MuscleMetabolism

AtifHassanKhirelsied,B.Sc.,M.Sc.,Ph.D. DepartmentofBiochemistry

FacultyofMedicine Faculty of Medicine InternationalUniversityofAfrica,Khartoum,Sudan

MuscleTissue Muscle Tissue

Aprimarymuscletypes:
skeletal muscle cardiac muscle smooth muscle

FunctionsofSkeletalMuscles Functions of Skeletal Muscles

1. 2. 3. 4. 4 Movement Supportsofttissues Guardbodyopenings Maintainbodytemperature Maintain body temperature

TypesofSkeletalMuscleFibers Types of Skeletal Muscle Fibers

1. Fastfibers 2. Slowfibers 3. Intermediatefibers

Whitemusclefibers
1. Fast twitch 2. 2 Large diameter used for speed and strength diameter, strength. 3. Depends on the phosphagen system and on glycolysis-lactic acid. 4. Stores glycogen for conversion to glucose. 5. 5 Fewer blood vessels vessels. 6. Little or no myoglobin.

Redmusclefibers
1. Slow twitch. 2. 2 Small diameter, used for endurance. diameter endurance 3. Depends on aerobic metabolism. 4. Utilize fats as well as glucose. 5. Little l 5 Littl glycogen storage. t 6. Many blood vessels and much myoglobin give this muscle its reddish appearance.

FastversusSlowFibers Fast versus Slow Fibers

MuscleMetabolism Energy for Contraction Muscle Metabolism =EnergyforContraction

ATP iis th immediate source of energy for muscle contraction. the i di t f f l t ti

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AtifH.Khirelsied

Muscle Metabolism
ATP is necessary f muscle contraction and i for l t ti d relaxation.
M osin ATPase Myosin ATPase, Ca2+ ATPase in the SR membrane, N +/K+ ATP Na ATPase i th sarcolemma in the l

Muscle Metabolism
M l t i ll t Musclestypicallystore; Limitedamounts ofATP. Ceatine phosphate). Glycogen.

Production of ATP during muscles contraction g

Fuel utilization during exercise g

Severalfactorsinterplaytodeterminewhatfuelis S lf i l d i h f li utilized: 1. thetypeofmusclefibreinvolved; 1 the type of muscle fibre involved; 2. theamountoffuelstored(glycogen); 3. thetransportoffueltothemuscle; 3 the transport of fuel to the muscle; 4. theavailabilityofoxygenforthemuscle; 5. the intensity of the exercise; theintensityoftheexercise; 6. thedurationoftheexercise.

Fuel utilization during exercise

Phosphocreatine
DuringexerciseATPcanbeusedfasterthancangenerated byrespiration.

Phosphocreatine:toregenerateATPfromADP Phosphocreatinelevelsare3XATP

Typeoffibreandfuelused Type of fibre and fuel used

Allfibretypescanusephosphocreatine,particularly typeIIBfibreswhichalsoconvertglycogentolactic acid. id IntypeIandIIAfibres,mostoftheglycogenis completelyoxidizedbutthereisstillalargecapacityto convertglycogentolacticacidtogenerateextraATP,if itisrequired.

Glycogenolysis andanaerobicglycolysis
The fate of the glycogen will depend, however, on the Thefateoftheglycogenwilldepend,however,onthe intensityoftheexerciseandthesupplyofoxygen. Duringstrenuousexercise,ATPisderivedfromanaerobic glycogendegradation. glycogen degradation Although glucose can be converted to lactic acid to generate Althoughglucosecanbeconvertedtolacticacidtogenerate ATP,thecapacityofthisprocessislimitedbytheactivityof hexokinase. hexokinase

Glycogenolysisandanaerobicglycolysis

Transportofthefueltothemuscle p
Bloodbornefuelsareglucose,whichisderivedfromliver glycogen,andfattyacidsderivedfromadiposetissue. Uptakeoffuelsdependson: 1. theflowofbloodthroughthemuscle, g , 2. theconcentrationofthefuelintheblood 3. andthedemandforATPwithinthemuscle. 3 and the demand for ATP within the muscle Duringsustainedexercisetheflowofbloodandfuel During sustained exercise the flo of blood and f el utilizationincreaseupto50fold.

Oxygensupplytothemuscle yg pp y
Theavailabilityofoxygeniscruciallyimportantfor generationofATP. ATPmoleculesgeneratedfromaerobicoxidationof glucoseistenfoldgreaterthanthatfromanaerobic glycogenolysis andglycolysis. Oxygenavailabilityisthemajorfactorlimiting performanceinathleticevents.

Oxygensupplytothemuscle
Oxygensupplytothemusclesdependsonthefollowing factors:
1. 2. 3. 4. Theflowofbloodthroughthemuscle Thenumberandsizeofcapillariesthatsupplyeachfibre The number and size of capillaries that supply each fibre Theconcentration(partialpressure)ofoxygenintheblood. Theuptakeofoxygenfromtheairinthealveoliofthelung; The uptake of oxygen from the air in the alveoli of the lung; thiscanbereducedbyaltitude,pollutionandinpatients(e.g. emphysema). Thenumberoferythrocytesintheblood. Blood Thevolumeoftheblood. doping Theconcentrationintheerythrocytesof2,3 bisphosphoglycerate

5. 6. 7.

Durationofexercise
Asthedurationoflowintensityexerciseincreases,the contributionoffatoxidationtoATPgenerationrisesand parallelsthereducedcontributionofglycogen Forveryprolongedactivities,whenallthemuscleandliver yp g , glycogenhasbeenused,fattyacidsbecometheonlyfuel available.

