Bennett Kirschner 12/1/2011 ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY (5 of 19 Sources) 1. Becker, Marc.

"Correa, Indigenous Movements, and the Writing of a New Constitution in Ecuador." Latin American Perspectives 1st ser. 176.38 (2011): 47-62. Print.\ A chronicle of the political process through which the Ecuadorian Constitution of 2008 was drafted and ratified. Outlines the historical roles of such organizations as the Confederation of Indigenous Nationalities of Ecuador in fighting against neoliberal policies, a movement which has been rapidly gaining momentum in Ecuador since the early 1980s. The political career and policies of Ecuadors current President, Rafael Correa, is also explored in the piecehis relationship with the indigenous political movement is of utmost importance, as attempts to open indigenous properties to mining, privatize biodiversity, and increase petroleum extraction was believed by indigenous politicians to be an affront to their culture (58). Correas lukewarm support of Capitalist enterprises has been the primary source of this tension. The paper also outlines the role of such prominent indigenous figures as Hugo Cholango in the drafting process, and the policy changes demanded by the indigenous peoples that were entirely within the traditional framework of a Modern democratic state, including initiatives such as education and health care reform. Discusses the incorporation of Plurinationalist ideals into the Constitution, and the fundamental difference between Plurinationalism and Multiculturalism (54-56). In this vein, summarizes how and why the Constitution is a new form of a social contract that respects and harmonizes the rights of indigenous peoples and nationalities with the judicial structure and political force to recognize their status as political subjects with clear rights. 2. Clark, Kim. "Globalization Seen from the Margins: Indigenous Ecuadorians and the Politics of Place." Anthropoligica 39.1/2 (1997): 17-26. Print. Provides a vivid snapshot on the state of globalization and indigenous politics in Ecuador in 1997, shortly before the ratification of the Ecuadorian Constitution of 1998, the inadequacies of which prompted the eventual drafting of the 2008 Constitution. Discusses the general characteristics of economic globalization and how these trends have manifested themselves in the domestic politics of Ecuador. Describes the Ecuadorian economys reorientation away from an import-substitution model, and toward a model of primary product exports (19). Discusses the improving living standards in Ecuador between 1960 and 1980, and how this has led to higher social demands from usually politically reticent constituencies, including indigenous populations. Ironically, the rise in living standards was largely attributable to the globalization and industrialization of Ecuador, which became two of the policies to generate significant backlash from the general public. The drastic rise in poverty between 1980 and 1995by 1995, 40 percent of Ecuadors population was living below the poverty lineis explained as a direct result of neoliberal policies and a further prodding of a public with already diverse and sometimes radical political demands (20). Focuses both on the subordination of urban workers and indigenous communities, which have been subject to varying types of manipulation. Outlines the motivations for various grassroots indigenous movements

Bennett Kirschner 12/1/2011 throughout Ecuador: struggles over access to land, ethnic and political confrontations with mestizo groups, and the effort to obtain access to basic services and infrastructure (22). Discusses governmental efforts towards national incorporation through the erasing of ethnic differences and how these efforts simultaneously empowered and galvanized the indigenous peoples into involvement in the political sphere (23). For my paper, it offers extensive background on the policies amended by the 2008 Constitution and outlines the beginning of indigenous involvement in Ecuadorian politics. 3. Sawyer, Suzana. "Disabling Corporate Sovereignty in a Transnational Lawsuit." PoLAR: Political and Legal Anthropology Review 29.1 (2006): 23-43. Print. Discusses the origins of the Lago Agrio controversy and its legal proceedings since the initial lawsuit was filed by 30,000 Native Ecuadorians in 1993. Serves as an exemplary instance of the direct conflict between the neoliberal, globalist policies espoused by Rafael Correa and indigenous communities continuation of their intimate, reciprocal relationship with the land they reside on. This is perhaps the most extreme case of indigenous peoples taking direct action against a corporation through the Ecuadorian legal system in order to recover their lands to the greatest extent possible. Directly connects the Ecuadorian economic policies of the 1960s with the eventual inclusion of indigenous policies in the Ecuadorian democracy and the current volatility of the Ecuadorian economy and government. Texaco was first granted rights to the land by the Ecuadorian government in 1964, despite the fact that the area was inhabited and tended to by various indigenous communities. The presence of crude toxins in the Amazonian waters, which are used by indigenous peoples to bathe, wash clothes, fish and clean food, has resulted in widespread physical deformities, deaths and diseases among these peoples (26-28). Outlines the legal claims by both the plaintiffs and defendants, and what political and economic precedent stands to be encouraged depending on how the case is finally determined in Ecuadorian court (33). The interesting opposition between corporations as embodied natural entities which have inherent rights to prosper and the preservation of Nature serves as the fundamental conflict that has fueled much of the indigenous involvement in the Ecuadorian political sphere (34). 4. Vinueza, Jose A. "The Ecuadorian Indigenous Movement and the Gutirrez Regime: The Traps of Multiculturalism." PoLAR: Political and Legal Anthropology Review 28.1 (2005): 93-111. Print. Further outlines the differences between multiculturalism, interculturalism and plurinationalism, and discusses the interrelationships between these ideologies and the indigenous movements relationship with each of them. Explains the process by which other entities, including the Ecuadorian state, international development agencies, and even transnational corporations adopted and deliberately misconstrued these ideals in order to further their own private interestsa movement led by Lucio Gutierrez, President of Ecuador between 2003 and 2005. Written three years before the ratification of the 2008 Constitution, this paper explores the internal rifts within the indigenous movement caused by the intrusion of these political entities that have traditionally been opposed to the ultimate objectives of the Ecuadorian indigenous movement. The

Bennett Kirschner 12/1/2011 governments strategy to exclude indigenous peoples from national-level decision making regarding the distribution of economic resources is a notable predecessor to the 2008 Constitution and a central focus of this paper (94). By reducing multiculturalism a mere component of economic development (a strategy very akin to that discussed by Povinelli), the Ecuadorian government sought to legitimize indigenous peoples demands for full recognition only within the limited vocabulary of a continually industrializing nation. Outlines the effect that the indigenous demand for national pluralism has had on public discourse in Ecuador (96). After extensive exploration of the relationship between globalization and grassroots movements in Ecuadorboth among the traditional working class and more rural indigenous peoplesVinueza ends by positing that neoliberalism does not coincide with nationalist agendas or radical culturalism and proposing a few alternatives to the continuation of Ecuadors ongoing economic and political modernization (106). 5. Zachos, Frank E., and Jan Christian. Habel. Biodiversity Hotspots: Distribution and Protection of Conservation Priority Areas. Heidelberg: Springer, 2011. Print. Outlines new approaches [in Ecuador] towards sustainable development with a particular focus on biodiversity conservation and environmental protection (435). Discusses the renewed emphasis on conservation that has such a prominent role in the 2008 Constitution, and what changes to governmental policies this emphasis has fomented. The traditional indigenous notion of Sumak Kawsay, or harmony dialogue and equitybetween humankind and nature, is identified as an influential feature of the new Constitution and a way of life directly opposed to tendencies characteristic of modernization (443). The paper focuses particularly on the Ecuadorian Constitutions recognition of Nature as a subject of rights and legal legitimacy and how this novel sentiment has directly altered the general trajectory of the Ecuadorian political and economic spheres (445). Since the ratification of the Constitution, several practical protectionist and conservationist measures such as the Yasuni-ITT Initiative have been enacted by the Ecuadorian government, serving to curtail continued industrialization and guarantee the health of national forests and biodiversity for years to come (446-448).