Older Twisters

She sells sea shells by the sea shore. The shells she sells are surely seashells. So if she sells shells on the seashore, I'm sure she sells seashore shells. Peter Piper picked a peck of pickled peppers. Did Peter Piper pick a peck of pickled peppers? If Peter Piper picked a peck of pickled peppers, where's the peck of pickled peppers Peter Piper picked? She sells sea shells by the sea shore. The shells she sells are surely seashells. So if she sells shells on the seashore, I'm sure she sells seashore shells. How much wood would a woodchuck chuck if a woodchuck could chuck wood? He would chuck, he would, as much as he could, and chuck as much wood as a woodchuck would if a woodchuck could chuck wood. Betty Botter had some butter, "But," she said, "this butter's bitter. If I bake this bitter butter, it would make my batter bitter. But a bit of better butter-that would make my batter better." So she bought a bit of butter, better than her bitter butter, and she baked it in her batter, and the batter was not bitter. So 'twas better Betty Botter bought a bit of better butter. One smart fellow, he felt smart. Two smart fellows, they felt smart. Three smart fellows, they all felt smart. A Tudor who tooted a flute tried to tutor two tooters to toot. Said the two to their tutor, "Is it harder to toot or to tutor two tooters to toot?"

I am not the pheasant plucker, I'm the pheasant plucker's mate. I am only plucking pheasants 'cause the pheasant plucker's running late. A flea and a fly flew up in a flue. Said the flea, "Let us fly!" Said the fly, "Let us flee!" So they flew through a flaw in the flue. A bitter biting bittern Bit a better brother bittern, And the bitter better bittern Bit the bitter biter back. And the bitter bittern, bitten, By the better bitten bittern, Said: "I'm a bitter biter bit, alack!" Mr. See owned a saw. And Mr. Soar owned a seesaw. Now See's saw sawed Soar's seesaw Before Soar saw See, Which made Soar sore. Had Soar seen See's saw Before See sawed Soar's seesaw, See's saw would not have sawed Soar's seesaw. So See's saw sawed Soar's seesaw. But it was sad to see Soar so sore Just because See's saw sawed Soar's seesaw! I cannot bear to see a bear Bear down upon a hare. When bare of hair he strips the hare, Right there I cry, "Forbear!" I need not your needles, they're needless to me; For kneading of noodles, 'twere needless, you see; But did my neat knickers but need to be kneed, I then should have need of your needles indeed. How much wood would a woodchuck chuck if a woodchuck could chuck wood? He would chuck, he would, as much as he could, How much wood would a woodchuck chuck

if a woodchuck could chuck wood? He would chuck, he would, as much as he could, and chuck as much wood as a woodchuck would if a woodchuck could chuck wood. A tree toad loved a she-toad Who lived up in a tree. He was a two-toed tree toad But a three-toed toad was she. The two-toed tree toad tried to win The three-toed she-toad's heart, For the two-toed tree toad loved the ground That the three-toed tree toad trod. But the two-toed tree toad tried in vain. He couldn't please her whim. From her tree toad bower With her three-toed power The she-toad vetoed him. You've no need to light a night-light On a light night like tonight, For a night-light's light's a slight light, And tonight's a night that's light. When a night's light, like tonight's light, It is really not quite right To light night-lights with their slight lights On a light night like tonight. Say this sharply, say this sweetly, Say this shortly, say this softly. Say this sixteen times in succession. Silly Sally swiftly shooed seven silly sheep. The seven silly sheep Silly Sally shooed shilly-shallied south. These sheep shouldn't sleep in a shack; sheep should sleep in a shed.

Of all the felt I ever felt, I never felt a piece of felt which felt as fine as that felt felt, when first I felt that felt hat's felt.

Swan swam over the sea,

Swan swam over the sea, Swim, swan, swim! Swan swam back again Well swum, swan!

I thought a thought. But the thought I thought wasn't the thought I thought I thought.

Susan shineth shoes and socks; socks and shoes shines Susan. She ceased shining shoes and socks, for shoes and socks shock Susan.

When a twister a-twisting will twist him a twist, For the twisting of his twist, he three twines doth intwist; But if one of the twines of the twist do untwist, The twine that untwisteth untwisteth the twist. Untwirling the twine that untwisteth between, He twirls, with his twister, the two in a twine; Then twice having twisted the twines of the twine, He twitcheth the twice he had twined in twain. The twain that in twining before in the twine, As twines were intwisted he now doth untwine; Twist the twain inter-twisting a twine more between, He, twirling his twister, makes a twist of the twine.

If one doctor doctors another doctor, does the doctor who doctors the doctor doctor the doctor the way the doctor he is doctoring doctors? Or does he doctor the doctor the way the doctor who doctors doctors?

A big black bug bit a big black bear, made the big black bear bleed blood.

"Surely Sylvia swims!" shrieked Sammy, surprised. "Someone should show Sylvia some strokes so she shall not sink."

A big black bug bit a big black bear, made the big black bear bleed blood.

If Stu chews shoes, should Stu choose the shoes he chews?

What a shame such a shapely sash should such shabby stitches show.

The seething seas ceaseth and twiceth the seething seas sufficeth us.

Two Truckee truckers truculently truckling to have truck to truck two trucks of truck. Give me the gift of a grip top sock: a drip-drape, ship-shape, tip-top sock.

While we were walking, we were watching window washers wash Washington's windows with warm washing water.

I saw Esau kissing Kate. I saw Esau, he saw me, and she saw I saw Esau.

The crow flew over the river with a lump of raw liver.

Who washed Washington's white woolen underwear when Washington's washer woman went west?

The sawingest saw I ever saw saw was the saw I saw saw in Arkansas.

A skunk sat on a stump and thunk the stump stunk, but the stump thunk the skunk stunk.

Can you imagine an imaginary menagerie manager imagining managing an imaginary menagerie?

A lusty lady loved a lawyer and longed to lure him from his laboratory.

Sarah saw a shot-silk sash shop full of shot-silk sashes as the sunshine shone on the side of the shot-silk sash shop.

Three gray geese in the green grass grazing. Gray were the geese and green was the grass.

A pleasant place to place a plaice is a place where a plaice is pleased to be placed.

Strict strong stringy Stephen Stretch slickly snared six sickly silky snakes.

My dame hath a lame tame crane, My dame hath a crane that is lame.

Ruby Rugby's brother bought and brought her back some rubber baby-buggy bumpers.

Brisk brave brigadiers brandished broad bright blades, blunderbusses, and bludgeons -- balancing them badly.

They have left the thriftshop, and lost both their theatre tickets and the volume of valuable licenses and coupons for free theatrical frills and thrills. Amidst the mists and coldest frosts, with stoutest wrists and loudest boasts, he thrusts his fist against the posts and still insists he sees the ghosts.

Whereat with blade, with bloody, blameful blade, he bravely broached his boiling bloody breast.

She stood on the balcony inexplicably mimicing him hiccupping, and amicably welcoming him home.

On mules we find two legs behind and two we find before. We stand behind before we find what those behind be for.

One-One was a racehorse. Two-Two was one, too. When One-One won one race, Two-Two won one, too.

Pick a partner and practice passing, for if you pass proficiently, perhaps you'll play professionally.

Once upon a barren moor There dwelt a bear, also a boar. The bear could not bear the boar. The boar thought the bear a bore. At last the bear could bear no more Of that boar that bored him on the moor, And so one morn he bored the boar-That boar will bore the bear no more.

If a Hottentot taught a Hottentot tot To talk ere the tot could totter, Ought the Hottenton tot Be taught to say aught, or naught, Or what ought to be taught her? If to hoot and to toot a Hottentot tot Be taught by her Hottentot tutor, Ought the tutor get hot

If the Hottentot tot Hoot and toot at her Hottentot tutor?

Sarah sitting in her Chevrolet, All she does is sits and shifts, All she does is sits and shifts.

Ned Nott was shot and Sam Shott was not. So it is better to be Shott than Nott. Some say Nott was not shot. But Shott says he shot Nott. Either the shot Shott shot at Nott was not shot, (or) Nott was shot. If the shot Shott shot shot Nott, Nott was shot. But if the shot Shott shot shot Shott, then Shott was shot, not Nott. However, the shot Shott shot shot not Shott -but Nott.

There was a young fisher named Fischer Who fished for a fish in a fissure. The fish with a grin, Pulled the fisherman in; Now they're fishing the fissure for Fischer.

Pretty Kitty Creighton had a cotton batten cat. The cotton batten cat was bitten by a rat. The kitten that was bitten had a button for an eye, And biting off the button made the cotton batten fly.

Suddenly swerving, seven small swans Swam silently southward, Seeing six swift sailboats Sailing sedately seaward.

If you stick a stock of liquor in your locker, It's slick to stick a lock upon your stock, Or some stickler who is slicker Will stick you of your liquor If you fail to lock your liquor With a lock!

Theophiles Thistle, the successful thistle-sifter, in sifting a sieve full of un-sifted thistles, thrust three thousand thistles through the thick of his thumb.

