern is that a person first lives an abusive and sedentary lifestyle, then becomes obese, and eventually suffers diabetes. If this pattern prevails, the implication is that diabetes can be greatly reduced only when we start getting rid of obesity.

Sign of Diabetes
There are three general sign to diagnose diabetes: 1. Poliuria ( frequently of the micturation be increase) 2. Polidypsi ( very thirsty) 3. Polifagia ( appatite be increase but fatigue) 4. Sexual problem 5. Pins and needles 6. Blurry vision 7. Wounds that wont heal 8. Itchy all body 9. Easy to sleep

Effects of diabetes
Short term complications can happen quickly such as hypoglycemia, hyperglycemia, ketoacidosis, and hyper-osmolar syndrome. Patients need to be aware of their signs and symptoms and what to do to reverse them. Long term complications such as heart disease, kidney disease, neuropathy, diseases of the eyes, peripheral vascular disease and more can seriously compromise the diabetic patient. Symptoms of Kidney Disease in Diabetes One of the many long-term complications of type 2 diabetes is kidney disease. This is called nephropathy. Excess glucose in the blood can damage the delicate blood vessels in the kidneys that filter the toxins from our bodies. When the kidneys aren't doing their job, toxins can build up in the blood. When you have type 2 diabetes, foot care so important to protect your feet. The long term complications of diabetes can cause neuropathy which in turn causes numbness and tingling in your feet. Neuropathy is nerve damage. If you have a cut or sore on your foot, you may not be able to feel it. This can increase your risk for infections in your feet. Signs of Neuropathy Neuropathy is a nerve disease that can occur as a complication of diabetes. Prolonged high blood sugars can put you at higher risk for developing neuropathy. Having diabetes for many years can also increase your risk. It's important to keep your blood glucose levels as near normal as possible to help prevent neuropathy. Taking Care

of Your Kidneys with Type 2 Diabetes Diabetes can affect kidney health. Kidneys perform a very special function. They filter the blood and and help your body excrete toxins. When you have diabetes, high blood sugar levels can damage the delicate structure of the kidneys, and over time they can become less able to filter properly. The New Threat of MRSA in Diabetic Foot Ulcers Diabetes can lead to increased risk for open sores, ulcers and infection. The ulcers and open sores that can occur in diabetic feet can put you at risk for contracting MRSA in addition to other infections. Diabetes and the Risk of Heart Attacks, Cardiac Arrest and Strokes Diabetes puts you at risk for many complications. There are those that progress slowly and those that can strike without warning. Cardiovascular complications can put you at risk for heart attacks, cardiac arrest and strokes. These are serious complications that require immediate emergency medical treatment. Type 2 Diabetes and the Risk of Tuberculosis What can you do, as a person with diabetes, to protect yourself from a disease like tuberculosis? Keep good control of your blood sugar levels. The risk of tuberculosis goes up when hyperglycemia is uncontrolled. Because tuberculosis is an airborne disease it is difficult to protect yourself from it. If an infected person coughs, sneezes or otherwise expels respiratory secretions into the air, it places others at risk for inhaling the droplets and contacting the disease. Diabetic retinopathy is a complication of diabetes. Between 12,000 to 24,000 new cases of blindness every year are attributed to diabetes. Diabetes increases a person's risk for various conditions, including heart disease, stroke, kidney damage and eye problems. High blood pressure itself increases these risks, too. Common Infections in Diabetes Infections are of particular concern for diabetics. People with diabetes are more susceptible to developing infections, as high blood sugar levels can weaken the patient's immune system defenses. In addition, some diabetes-related health issues increase the body's vulnerability to infection. Smoking and Diabetes - A Deadly Combination The list is long for reasons to stop smoking, especially if you have diabetes. Cigarettes cause all kinds of health troubles. There is an increased risk of cancer, emphysema, heart disease, and strokes. Add to that the increased risk for getting type 2 diabetes. The Connection Between Diabetes and Stroke A person with diabetes is at higher risk than others for stroke and other cardiovascular diseases. As with many of the health problems associated with diabetes, higher-than-normal blood glucose (blood sugar) levels are factors.

Treatments and prevents of diabetes

y Healthy Eating: Healthy eating reduces the risk for complications such as heart disease and stroke. Good choices include many foods, such as vegetables, whole grains, fruits, nonfat dairy products, beans, and lean meats, poultry and fish. There is no one perfect food, but watching portion sizes is key to a healthy diet. y Physical Activity: Regular physical activity can lower blood sugar levels. It can also help manage weight and reduce the risk of developing heart disease and high blood pressure. There are little things people with type 2 diabetes can do every day to be more active, such as walking with a friend or taking the stairs instead of the elevator. y Blood Sugar Monitoring: There are two tests for checking blood sugar. One test is the blood sugar monitoring that patients do on their own. It gives people with diabetes a check of their blood sugar level at the time the test is taken. The other one is called the A1C test. The A1C test shows a person's average blood sugar levels over the previous two to three months. Experts say that a good A1C goal is 6.5 percent or less for most people with type 2 diabetes. y Medicines: Most people with type 2 diabetes take medicine to help control their blood sugar levels. Many need more than one medicine to help treat the disease in different ways. For people with type 2 diabetes, it is important that they team up with their doctor or other health care professional and think of them as a partner. They should work with their health care team to make a plan to get their blood sugar under control

Conclusion
Diabetes is a dangerous disease. Usualy patient with diabetes visit the doctor after they get the complication from diabetes like blurry vision. Besides that, die not caused by diabetes but caused effect of diabetes. But, if diabetic stay in controlled, this disease cant give serious effect.