The Inverter

Logic Gates

The inverter (NOT circuit) performs the operation called inversion or complementation. Standard logic symbols:
1 input output input 1 output

11 !"#$%! 2555
1 2

Inverter Truth Table & Logic Expression

Input LOW (0) Output
0 1

The AND Gate & Its Operation

!

The AND gate is composed of two or more inputs and a single output.
A A X B & X

HIGH (1)
1 0
!

HIGH (1)

LOW (0)

For a 2-input AND gate:

"

Output X is HIGH only when inputs A and B are HIGH X is LOW when either A or B is LOW, or when both A and B are LOW.
4

X=A

"

AND Gate Truth Table

INPUTS A 0 0 1 1
!

A B

AND Gate Logic Expressions

!

OUTPUT B 0 1 0 1 X 0 0 0 1

Use either:
" "

X = A ! B ,or X = AB

A B

If there are more than 2 inputs, do as below:

A B C

The total number of possible combinations of binary inputs to a gate is determined by:
! ! N= 2n

X= ABC

Therefore:
" " "

2 bits (n=2) = 4 combinations 3 bits = 8 combinations 4 bits = 16 combinations

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A B C D

X= ABCD

The OR Gate
!

OR Gate Truth Table

A B X

Like AND gate, an OR gate has two or more inputs and one output.
A B X B A "1 X

INPUTS A 0 B 0 1 0 1

OUTPUT X 0 1 1 1

For a 2-input OR gate:

"

0 1 1

output X is HIGH when either input A or input B is HIGH, or when both A and B are HIGH. X is LOW only when both A and B are LOW.
7

"

OR Gate Logic Expressions

!

The NAND Gate

!

Use the operator + for OR operation

" "

X=A+B If there are more than 2 inputs, do as below:

A B

NAND = NOT-AND
X A B

A
X

&

A B C

X= A+B+C

For a 2-input NAND gate:

"

Output X is LOW only when inputs A and B are HIGH X is HIGH when either A or B is LOW, or when both A and B are LOW

A B C D

X= A+B+C+D

"

10

NAND Gate Truth Table & Logic Expression

A B X

Negative-OR Equivalent Op of a NAND

!

INPUTS A 0 0 1 1
!

OUTPUT B 0 1 0 1 X 1 1 1 0

For a 2-input NAND gate performing a negative-OR operation

"

Output X is HIGH when either input A or input B is LOW or when both A and B are LOW

The Boolean expression for the output of a 2-input NAND gate is ! ! ! X = AB

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NAND

Negative-OR

! !

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The NOR Gate

!

NOR Gate Truth Table & Logic Expression

A B X

NOR = NOT-OR
A B X A B

A
X

INPUTS
"1 X

OUTPUT B 0 1 0 1 X 1 0 0 0

A 0 0 1 1

For a 2-input NOR gate:

"

Output X is LOW when either input A or input B is HIGH, or when both A and B are HIGH X is HIGH only when both A and B are LOW

"

The Boolean expression for the output of a 2-input NOR gate is ! ! ! X = A+B
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! !
13

Negative-AND Equivalent Op of a NOR

!

The XOR and XNOR Gates

Exclusive-OR and Exclusive-NOR gates are formed by a combination of other gates already discussed. Because of their fundamental importance in many applications, these gates are often treated as basic logic elements with their own unique symbols.

For a 2-input NOR gate performing a negative-AND operation

"

Output X is HIGH only when both inputs A and B are LOW

NOR

Negative-AND

15

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The XOR Gate

A X B B A =1 X

XOR Gate Truth Table & Logic Expression

A B X

INPUTS A B 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 1
!

OUTPUT X 0 1 1 0

For a 2-input exclusive-OR gate:

"

Output X is HIGH when input A is LOW and input B is HIGH, or when input A is HIGH and input B is LOW X is LOW when A and B are both HIGH and both LOW

"

The Boolean expression for the output of a 2-input XOR gate is ! ! ! X = A+B
18

! !
17

The XNOR Gate

A X B B A =1 X

XNOR Gate Truth Table & Logic Expression

A B X

INPUTS A B 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 1
!

OUTPUT X 1 0 0 1

For a 2-input exclusive-NOR gate:

"

Output X is LOW when input A is LOW and input B is HIGH, or when input A is HIGH and input B is LOW X is HIGH when A and B are both HIGH and both LOW

"

The Boolean expression for the output of a 2-input XNOR gate is ! ! ! X = A+B
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! !
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