Now.....if Theophiles Thistle, the successful thistle-sifter, in sifting a sieve full of un-sifted thistles, thrust three thousand thistles through the thick of his thumb, see that thou, in sifting a sieve full of un-sifted thistles, thrust not three thousand thistles through the thick of thy thumb. Red lorry, yellow lorry, red lorry, yellow lorry.

Unique New York.

Three free throws.

Which wristwatches are Swiss wristwatches?

Lesser leather never weathered wetter weather better.

Six sick slick slim sycamore saplings.

A box of biscuits, a batch of mixed biscuits

Six thick thistle sticks. Six thick thistles stick.

Is this your sister's sixth zither, sir?

The sixth sick sheik's sixth sheep's sick.

Toy boat. Toy boat. Toy boat.

Pope Sixtus VI's six texts.

I slit the sheet, the sheet I slit, and on the slitted sheet I sit.

Mrs. Smith's Fish Sauce Shop.

Sam's shop stocks short spotted socks.

Tragedy strategy.

Selfish shellfish.

Inchworms itching.

A noisy noise annoys an oyster.

The myth of Miss Muffet.

Shredded Swiss chesse.

The soldiers shouldered shooters on their shoulders.

Two toads, totally tired.

Freshly-fried flying fish.

Just think, that sphinx has a sphincter that stinks!

Strange strategic statistics.

Hi-Tech Traveling Tractor Trailor Truck Tracker

Success to the successful thistle-sifter!

Thank the other three brothers of their father's mother's brother's side.

They both, though, have thirty-three thick thimbles to thaw.

Irish wristwatch.

Fred fed Ted bread, and Ted fed Fred bread.

Cows graze in groves on grass which grows in grooves in groves.

The ochre ogre ogled the poker. Six slippery snails, slid slowly seaward. Brad's big black bath brush broke.

Thieves seize skis.

Chop shops stock chops.

Three twigs twined tightly.

Will you, William?

Mix, Miss Mix!

Kris Kringle carefully crunched on candy canes.

Please pay promptly.

Shelter for six sick scenic sightseers.

Listen to the local yokel yodel.

Give Mr. Snipa's wife's knife a swipe.

What time does the wristwatch strap shop shut?

Friendly Frank flips fine flapjacks.

Vincent vowed vengence very vehemently.

Cheap ship trip.

Flee from fog to fight flu fast!

Lovely lemon liniment.

Gertie's great-grandma grew aghast at Gertie's grammar.

Tim, the thin twin tinsmith

Fat frogs flying past fast.

Greek grapes.

The boot black bought the black boot back.

Black bug's blood.

Flash message!

Freshly fried fresh flesh.

Pacific Lithograph.

Six twin screwed steel steam cruisers.

Preshrunk silk shirts

A bloke's back bike brake block broke.

I correctly recollect Rebecca MacGregor's reckoning.

Good blood, bad blood.

Quick kiss. Quicker kiss.

Many an anemone sees an enemy anemone.

Nine nice night nurses nursing nicely.

Peggy Babcock.

Cedar shingles should be shaved and saved.

Lily ladles little Letty's lentil soup.

Girl gargoyle, guy gargoyle.

Plague-bearing prairie dogs.

Ed had edited it.

She sifted thistles through her thistle-sifter.

Twelve twins twirled twelve twigs.

Shy Shelly says she shall sew sheets.

Are our oars oak?

Truly rural.

The blue bluebird blinks.

Betty and Bob brought back blue balloons from the big bazaar.

The Leith police dismisseth us.

Six shimmering sharks sharply striking shins.

The epitome of femininity.

Crisp crusts crackle crunchily.

Give papa a cup of proper coffee in a copper coffee cup.

Six sharp smart sharks.

Sure the ship's shipshape, sir.

Betty better butter Brad's bread.

We surely shall see the sun shine soon.

Moose noshing much mush.

Sly Sam slurps Sally's soup.

Six short slow shepherds.

Six sticky sucker sticks.

Don't pamper damp scamp tramps that camp under ramp lamps.

Which witch wished which wicked wish?

Old oily Ollie oils old oily autos.

The two-twenty-two train tore through the tunnel. The big blacks spider bleed black blood What noise annoys an oyster? Any noise annoys and oyster! but an noisy noise annoy an oyster most! Simple Ceasar sipped his snifter, seized his knees and sneezed Proper,copper,coffee pot (10X) Red lorry yellow lorry a box of biscuits a box of mixed biscuits and a biscuit mixer what noise annoys an oyster? Any noise annoys an oyster! but an noisy noise annoys an oyster most! but who makes an noisy noise just to annoy an oyster? nobody makes a noisy noise just to annoy an oyster! so no oyster gets annoyed anymore! What noise annoys an oyster? Any noise annoys and oyster! but an noisy noise annoy an oyster most! red bloodcells white bloodcells sammy saw the see, slippery, silvery, as can be. Simple Ceasar sipped his snifter, seized his knees and sneezed. big boy blew a big balloon Betty bought butter but the butter was bitter so Betty bought better butter to make the bitter butter better fuzzy yazzy was a bear,fuzzy yazzy had no hair fuzzy yazzy wasent fuzzy was he? Simple Ceasar sipped his snifter, seized his knees and sneezed. The cat in the hat had a big fat hat to hit the other cat with the funny fat hat. she sells seashells by the seashore

Black Bugs blood Three thousand feathers on a thrushes throat - Mon Nov 10 2003 - Recent Addtions Start here - September 2005 add the big black spider bleed black blood - Mon Aug 04 2003 Black Bugs blood - Wed Oct 01 2003 Three thousand feathers on a thrushes throat - Mon Nov 10 2003 she sells seashells by the seashore - Tue Nov 18 2003 Betty bought butter but the butter was bitter so Betty bought better butter to make the bitter butter better - Wed Jan 21 2004 What noise annoys an oyster? Any noise annoys and oyster! but an noisy noise annoy an oyster most! - Mon Jan 26 2004 big boy blew big balloon - Mon Jan 26 2004 Simple Ceasar sipped his snifter, seized his knees and sneezed. - Sat Feb 21 2004 sammy saw the see, slippery, silvery, as can be. - Fri Mar 12 2004 She Shlit the sheets so she could sleep but shlit the sheets she could not sit on the shlited seats. Fri Mar 19 2004 red bloodcells white bloodcells - Fri Mar 26 2004 what noise annoys an oyster? Any noise annoys an oyster! but an noisy noise annoys an oyster most! but who makes an noisy noise just to annoy an ayster? nobody makes a noisy noise just to annoy an oyster! so no oyster gets annoyed anymore! - Sat Mar 27 2004 what noise annoys an oyster? Any noise annoys an oyster! but an noisy noise annoys an oyster most! but who makes an noisy noise just to annoy an oyster? nobody makes a noisy noise just to annoy an oyster! so no oyster gets annoyed anymore! - Sat Mar 27 2004 a box of biscuits a box of mixed biscuits and a biscuit mixer - Sun Apr 11 2004 What would a woodchuck chop if a woodchuck could chop wood If the woodchuck could chp wood how much wood would the woodchuck chop? - Mon Apr 12 2004 Red lorry yellow lorry - Fri Apr 16 2004 Proper,copper,coffee pot(10X) - Fri Apr 16 2004

Round the rugged rock, the ragged rascal ran. - Thu May 06 2004 The Big Black Bug Bled Big Black Blood - Thu Jun 17 2004 Toy boats. Easy, huh? :-) Toy boats Toy boats Toy boats Toy boats Toy boats Toy boats :-P Johanna, NZ - Sun Jul 04 2004 I slit a sheet A sheet I slit Upon the slitted sheet I sit - Sun Jul 25 2004 Whether the weather be cold Or whether the weather be hot We'll be together whatever the weather, whether we like it or not - Sun Jul 25 2004 What'd do to die today at a minute or two till two A thing distinctly hard to say, but harder still to do There'll be a tatoo at a twenty till two With a rat-ta-ta-tat-ta-ta-tat-ta-ta-to And the dragon will come When he hears the drum At a minute or two till two today At a minute or two till two - Sun Jul 25 2004 i saw a ship in sight (x10) - Mon Aug 23 2004 Many megalomaniacal mothers mashing miserable marsupials. - Sun Sep 05 2004 a lovely large labrador licked linda lovingly a nice moose maried a nice mouse - Mon Sep 20 2004 GOTHY GOTH WAS A GOTHY GOTH WHO LIKED TO GOTH WITH OTHER GOTHY GOTHS WHO GOTHED AROUND OTHER GOTHETY GOTHS'S GOTHS - Fri Oct 01 2004 RED LEATHER YELLOW LEATHER. - Sun Oct 03 2004 red leather, yellow leather x 5 - Wed Oct 20 2004 round the rugged rock the ragged rascal ran - Wed Oct 20 2004 Betty bought butter, but the butter was bitter so Betty bought better butter to make the bitter butter - Wed Oct 20 2004 the big brown bear was biking backwards with a big blue balloon on the back of the bike. - Thu Oct 21 2004 Pitongput pitong puting putong patong-patong - Sat Nov 20 2004 A cricket critic - the hardest one I have come across Swim Sam swim, show them you're some swimmer. Swim like the snow white swans swam, you know how the snow white swans swam. Six sharp shimmering sharks will snap you limb from limb. So stike out swiftly for the shore and swim Sam swim. Thirty thousand feathers on a thrushes throat. - Mon Dec 27 2004