Estimatesofpercentagecontributionofglucose,glycogenand fattyacidstoATPgenerationoverfourhoursofphysicalactivity

Intensityofexercise
Asintensityincreases,thecontributionsofbloodglucose andglycogentoATPgenerationincrease. Aboveabout50%ofmaximumpoweroutput,therateof gy g glycogenutilizationincreasesalmostexponentially p y (glycogenisconvertedtolacticacidatanincreasingrate)

Coriscycle(Glucoselactate)cycle

Laurence A. Moran. Some of the text is from Principles of Biochemistry 4th ed. Pearson/Prentice Hal

Fuelsforvariousathleticeventsandgames
Sprinting
Only two fuels are used during the 100 m sprint glycogen Onlytwofuelsareusedduringthe100msprint andphosphocreatine. Asthedistanceextendsto400m,aerobicoxidationoccurs, producingabout25%oftheATPgeneratedinthisevent. producing about 25% of the ATP generated in this event Some of the oxygen required comes from oxymyoglobin that Someoftheoxygenrequiredcomesfromoxymyoglobin that ispresentinthemuscle

Fuelsforvariousathleticeventsandgames
Themarathon
Afullmarathon(42.2km)requirestheoxidationofabout f ll h ( k ) i h id i f b 700gofglycogen. Onlyabout500gcanbestoredinthebody,thereforefatty acidareoxidizedtosupplement. Slowpaceattheearlypartoftherun,enableuseofboth glycogenandfattyacidsbythemuscle(avoidglycogen depletion).

Fuelsforvariousathleticeventsandgames
Themarathon
Afterseveralhours,glycogenisexhaustedandfattyacids aretheonlyfuelused. Asfattyacidoxidationcannotprovidemorethanabout 60%oftheATPrequiredformaximumpoweroutput(i.e. thepace)mustslow. Hencetherateofoxygenconsumption(VO2)fallstoabout yg p ( ) 60%ofmaximum.

Muscle fatigue
Physiologicalinabilitytocontract. Results primarily from a relative deficit of Resultsprimarilyfromarelativedeficitof ATP. Othercontributingfactorsincludethe g decreaseinsarcoplasmic pH?,increased sarcoplasmic [ADP] and ionic imbalances [ADP],andionicimbalances.

Oxygen debt
Referstothepostexercisebreathingrate>>>resting R f t th t i b thi t ti breathingrate Servesmanytasks:
Replenishtheglycogenstores Replenish ATP and phosphagen system ReplenishATPandphosphagen Convertlacticacidbacktoglucose Power the Na+/K+ pump (restore resting ionic conditions) PowertheNa+/K+pump(restorerestingionicconditions).

Oxygen debt

DopinginSport
AtifHassanKhirelsied,B.Sc.,M.Sc.,Ph.D. DepartmentofBiochemistry

FacultyofMedicine Faculty of Medicine InternationalUniversityofAfrica,Khartoum,Sudan

Doping p g
Bydefinition,dopingistheuseofanyprohibited By definition, doping is the use of any prohibited compoundormethodinordertogainacompetitive advantage. g Thetypeofcompoundchosendependsonthetypeof activity.

Doping p g
Therearemanyethicalwaystogainacompetitive advantageinsport. Waysofimprovingperformanceinclude: 1. 1 superiortraining, i t i i 2. improveddiet, 3. nutritionalsupplementation, 3 nutritional supplementation 4. betterrest,physicaltherapy, 5. stretching, 5 stretching 6. andahostofsportspsychologytechniques.

The amphetamines doping p p g

Usingartificialstimulants,suchasamphetamines,to Ui tifi i l ti l t h h t i t allowhimtoridelonger,higher,andfaster.

Undertheinfluenceofamphetamines,humanscan Under the influence of amphetamines, humans can createanoxygendebtthattheycannotrepay.

Amphetaminesallowhumanstodosomethingthathorses p g candorunthemselvestodeath

The anabolic steroid doping p g

Drugsthatmimictheeffectsoftestosterone and dihydrotestosterone inthebody. Theyincreaseproteinsynthesiswithincells,which resultsinthebuildupofmuscles. l i h b ild f l Theuseofanabolicsteroidsiscommoninpowersports, The use of anabolic steroids is common in power sports suchaspowerliftingandsprinting.

Doping p g
CanadiansprinterBen Johnsonwasdisqualified forsteroiduseafter1988 OlympicGames100 Olympic Games 100 meterdash.

The most common doping practices p gp

Testosterone isalsousedtohelprecoveryafter exercise. Extratestosteronehelpssuchathletesbereadyto trainhardagainthenextday. train hard again the next day

Astestosteroneisanaturalhormone,detectingits useisdifficult.

The blood doping practices

Getmoreoxygencarryingcapacity. Get more oxygen carrying capacity Trainingataltitude isthefavoritetechniquetoget Training at altitude is the favorite technique to get moreredbloodcells. Blooddoping: removingsomeoftheathletesblood andstoringtheRBCs. Then,justbeforethecompetition,theathletehashis orherownstoredRBCsreinjected

The blood doping practices

Risks,itleadstotoothickblood. Risks it leads to too thick blood Deathduringcompetitionsfromheartfailurescaused Death during competitions from heart failures caused bythickblood. Inthelate1980s,anothertechniquewas theuseof recombinanterythropoietin (EPO). y p ( ) Morethan20athletesdiedwhileusingEPO