A cricket critic - the hardest one I have come across Swim Sam swim, show them you're some swimmer. Swim like the snow white swans swam, you know how the snow white swans swam. Six sharp shimmering sharks will snap you limb from limb. So stike out swiftly for the shore and swim Sam swim. Thirty thousand feathers on a thrushes throat. - Mon Dec 27 2004what noise annoys an oyster? a noisy noise annoys an oyster - Wed Jan 05 2005 The Big Black Bug Bit the Big Black bear and the Big Black Bear Bled Blood. The dirty sheet is slit; who slit the dirty sheet? whoever slit the sheet is a dirty sheet slitter - Sat Jan 15 2005 the six sleek swans swam swiftly southwards - Thu Jan 20 2005 a pitcher named pitcher was pitched by a pitcher named pitcher that wished to pitch the pitcher pitched by another pitcher - Sun Feb 13 2005 Three witches watch three Swatch watches. Which witch watchs which Swatch watch? - Wed Mar 16 2005 Seven witches watch swatch watches. Which witch watches which swatch watch? - Wed Apr 06 2005 Six silly sisters sell silk to six silly seniors - Thu Apr 21 2005 Red Leather, Yellow Leather. - Mon May 16 2005 moses supposes his toeses are roses but moses supposes eroneously for nobodys toeses are posies for roses as moses supposes his toeses to be - Tue Jun 07 2005 Any noise annoys an oyster, but a noisy noise annoys an oyster more. - Fri Jun 10 2005 A big black bug bit a big black bear and the big black bear blead blood - Tue Sep 13 2005 BETTY BOUGHT SOME BUTTER' BUT THE BUTTER BETTY BOUGHT WAS BITTER. SO BETTY BOUGHT SOME BETTER . AND THE BETTER BUTTER BETTY BOUGH,WAS BETTER THAN THE BETTER BUTTER BETTY BOUGHT BEFORE. - Sun Oct 23 2005 a big black bear bit my bitter black shoe. was the bitter black bear bitter then my bitter bear that bit my black shoe!? - Thu Dec 01 2005 three sharp sharks showered in a shiny bathroom by the sea shore - Thu Dec 08 2005 an ape hates grape cakes - Mon Dec 19 2005 The owner of the inside inn was inside his inside inn with his inside outside his inside inn - Tue Dec 20 2005

UNIQUE NEW YORK - Thu Jan 05 2006 Rubber baby buggy bumpers - Fri Jan 06 2006 That blokes back brake blocks broken - Sun Jan 08 2006 Nats napsacks straps snapped - Sun Jan 08 2006

shannon shrinks shells so she can sell them to Shrilanka - Mon Jan 09 2006 The sixth sick sheik's sixth sheep was sick. - Fri Jan 20 2006 gafootling gafutlers make grafting grangy green gose eggs hard - Mon Jan 30 2006

monkey madness means mokeyin around when the weathers on a mad mission blowin miles and miles down the road!! - Thu Feb 09 2006

she made a proper cup of coffee in a proper coffee pot

My bob said that your bob owes my bob a bob, an if my bob dont get that bob that your bob owes my bob, then my bobs gonna bob your bob for the bob that your bob owes my bob alright bob!!! - Wed Mar 08 2006 How many cookies could a good cook cook If a good cook could cook cookies? A good cook could cook as much cookies as a good cook who could cook cookies. - Sat Mar 18 2006

my isabella says if your isabella doesnt give our isabella that umbrella that our isabella lent your isabella then our isabella is going to lock your isabella down our isabella's celler - Sun Mar 26 2006 ankit mohit upper roller lower roller - Wed Mar 22 2006

a box of biscuits a box of mixed biscuits and a biscuit mixer What would a woodchuck chop if a woodchuck could chop wood If the woodchuck could chp wood how much wood would the woodchuck chop?

Red lorry yellow lorry

Round the rugged rock, the ragged rascal ran.

Proper,copper,coffee pot(10X) English Grammar - The tenses One sentence is put into different tenses. You can see how the meaning changes. The words in green are signal words. They tell you which tense you have to use.
Tense Simple Present Present Progressive Example Explanation

I play football every week. Here you want to say that it happens regularly.

I'm playing football now.

Here you want to say that it is happening at the moment.

Simple Past

I played football yesterday. I was playing football the whole evening.

You did it yesterday, it happened in the past.

Past Progressive Present Perfect Present Perfect Progressive

You were doing it in the past. It's not sure whether the action was finished or not. You have just finished it. So it has a connection to the present. Maybe your clothes are dirty.

I have just played football.

I have been playing football for 2 hours.

You want to say how long you have been doing it. (You started in the past and it continues up to the present.

Past Perfect

I had played football before The two actions are related to each other: you had Susan came. finished to play football and after that the girl arrived. I had been playing football Here you want to point out how long you had been doing when Susan came. it before the girl came. I will play football next week.

Past Perfect Progressive

will-future

This is a prediction, you can probably do something else.

going tofuture Future Progressive

I'm going to play football this afternoon. I will be playing football next Sunday. I will have played football by tomorrow.

This is a plan you've made.

You do it every Sunday (as usual)

Future Perfect

You will have done it before tomorrow.

Conditional Simple Conditional Progressive

I would play football.

You'll probably do it.

I would be playing football.

You'll probably do it. Here you concentrate more on the progress of the action. You'll probably have finished playing football at a special time in the future. Here you concentrate on the fact (football). You'll probably have finished playing football at a special time in the future. Here you concentrate on the progress of playing (football).

Conditional Perfect

I would have played football.

Conditional Perfect Progressive

I would have been playing football.

Negations of the sentences Tense Example I do not play football every week. I don't play football every week. I am not playing football now. I'm not playing football now. I did not play football yesterday. I didn't play football yesterday. I was not playing football yesterday. I wasn't playing football yesterday.

Simple Present

Present Progressive

Simple Past

Past Progressive

Present Perfect

I have not played football. I haven't played football. I've not played football.
I have not been playing football. I haven't been playing football.

Present Perfect Progressive

I've not been playing football.

Past Perfect

I had not played football. I hadn't played football. I'd not played football.
I had not been playing football. I hadn't been playing football. I'd not been playing football. I will/shall not play football next week. I won't play football next week. I am not going to play football this afternoon. I'm not going to play football this afternoon. I will/shall not be playing football. I won't be playing football. I will/shall not have played football. I won't have played football. I would not play football. I'd not play football. I would not be playing football. I wouldn't be playing football. I'd not be playing football. I would not have played football. I wouldn't have played football. I'd not have played football. I would not have been playing football. I wouldn't have been playing football. I'd not have been playing football.

Past Perfect Progressive

will-future

going to-future

Future Progressive

Future Perfect

Conditional Simple

Conditional Progressive

Conditional Perfect

Conditional Perfect Progressive

Questions Tense Simple Present Present Progressive Example Do you play football? Are you playing football?

Simple Past Past Progressive Present Perfect Present Perfect Progressive Past Perfect Past Perfect Progressive will-future going to-future Future Progressive Future Perfect Conditional Simple Conditional Progressive Conditional Perfect Conditional Perfect Progressive Preposition Use in months year in seasons part of the day duration part of the day time of day at celebrations fixed phrases on days of the week date

Did you play football? Were you playing football? Have you played football?

Have

you been playing football?

Had you played football? Had you been playing football? Will you play football? Are you going to play football? Will you be playing football? Will you have played football? Would you play football? Would you be playing football? Would you have played football? Would you have been playing football? Examples in July; in September in 1985; in 1999 in summer; in the summer of 69 in the morning; in the afternoon; in the evening in a minute; in two weeks at night at 6 o'clock; at midnight at Christmas; at Easter at the same time on Sunday; on Friday on the 25th of December*

special holidays a special part of a day after ago before between by during for from ... to from... till/until past since till/until to up to within Preposition later than sth. how far sth. happened (in the past) earlier than sth. time that separates two points not later than a special time

on Good Friday; on Easter Sunday; on my birthday on the morning of September the 11th* after school 6 years ago before Christmas between Monday and Friday by Thursday

through the whole of a period of time during the holidays period of time two points form a period time of the day point of time no later than a special time time of the day not more than a special time during a period of time Examples We sit in the room. I see a house in the picture. There are trouts in the river. He lives in Paris. for three weeks from Monday to Wednesday from Monday till Wednesday from Monday until Wednesday 23 minutes past 6 (6:23) since Monday till tomorrow until tomorrow 23 minutes to 6 (5:37) up to 6 hours a day within a day

in

I found the picture in the paper. He sits in the corner of the room. He sits in the back of the car. We arrive in Madrid. He gets in the car.

She likes walking in the rain. My cousin lives in the country. There are kites in the sky. He plays in the street. (BE) She lives in a hotel. The boys stand in a line. There is a big tree in the middle of the garden. He is in town. I have to stay in bed. You mustn't park your car in front of the school. The robber is in prison now. She sits at the desk. Open your books at page 10. The bus stops at Graz. I stay at my grandmother's. I stand at the door. at Look at the top of the page. The car stands at the end of the street. Can we meet at the corner of the street? I met John at a party. Pat wasn't at home yesterday. I study economics at university.

The childen are at gandmother's. He's looking at the park. He always arrives late at school. The map lies on the desk. The picture is on page 10. The photo hangs on the wall. He lives on a farm. Dresden lies on the river Elbe. Men's clothes are on the second floor. He lives on Heligoland. The shop is on the left. My friend is on the way to Moscow. Write this information on the front of the letter. When she was a little girl people saw unrealistic cowboy films on television. Preposition above across after against along among around behind below Use higher than sth. from one side to the other side one follows the other directed towards sth. in a line; from one point to another in a group in a circular way at the back of lower than sth. Examples The picture hangs above my bed. You mustn't go across this road here. There isn't a bridge across the river. The cat ran after the dog. After you. The bird flew against the window. They're walking along the beach. I like being among people. We're sitting around the campfire. Our house is behind the supermarket. Death Valley is 86 metres below sea level.

on

beside between by close to down from in front of inside into near next to off onto opposite out of outside over past round through

next to sth./sb. is on each side near near from high to low the place where it starts the part that is in the direction it faces opposite of outside entering sth. close to beside away from sth. moving to a place on the other side leaving sth. opposite of inside above sth./sb. going near sth./sb. in a circle going from one point to the other point

Our house is beside the supermarket. Our house is between the supermarket and the school. He lives in the house by the river. Our house is close to the supermarket. He came down the hill. Do you come from Tokyo? Our house is in front of the supermarket. You shouldn't stay inside the castle. You shouldn't go into the castle. Our house is near the supermarket. Our house is next to the supermarket. The cat jumped off the roof. The cat jumped onto the roof. Our house is opposite the supermarket. The cat jumped out of the window. Can you wait outside? The cat jumped over the wall. Go past the post office. We're sitting round the campfire. You shouldn't walk through the forest. I like going to Australia.

to

towards sth./sb.

Can you come to me? I've never been to Africa. We ran towards the castle. The cat is under the table. He went up the hill.

towards under up

in the direction of sth. below sth. from low to high

Active (Simple Forms) Simple Present Simple Past Present Perfect Past Perfect I drive I drove I have driven I had driven

will-future Future Perfect Conditional I Conditional II

I will drive I will have driven I would drive I would have driven

Active (Progressive/Continuous Forms) Simple Present Simple Past Present Perfect Past Perfect will-future Future Perfect Conditional I Conditional II I am driving I was driving I have been driving I had been driving I will be driving I will have been driving I would be driving I would have been driving

Passive (Simple Forms) Simple Present Simple Past Present Perfect Past Perfect will-future Future Perfect I am driven I was driven I have been driven I had been driven I will be driven I will have been driven

Conditional I Conditional II

I would be driven I would have been driven

Passive (Progressive/Continuous Forms) Present Past Present Perfect Past Perfect Future Future Perfect Conditional I Conditional II I am being driven I was being driven I have been being driven I had been being driven I will be being driven I will have been being driven I would be being driven I would have been being driven

Booking a room
Writing the first letter

Dear Sir/Madam, I would like to book a double room for the month of August 2002. I need an air-conditioned room with bath and shower which faces the sea. I should be grateful if you would confirm my booking as soon as possible. Please give me an indication of your rates per night including full board. Should you have no vacancies please could you give me the address of a suitable hotel in your area?

Yours faithfully, Jennifer O'Brian

Useful phrases I would like to book ...

I am looking for a suitable hotel near the station.

to book/to reserve Have you reserved seats for the concert? to hire a car I would require ... I would be grateful ... Could you supply me with a warm blanket? for the week/month of ... for three weeks from 14th May for this/coming/next month from 20th July onwards a room with bath and shower a room with a child's bed a room with bath and shower an air-conditioned room a room which faces the sea I would be grateful if you would confirm this reservation. Please answer as soon as possible. I would be grateful for an indication of your rates.

- including full board - including half board - breakfast/evening meal Bed & Breakfast

Should you have no vacancies ...

to book a room at the Sea Hotel Appointments With reference to my letter of ... We refer to our letter of ... I am due to/ I am to ... I hope to/ I intend to ... It may have come to your attention that ... We are pleased to inform you that ... Should this not be convenient for you ... I would be pleased to ... I would be glad/ grateful for ... Would you kindly reply ... ? Please confirm whether/if ... Please inform me ... We look forward to hearing from you soon. With reference to your letter of 12th May 2002. This is to confirm the appointment we made on ... I regret to inform you that your delivery will be delayed. I am afraid I will not be able to keep the appointment I made for Friday 17th June. Date: three possibilities: As mentioned in my letter of 22nd October. As mentioned in my letter of October 22. As mentioned in my letter dated October 22nd Costs We are pleased to submit you a detailed quotation. We have the pleasure in enclosing our most recent catalogue.

The initial order is subject to a discount of 15%. We can make you a firm offer of ... Your ordered goods are out of stock, but we can offer you a substitute. Prices are subject to change without notice. The goods come with a two-year guarantee. Our terms of payment are as follows: quarterly/monthly payment. We can allow you a three months' credit. Under separate cover you will receive a credit note for the sum of 1.000.

Delivery Delivery will take three weeks. The items are in stock and should be ready for dispatch by next Wednesday. We will dispatch the goods on Tuesday by air freight. Please note the address of our office. Order no. 2113 will be ready for delivery as from 24th August 2002. We are afraid to tell you that we are unable to deliver your order. The documentation requested has been sent to you by registered post. by messenger/by courier Information I was given your name by Mr Fisher. We are interested in your samples. I was interested to hear/know/see that ... There is much demand for ... Would you kindly send us model 4DC ? We would be grateful for further details about your offer. Please let us know the current freight rate for sea/rail /air/ road transport. In addition I would like a valid price list. Would your company be able ...? Please get in touch with our secretary, Mrs Barnes. Please reply without delay/by return of post

Affirmative sentences
>have< I have a brother. You have a sister. He has a cat. She has a dog. It has Bluetooth. We have books. You have a nice room. They have pets. >have got< I have got a brother. I've got a brother. You have got a sister. You've got a sister. He has got a cat. He's got a cat. She has got a dog. She's got a dog. It has got Bluetooth. It's got Bluetooth. We have got books. We've got books. You have got a nice room. You've got a nice room. They have got pets. They've got pets.

have got is often used in its contracted form even in written language.

Negative sentences
>have< I do not have a brother. I don't have a brother. You do not have a sister. You don't have a sister. He does not have a cat. He doesn't have a cat. She does not have a dog. She doesn't have a dog. It does not have Bluetooth. It doesn't have Bluetooth. We do not have books. We don't have books. You do not have a nice room. You don't have a nice room. >have got< I have not got a brother. or I haven't got a brother. or I've not got a brother. You have not got a sister. or You haven't got a sister. or You've not got a sister. He has not got a cat. or He hasn't got a cat. or He's not got a cat. She has not got a dog. or She hasn't got a dog. or She's not got a dog. It has not got Bluetooth. or It hasn't got Bluetooth. or It's not got Bluetooth. We have not got books. or We haven't got books. or We've not got books. You have not got a nice room. or You haven't got a nice room. or You've not got a nice room.

They do not have pets. They don't have pets.

They have not got pets. or They haven't got pets. or They've not got pets.

Questions
>have< Do I have time? Do you have pets? Does he have a computer? Does she have a mobile phone? Does it have mudguards? Do we have ketchup? Do you have a yellow car? Do they have nice teachers? Negations in questions: Don't you have a brother? Haven't you got a brother? >have got< Have I got time? Have you got pets? Has he got a computer? Has she got a mobile phone? Has it got mudguards? Have we got ketchup? Have you got a yellow car? Have they got nice teachers?

Be careful!
1) The contracted forms 've or 's are only used with have got - not with have. correct I've got a new mobile phone. He's got a new car. incorrect I've a new mobile phone. He's a new car.

2) Do not use an auxiliary with have got - only with have. Be careful when using negations. correct Have you got garden? Do you have a pet? They haven't got a house. incorrect Do you have got a garden? Have you a pet? They haven't a house.

3) have< cannot always be substituted with >have got<. You can only substitute >have< with >have got< when you talk about possession and relationships. have got have

I've got a brother. incorrect: I had got an accident. incorrect: We had got lunch.

I have a brother. I had an accident. We had lunch.

Note:
In American English >have< is dropped in informal speech like in the following example. A-M N-Z

A about to in advance alive and kicking all of a sudden Peggy is about to leave. We booked the tickets in advance. I love Berlin. It's alive and kicking. I went out in the sun. Then, all of a sudden, it started to rain. There are environmental problems all over the place.

all over the place

B to go from bad to worse to bag sth. beat-up to do the best blabber to blag sth. bloody My marks went from bad to worse last term. Tom bagged this special offer at an online-shop. Mark is too beat-up to play tennis this evening. He always does his best. Don't listen to him, he's a blabber. Once in a while young Tim blags his father's cigarettes. What a bloody day!

to be blue bouncer bowl of cherries be broke to brush up on sth. buck butt buzz Buzz off! C a close call to catch sth. to catch (a) cold not to have a clue Come off it! as far as I'm concerned cop corner shop cram school on credit cut

She's been feeling blue all day. A bouncer's task is to keep out those who might cause trouble. Marriage it's not always bowls of cherries. I can't go to the cinema with you, I'm broke. I have to brush up on my Spanish. You can buy a DVD player for less than 100 bucks (dollars). You're a pain in the butt. Parachuting gives me a real buzz. Buzz off! I have told you not to come to my place anymore.

I had a close call. A stone almost hit me! Sorry, I didn't quite catch your telephone number. I walked out in the rain, so I caught (a) cold. I don't have a clue about repairing the faucet. Come off it! This isn't the truth. As far as I'm concerned, I'd like to watch the film. A big crowd of cops gathered in front of the Bank of England. Mother really liked corner shops when she was a child. Many pupils have to go to a cram school in the afternoon. I'd not buy the new TV on credit. Mr Brown made big cuts of $500 million.

D damned I hate going through that damned rush hour. If you take or express an opinion and refuse to change it, you dig in your heels. Poor people shouldn't be disrespected. He does his best to fix the car. Let's go on a holiday. The sun will do us good. If there's no milk for the tea, it'll do without. Down under will be my next destination.

to dig in one's heels

to disrespect sb. to do one's best to do someone good to do without down under E to be up to one's ears every now and then every other to see eye to eye F fair enough fiddle

Sorry, I can't go out with you. I'm up to my ears in work. Every now and then I play the piano. He comes to me every other week. World Bank and IMF see eye to eye on Asia

Fair enough! Let's go out for dinner tonight. Especially fiddles are necessary to play folk music. I have to see the doctor for a checkup. - I'll keep my fingers crossed for you. The old lady loves a flutter on the slot machine. We all are fond of the Irish folk. I was lucky. I got this CD for free.

to keep the fingers crossed

flutter folk for free

freak out fridge G to get a lot of stick to get cold feet to get fed up with sth. to get rid of sth. to get sth. to take sth. for granted greasy spoon groovy guy H had better on the other hand to give a hand hard graft by heart hip to hold s.o.'s horses to be hooked on sth.

Ron freaked out when he heard that Peter had broken his car. Butter must be kept in the fridge.

In his new job Jack gets a lot of stick. He wanted to speak to the boss, but he didn't. He got cold feet. They get fed up with their neighbour's parties. We have to get rid of that old car. Jason, did you finally get your exercise? I took it for granted the meeting was on Tuesday. I'd rather starve instead of eating at a greasy spoon. This cocktail tastes groovy. Jennifer fell in love with the guy from the supermarket.

You'd better go now. Sue likes pop music, on the other hand she doesn't like discos. Can you give me a hand with the cupboard? Building our house has been a hard graft. My brother has to learn the poem by heart. Molly always knows what's hip. "Hold your horses," I said when John began to leave the room. Bill is hooked on car racing.

J to jump down sb.'s throat K knackered to keep an eye on sth./sb. L Andrew had an accident while playing ice-hockey. Little by little he begins to walk. I look forward to my holidays in Rome. What has happened? You look so knackered. Will you keep an eye on my baby? The boss jumped down my throat because I was late for work.

little by little

to look forward to sb. M

to make ends meet

She's been out of work for years. How can she make ends meet with four children? Chris makes friends easily. Come in, please. Make yourself at home. Let's make the most of the last day of our holidays. Did you make up your mind to buy a new computer? I love Grandma's homemade mash. You look sad. What's the matter with you? Grandfather is mean with money. I don't like his ideas, but I can imagine that we should meet halfway. The clown messed around to make the children laugh. Sandy has really messed up this time.

to make friends easily to make oneself at home to make the most to make up one's mind mash What's the matter? to be mean

to meet sb. halfway

to mess around to mess up

Word

Opposite

A about above absence abundance to accept accidental active to add to admit adult advanced affirmative afraid after against alike alive all always exactly below presence lack to refuse intentional lazy to subtract to deny child elementary negative brave before for different dead none never

ancient to agree to allow already always amateur to amuse angel animal to annoy to answer answer antonym apart approximately to argue to arrest arrival to arrive artificial to ask asleep

modern to refuse, to argue to forbid not yet never professional to bore devil human to satisfy to ask question synonym together exactly to agree to free, to set free departure to depart, to leave natural to answer awake

to attack attack attic autumn awake awful B back background backward bad bad luck beauty before to begin beginning behind below best better beautiful

to defend defence, protection cellar spring asleep delicious, nice, pleasant

in front of foreground forward good fortune, good luck ugliness after to end, to stop, to finish end, ending in front of above worst

worse
ugly

big birth bitter black blunt body to bore boring to borrow bottom boy brave to break broad brother to build busy to buy C calm careful

small, little death sweet white sharp soul to amuse, to be interested in exciting, interesting to lend top girl cowardly, afraid to mend, to fix narrow sister to destroy lazy to sell

excited careless

careless to catch ceiling cellar centre certainly changeable cheap child children clean clear clever to close closed cloudy cold (adjective) cold (noun) to come comedy complicated compliment

careful to miss, to throw floor attic outskirts, suburb probably constant expensive adult, grown-up parents dirty cloudy stupid to open open clear, sunny, bright hot heat to go drama, tragedy simple insult

compulsory to connect consonant constant construction to continue cool correct courage courageous cowardly to create cruel to cry (schreien) to cry (weinen) D to damage danger dangerous dark daughter

voluntary to separate vowel changeable destruction to interrupt warm false, wrong fear cowardly brave, courageous to destroy

human, kind humane

to whisper to laugh

to repair security, safety safe light son

dawn day dead death deep defeat defence to defend delicious to deny to depart departure desperate to destroy destruction devil dictatorship to die different difficult dirty disease

dusk night alive birth, life shallow victory attack to attack awful to admit to arrive arrival hopeful to build, to create, to form construction angel republic to live alike, equal, the same easy clean health

distant to divide division to divorce divorce divorced domestic down downstairs drama dry dull dusk E early east easy elementary to emigrate emigration empty

near to unite unity to marry marriage, wedding married foreign up upstairs comedy humid, wet interesting dawn

late west difficult, hard advanced to immigrate immigration full

to end end ending enemy to enjoy to enter entrance equal even evening everybody everything exactly excited exciting to exclude exit expensive export exposure extreme

to begin beginning beginning friend to hate to leave exit different odd morning nobody nothing about, approximately calm boring to include entrance cheap import shelter moderate

F to fail failure false far fast fat fear female few final to find to finish finish first to fix flat floor to follow to forbid for to succeed, to pass success correct, true near slow slim, thin courage male many first to lose to begin start final, last to break hilly ceiling to lead to allow, to let, to permit against

foreground foreign foreigner to forget to form fortune forward to free to freeze frequently friend front in front of full funny future Word

background domestic native to remember to destroy bad luck backward to arrest to melt occasionally enemy rear back, behind empty serious past, present Opposite

G general generous gentle particular, special mean violent, rough, strict

gentleman giant girl to give to go good good luck grown-up guest guilty H happiness happy handsome hard to harvest to hate health healthy heat heaven

lady tiny, very little, small boy to take to come, to stop bad bad luck child host innocent

sadness sad ugly easy, soft to plant to enjoy, to like, to love disease, illness ill, sick cold hell

heavy hell here high high hilly to hit hopeful hopeless horizontal host hot huge human humane humid hungry husband I in front of to ignore

light heaven there deep low flat to miss desperate, hopeless hopeful vertical guest, visitor cold tiny animal cruel dry thirsty wife

back, behind to notice

ill to immigrate immigration import in to include to increase innocent inside insult intelligent intentional to be interested in interesting to interrupt J junior K kind L lack

healty, well to emigrate emigration export out to exclude to reduce guilty outside compliment silly, stupid accidental to bore boring, dull to continue

senior

cruel

abundance, plenty

lady to land land large last late to laugh lazy to lead to learn to leave left to lend less to let to lie life light to like liquid little little

gentleman to take off water small first early to cry active, busy to follow to teach to arrive, to enter right to borrow more to forbid to stand death dark, heavy to hate solid big, large much

to live long to lose loser loud to love lovely low to lower bad luck good luck Word

to die short to find, to win winner quiet to hate terrible high to raise good luck bad luck Opposite

M major male man many marriage married to marry master minor female woman few, some divorce divorced, single to divorce servant

maximum mean to melt men to mend mess midnight minimum minor to miss moderate modern monarchy moon more morning mountain much N narrow nasty

minimum generous to freeze women to break order noon maximum major to hit, to catch extreme ancient, old republic sun less evening valley little

broad, wide nice, pleasant

native natural near negative nephew never new nice niece night no nobody noisy noon none of normal north not yet nothing to notice now

foreigner, stranger artificial distant, far affirmative niece always ancient, old awful, nasty nephew day yes everybody quiet, silent midnight al lof strange south already everything to ignore then

O occasionally occupied odd off often old on to open open opponent order ordinary other out outside outskirts over P parents part children whole frequently vacant even on seldom, sometimes modern, new, young off to close, to shut closed, shut supporter mess special same in inside centre under

partial particular to pass past peace to permit to plant plenty pleasant polite poor poverty powerful presence present pretty private probably professional to protect protection public

total general to fail future, present war to forbid to harvest lack awful rude rich, wealthy wealth weak absence past, future ugly public certainly amateur to attack attack private

to pull pupil to push Q question quick quiet R to raise rainy rear to receive to reduce to refuse regret to remember to repair to reply reply republic to rest

to push teacher to pull

answer slow loud, noisy

to lower sunny front to send to increase to agree, to accept satisfaction to forget to damage to ask question dictatorship, monarchy to work

rich right to rise rough rude rural Word

poor left, wrong to sink gentle, smooth, soft polite urban Opposite

S sad sadness safe safety salt (the) same satisfaction to satisfy to save to scream security seldom to sell happy happiness dangerous danger sugar different, the other regret to annoy to spend, to waste to whisper danger often to buy

to send to sit senior to separate serious servant to set free shallow sharp shelter short to shout to shut sick silent silly simple to sink single sister slim slow

to receive, to save to stand junior to connect, to unite funny master to arrest deep blunt exposure long, tall to whisper to open healthy noisy intelligent complicated to rise married brother fat fast, quick

small smooth soft solid some sometimes son soul sour south special spring to stand to start start to stop to stand strange stranger strict strong student

big, large, tall rough hard, rough liquid many often daughter body sweet north general, ordinary autumn to sit to stop finish, end, stop to start, to go to lie normal native gentle weak teacher

stupid suburb to succeed success to subtract sugar summer sun sunny supporter to suspect sweet synonym T to take to take off tall to teach teacher then terrible

clever, intelligent centre to fail failure to add salt winter moon cloudy, rainy opponent to trust bitter, sour antonym

to give to land small, short to learn pupil, student now lovely

there thick thin thirsty to throw tight tiny together tomorrow top total town tragedy true to trust U ugliness

here thin thick, fat hungry to catch loose giant, huge apart yesterday bottom partial village comedy false to suspect

beauty beautiful, handsome (boys), pretty (girls) over to divide, to separate division

ugly

under to unite unity

up upstairs urban useful useless V vacant valley vertical victory village violent visitor voluntary vowel W war warm to waste water weak

down downstairs rural useless useful

occupied mountain horizontal defeat town gentle host compulsory consonant

peace cool to save land powerful, strong

wealth wealthy wedding well west wet to whisper white whole wide wife to win winner winter to work woman women worse worst wrong Y

poverty poor divorce ill east dry to scream, to shout black part narrow husband to lose loser summer to rest man men better best correct, right

yes yesterday young

no tomorrow old

Animality - Vocabulary
Amphibians
frog frogspawn tadpole toad newt

Arachnids
scorpion spider tarantula

Birds
eagle albatross blackbird jackdaw jay

duck owl falcon pheasant finch flamingo goose vulture hawk rooster canary nuthatch crow cuckoo biddy kookaburra swift tit gull nightingale parrot pelican

peacock penguin piranha raven robin swallow swan parakeet sparrow woodpecker mallard stork ostrich dove, pigeon turkey kestrel wren

coat crest talon beak

Butterflies
peacock butterfly red admiral silkworm swallowtail

Fishes and Marine Animals

eel barbel perch trout shrimp goldfish shark pike halibut lobster cod scallop carp crab crab

salmon shell jellyfish ray sawfish haddock plaice swordfish manatee seahorse starfish sturgeon squid tuna (fish) catfish

gill muzzle dorsal fin scales tail fin

Insects

ant bee aphid fly flea grasshopper bumblebee cockroach beetle larva louse (pl. lice) dragonfly maggot ladybug moth midge nymph caterpillar gadfly millipede harvestman wasp

Mammals
anteater antelope bear beaver badger dachshund dolphin squirrel polar bear elephant elk (BE) moose (AE) sloth hare otter bat fox gazelle giraffe grizzly bear armadillo

hamster hare deer, hart hyena hedgehog polecat camel llama lion lynx mammoth mouse mule mole guinea pig mongoose marmot rhinoceros mink bullock panda horse

pony prairie dog puma rat deer reindeer seal sheep chimpanzee platypus pig, hog seal porcupine skunk tiger whale racoon weasel wolf gerbil zebra goat

coat, fur antler claw muzzle, stout paw muzzle whisker tail tusk blowhole trunk

Molluscs (BE), Mollusks (AE)

slug snail

Reptiles
blindworm boa chameleon diamondback rattlesnake saurian

lizard gecko poisonous / venomous snake sidewinder coral snake crocodile iguana Mojave rattlesnake copperhead python salamander tortoise, turtle snake sea snake Southern Pacific rattlesnake cottonmouth constrictor snake

shell

Worms
tapeworm

leech earthworm round worm Picture English

monkey

orang-utan

ostrich

owl

peakcock

penguin

polar bear

pony

rabbit

rhino; rhinoceros

seal

shark

sheep

sparrow

starfish

stork

swan

tiger

tortoise

vulture

zebra

Phrasal verbs - Exercises

Here we have listed verbs with adverbs and prepositions. These verbs have a special meaning, therefore we have used them in sentences.
A-H I-R S-Z

Phrase

Example

A agree to agree with ask after B I wish she would agree to my proposal. I agree with him on that point. Mr. Smith asked after John.

back off* be in be off* bear with bend over black out blame on blow up bowl over break away break free break loose break down break up bring along bring down bring in

She was told to back off. Are your parents in? I'm off now. Please bear with him for a moment while he tries to put this straight. Bend over and pick it up yourself! And then she just blacked out. Don't blame it on her. The bomb might have blown up. Her reaction simply bowled me over.

At last, the hostage could break away from his captors.

Finally her car broke down. Sue and Tim broke up last year. This year has brought along some significant changes. The president was brought down by this scandal. My job brings in 400 dollars per week. (1) She was brought up in Wisconsin. (2) Why do you have to bring that up? He needs to do some exercises to build himself up. She burst in with the bad news. How can we talk when you keep butting in all the time?

bring up

build up burst in with butt in* C

call in call off calm down carry on check out check up (on) close down close in (on) + person close down come around* come back

He called Kelly in. I had to call off the barbecue because of the bad weather. Please calm down. Please carry on with your homework. I will check it out. There is no need to check up on me. The shop was closed down by the police.

She closed in on them quietly.

The restaurant was closed down by the health department. I knew he would come around in the end. Will the good old days ever come back? (1) My aunt came by yesterday. (2) I hope he came by this money honestly.* Can't you just come in for a few minutes? Why don't you come over next weekend? It began to cool down after the thunderstorm. Can we count on you? I have to cut back on the water usage. Cut it out!

come by

come in come over cool down count (up) on cut back (on) cut out* D

decide (up) on

I decided on the iced tea. The court has not yet decided on a ruling.

die off/out do again do in do up do without draw near drink up* drive on drive off drop by* drop in (on)* drop off dry out E ease off eat up edge away end up even out F face up (to)

That species died out million years ago. I probably wouldn't do it again. He tried to do his father in. Please do your buttons up. I guess I will have to do without lunch today. As the time drew near,... Drink up, and let's going. We drove on till night. I said good-bye and drove off. I hope you guys can drop by our house some time. I can't believe who dropped in on us last night. You can drop me off at the next red light. The clothes finally dried out.

The storm eased off a little. Eat up, and let's go. The students laughed and edged away from him. How will this end up? The surface of the road was evened out.

You have to face up to challenges.

fall apart fall back on/ rely on fall behind get behind fall through feel for fight back (at) fight down figure out*

The whole thing falls apart.

I had to fall back on my savings.

He's falling behind with his car payments.

I hope the house signing doesn't fall through. I really feel for you. It's hard for him to fight back. I fought down the anger. I just can't figure her out. (1) I'd better fill the cracks in with something. (2) Would you fill in the form, please? I will have to fill in for him till he gets back from his vacation. Would you fill out the form, please? (1) The hole filled up with water and had to be pumped. (2) We will fill up at the next gas station. (1) Finish off your cup of coffee, please. (2) I will finish my homework up in a few minutes. It just doesn't fit in. Is my bike fixed up yet? I'm flying into Stansted. She focused on this issue. Stop fooling around.

fill in

fill in (for) fill out

fill up

finish off

fit in(to) fix up fly in(to) focuse (on) fool around* G

gather up get across get along with get at* get back get back at get back to get by (on) get into get off on* get on

Let's gather up our things and leave. How can I get it across to you He couldn't get along with his mother-in-law. What exactly is he getting at? When will you get back? He will get back at him someday. I will get back to you in a minute. She can't get by on that much money. He managed to get himself into the class he wanted. He gets off on paying soccer. How are you getting on? (1) I need to get on with my homework. (2) How do you get on with Sam? You've got to get out of there. (1) It took him a long time to get over the heart attack. I tried calling you, but I couldn't get through. Today I got up at 10 am. (1) He gave his car away to his brother. (2) Don't give the answer away. Why does she always give in to her brother? Are you sure you want to give up your career? My teacher just glanced over my homework today. He went after the man who mugged him.

get on with

get out of get over get through get up

give away (to)

give in (to) give up glance over go after

go around go away go back go in

There's not enough milk to go around. Please go away! I'll never go back. They went in after us. (1) The bomb went off. (2) My party went off as planned. I guess she went off with her new boyfriend. Will she go out with Mike next Friday evening? (1) (2) (3) (4) The truck wouldn't go through the tunnel. He went through his pockets, looking for his wallet. You won't believe what I've gone through. I guess we need to go through the whole song a few more times.

go off

go off with go out (with)

go through

go under

(1) I was afraid that our ship would go under. (2) The company went under. I just cannot go without some candy from time to time.

go without H hand down hand out hang around (with)

He will hand this down to his granddaughter. The teacher handed out the test to the surprised students. I usually spend a lot of time hanging around with my friends. (1) Hang on, please. (2) They couldn't hang on much longer. Why did you hang up on me? My injury healed up in around no time. Hear me out, will you? I have more to tell. How soon will lunch be heated up?

hang on

hang up heal up hear out heat up

help out hide out (from) hit back hit on* hold back hold on hold out hurry up Phrase

Can you help me out? Ben was hiding out from the police. He hit me, but I didn't hit him back. Tom was hitting on Mike's fiance. I held back the anger. Hold on a minute! I have to check this first. I don't know how long they can hold out. Hurry up, will you? I got some errands to run today. Example

I idle away insist (on) invite over J jump in(to) K keep at keep off I need to keep at this. Please keep off the lawn. (1) It's a little chilly in here, so I better keep my coat on. (2) Just keep on practicing your scales by simply playing them up and down. (1) Keep out of this and mind your own business. (2) My door is closed. Keep out! I just jumped into the pool and had a refreshing swim. Don't idle the whole day away. He inisted on it. Let's invite them over for dinner.

keep on

keep out (of)

knock off L

Knock it off!

lead up to

(1) A narrow path leads up to his cabin. (2) She was just leading up to something when he interrupted. I hope that news does not leak out. Leave me out of it, please. They left this decision up to me. I won't let you down again. Don't let strangers in. I promised I wouldn't let on about her new job. The storm has let up. I need to lie down and take a little nap. We lighted the house up with the headlights of our automobile. Hey, lighten up a little. Enjoy the day. Everyone, please line up. That meal did not live up to my expectations. When I look back on him, I am amazed at all he has accomplished. I will look in on him from time to time. Look out for that car! She is glad they look up to her. An old cottage loomed up in the distance. Relax and loosen yourself up.

leak out leave out (of) leave up to let down let in let on (about) let up lie down light up lighten up line up live up to look back (at/on) look in (on) look out (for) look up to loom up loosen up

M make out make out with Can you make out what she is saying? There are hot pictures of him making out with a nun. (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) Did she make up the clowns yet? I made up that story. I'm sorry, but you can't make up that test you missed. Class participation will make up 25% of your final grade. They kissed and made up. Do you think I would make this up?

make up

march on mark down mark up

Time marches on. Pineapples are marked down again. Watermelons are marked up again. (1) He messed up his room. (2) The dirty water messed my pants up. (3) Losing my job really messed my life up. I moved into a new apartment last month. (1) The officer stopped for a minute, asked some questions, and then moved on. (2) Alright, let's move on to our next point. I moved out of my old apartment last month. How long will it be before they can move her up?

mess up

move in(to)

move on (to)

move out (of) move up (to) N

nail up

(1) Please nail this picture up. (2) Who nailed up the door? I can't get out.

O open up order in(to) They opened up the border a few weeks ago. The officer ordered me in.

P pass away/on Her uncle passed away last summer. (1) Don't drink until you pass out. (2) Please can you pass these handouts out to everyone? The time I spent in this project didn't pay off. (1) (2) (3) (4) Relax. I will pick her up from school. Help me pick up this guy from the sidewalk, will you? The storm picked up about midnight. I picked up a little French while I was in Quebec.

pass out

pay off

pick up

pile up plan out play along point out pop up power up pull in(to) pull up put across to

Exams are piling up on my desk. They met and planned out their strategy. The guy with the guitar came in and played along. That's exactly what I pointed out earlier. I don't know where he's going to pop up next. Okay, let's power up the engine and get going. A stranger just pulled into our driveway. He reached down and pulled her up. How can I best put this across to them? (1) Don't put your brother on. (2) Don't you have some clothes to put on? Can't you just put this off until tomorrow? We put a team together on very short notice. I just don't know why I even put up with you.

put on

put off (until) put together put up with Q

quiet down

(1) Try to quiet him down. (2) Ask him to quiet down.

R rattle off reach out read over / through rely (up)on ride out rub away rule on run away run down run off run off with She rattled off the long list of names. I reached out, but there was nothing I could get hold of. Please read this text over and tell me what is about. Can we rely on you in this case? Things are rough around here, but I think I can ride it out. I used that towel to rub away the dirt on my shoes. When will the court rule on your decision? The cat ran away from me. It appears that the car ran s.o. down. I ran off as fast as I could. The kidnappers ran off with her little daughter. (1) He ran over his neighbor's cat. (2) I ran over the time allotted for the presentation. I'm afraid we ran out of milk and cookies. Don't rush into this job. Example

run over

run out of rush in(to) Phrase

S save up I'm saving up money for a new car. (1) I knew what he was up to, because I saw through him. (2) I'll see this project through.

see through

sell out (to)

(1) He refused to sell out to a large corporation. (2) He shouldn't have sold out to them. I had to send away for a new part. He sent for his secretary. She sent me over to her office. I will set up a meeting for next week. (1) One day they will settle down in a small cabin in the mountains. (2) Will you please settle down and relax? We shared a room together in college. Jane shot up just after she turned thirteen. Stop showing off. Did you remember to sign in? Did you remember to sign up for the class? Don't just sit around. Do something! Please, sit down and relax. You guys mind if I sit in on your discussion? I'm not playing. I better sit out this time. (1) I sat up and read a book. (2) I wouldn't get such terrible backaches if I sat up properly. I slept in this morning. You have slimmed down a lot since last spring break. You must not slip up again. You're going to fast. Please slow down.

send away for send for send over (to) set up (for)

settle down

share together shoot up show off sign in sign up for sit around sit down sit in on sit out

sit up

sleep in slim down slip up slow down

smash into sober up sort itself out speak up speak up for split up spread out stand around stand by stand in (for) stand up start over start up stay over steal away step aside stick together stop by stop over storm in(to) storm out (of) straighten out

The car smashed into the side of a bus. Some coffee definitely won't sober them up. Things will sort itself out by the end of the month. Please speak up. I nearly can't hear you. You can speak up for those who cannot speak for themselves. We had to split the class up into two classes. He told them to spread out and continue their search. Don't stand around. Get busy! Stand by while I search for another song. Sam is sick. Can you stand in for him? She stood up and looked across the room. Sorry, I guess I messed this up, so can I start over? Start your car up and let's go. Can my friend stay over, please? She stealed away while he was refilling her coffee. Step aside, please. You're in my way. We must stick together. Please stop by before you go on vacation. We stopped over in Chicago for two nights. He stormed into the room, shouting and yelling. He got angry and stormed out of the meeting.

(1) We have to straighten this mess out.

(2) They straightened out the line of people. strip down stumble (upon) sum up swell up switch off switch on T take away take apart The police took her daughter away. Don't take my TV apart. (1) When does your plane take off? (2) Sorry, I have to take off now. (3) Take your coat off, please. If you take over, you will be in charge. Don't ever talk back to her. Let's just talk this matter out. I don't want to team up with him. She tore the label off the bottle. I should have told him off. I'm going to call your father and tell on you. Try and think back to the morning of June 5. I needed a few minutes to think it over. First, let me think this through and I'll call you tomorrow first in the morning. The doctor told me to strip down for the examination. I just stumbled upon her. Can you sum up the arguments of this essay? I bumped my ankle and it swelled up. I forgot to switch the TV off before I went to bed. Can someone switch the light on, please?

take off

take over talk back (to) talk out team up (with) tear off (of) tell off tell on think back (to) think over think through

think of think up throw up tidy away tidy up trick into try out turn around/about

I quickly had to think of something. I'll think something up. I was so nauseous I almost threw up. Please tiday your stuff away. Your room looks like a pig sty. You better tidy it up now. He tried to trick her into doing it his way. Let's try out this candy store. The car turned around and went the other way. (1) He turned his collar down, when he entered her house. (2) Turn the music down a little, will you? (3) Our proposal was turned down. I need some sleep. I'm going to turn in now. Turn in for some gas. Could you please turn the radio off? Don't forget to turn on the lights when the sun goes down. (1) Turn your cuffs up, please. (2) Something always turns up. (3) Apparently, new evidence has turned up.

turn down

turn in turn in(to) turn off turn on

turn up

U use up W wake up walk off walk out (on) Wake up! We have hit the road. They didn't even say good-bye. They just walked off. My sister walked out on Fred because she was fed up with him. You can use it up. I have more of it.

watch over watch out (for) wear out wipe off (of)

Can you watch over the kids while we're gone. Watch out for the snakes in the bushes. After weeks of learning for this stupid test, I'm worn out. Don't use your sleeve to wipe the ice cream off of your hand. (1) Everything will work out in the end. (2) She needs to work out more often. They really worked him over. Wrap up the presents quickly. I wrote away for a book on poetry.

work out

work over wrap up write away for Y yell out Z zip up

The pain caused me to yell out.

I had better zip my jacket up.

a lot of/lots of
much or many

These phrases are mainly used in informal English. lots of sounds a bit more informal than a lot of. Both forms are used in singular and in plural sentences. It is not the phrase a lot of or lots of which determines singular or plural, but the subject of the sentence (here water and computers). A lot of water is wasted. Lots of water is wasted.
A lot of computers are needed at schools. Lots of computers are needed at schools. singular

plural

In formal English plenty of or much and many is used for a lot of/lots of.

Plenty of water is wasted. Much water is wasted.

Plenty computers are needed at schools. Many computers are needed at schools.

singular

Plural

1) Yes/No questions - be

Subject and verb change their position in statement and question.

statement question You are from Germany. Are you from Germany?

We always use the short answer, not only "Yes" or "No". This sounds rude.
NOTE:

If the answer is "Yes", we always use the long form.

Example: Yes, I am.

If the answer is "No", we either use the long or the contrated form (short form).
Example: No, I am not - No, I'm not. Yes, Are you from Germany? No, I I am. am not. 'm not. is. are.

Is Are

he Peter and John

your friend? from England?

Yes, Yes,

he they

2) Questions with question words - be

Question word Where What Verb are is Rest you from? your name? Answer I'm from Stuttgart. My name is Peter.

How

are

Pat and Sue?

They're fine.

3) Yes/No Questions and short answers - have

Auxiliary (+ n't) have. haven't. has. do. don't. does.

Auxiliary

Subject

Verb

Rest

Yes/No

Subject

Have Have Has Do Do Does

you you your brother you you your brother

got got got have have have

a cat? a new car? a bike? a cat? a new car? a bike?

Yes, No, Yes, Yes, No, Yes,

I we he I we he

4) Questions with question words - have

Question word Where Where Auxiliary have do Subject you you Verb got have Rest your ruler? your ruler? Answer I've got it in my pencil case.

I have it in my pencil case.

5) Questions without question words in the Simple Present

Auxiliary Subject Verb Rest Yes/No Subject Auxiliary (+ n't)

Yes, Do you read books? No, Does Peter play football? Yes,

I I he

do. don't. does.

6) Questions with question words in the Simple Present

Question word What When Where Auxiliary do does do Subject you Verb play Rest Answer

on your computer? I play games on my computer. to work? She goes to work at 6 o'clock. I meet them at the bus stop.

your mother go you

meet your friends?

7) Questions without question words in the Simple Past

Auxiliary Subject Verb Rest Yes/No Yes, Did Max play football? No, Yes, Did you watch the film yesterday? No, I didn't. he I didn't. did. Subject he Auxiliary (+ n't) did.

BUT: to be Were Subject you xxx Rest in Leipzig last week? Yes/No Yes, Subject I Auxiliary (+ n't) was.

No,

wasn't.

8) Questions with question words in the Simple Past

Question word What When Where Auxiliary did did did Subject you she they Verb do meet go Rest yesterday evening? her boyfriend? after the match? Answer I did my homework. She met him yesterday. They went to a caf.

BUT: Question word Where to be were Subject you xxxxx Rest yesterday? Answer I was at the cinema.

9) Subject question
Question word Who Verb runs Rest to the shop? Subject Peter Verb runs Object - Place - Time to the shop.

10) Object question

Question word Who Auxiliary do Subject you Verb like? Rest Answer I like my mum.

Who

did

Mandy

phone

last Monday?

Mandy phoned her uncle.

NOTE! Subject question Who phoned John? Object question Who did John phone?

Reported speech - English Grammar

Statements

1) If the sentence starts in the present, there is no backshift of tenses in Reported speech. Example: Susan: "I work in an office." Susan says that she works in an office.

2) If the sentence starts in the past, there is often backshift of tenses in Reported speech. (see: Note) Example: Susan: "I work in an office." Susan said that she worked in an office.
Backshift of tenses from Simple Present Simple Past Present Perfect Past Perfect will Progressive forms am/are/is was/were was/were had been would Past Perfect to Simple Past

has been had been

Backshift of tenses from Peter: "I work in the garden." Peter: "I worked in the garden." Peter: "I have worked in the garden." Peter: "I had worked in the garden." Peter: "I will work in the garden." Peter: "I can work in the garden." Peter: "I may work in the garden." Peter: "I would work in the garden." (could, might, should, ought to) Progressive forms Peter: "I'm working in the garden." Peter: "I was working in the garden." Peter: "I have been working in the garden." Peter: "I had been working in the garden." Peter said that he had been working in the garden. Peter said that he was working in the garden. Peter said that he would work in the garden. Peter said that he could work in the garden. Peter said that he might work in the garden. Peter said that he would work in the garden. (could, might, should, ought to) Peter said that he had worked in the garden. to Peter said that he worked in the garden.

If the sentence contains an expression of time, you must change it as well.

Peter: "I worked in the garden yesterday." Peter said that he had worked in the garden the day before.
Shifting of expressions of time

this (evening) that (evening) today/this day these (days) now (a week) ago

that day

those (days) then (a week) before the weekend before / the previous weekend there the following (week) the next/following day

last weekend

here next (week) tomorrow

Note:

In some cases the backshift of tenses is not necessary, e.g. when statements are still true. John: "My brother is at Leipzig university." John said that his brother was at Leipzig university. or John said that his brother is at Leipzig university. or Mandy: "The sun rises in the East." Mandy said that the sun rose in the East. or Mandy said that the sun rises in the East.
conjunction although and sentence Although he's very famous he is still nice. I like tea and coffee. As I came she was leaving. As you couldn't see the film, we'll tell you someting about it.

as

because but

She goes to the tennis club because she likes to play tennis. He reads magazines but he doesn't like to read books. I'm sorry, Peter is ill and I can't come either. We can either go to the cinema or to the caf. She likes swimming, even in winter. Don't drink any alcohol even if you drive carefully. This book is very popular; even so, I don't like it. Do you know how to ride a snowboard? However we've lost the match. They worked hard for the test, however, they failed. If they were older, they could go to the party. Take your mobile with you in case you miss the bus. He looks very fit in spite of his age. They didn't go to the party, and neither did I. Neither drinks nor food are allowed in this room. Do you like tea or coffee? Look at the map, please. Otherwise you'll get lost. Since he's lost his money, he couldn't go to the restaurant. Her baby cannot fall asleep unless she stays in the room. I don't know what to say. When you're in London, write an e-mail to me. I'm going home whether you like it or not.

either

even even if even so how

however

if in case in spite of

neither

or otherwise since unless what when whether

How you feel - How people can be

positive

blissful brave careful cautious clever concentrating confident curious ecstatic excited fair fantastic friendly glad good great happy

honest innocent interesting joyful to be in love, lovestruck meditative nice optimistic pleasant to be pleased to be proud of quiet satisfied sensible serious surprised wonderful

negative

angry annoyed aggressive agonized arrogant awful bad bored confused crazy disappointed disbelieving disgusted enraged exhausted frightened frustrated grieving guilty helpless horrified hangover

hurt hysterical indifferent idiotic to be jealous of sb lonely lovesick mad mischievous miserable nasty nervous puzzled sad shocked sheepish silly smug sorry strange suspicious stupid

terrible upset

Conversation
How to offer/refuse Would you like a Coke? - Yes, I'd love to. Yes, please. No, thank you. Understanding I didn't quite get that. Can you repeat that, please? I didn't understand you. How to ask/argue Are you saying that ...? Can you explain that? Sorry to interrupt you, ... I actually wanted to say that ... Well, ... I don't think so. I'm sure that ... There's nothing more to say. Obviously I don't need to say that ...

General Besides ... It doesn't matter. Don't mention it. I must apologize for being so late.

Classroom phrases
Add more words. Are the statements right or wrong? Ask questions. Can I go to the toilet? Can I help? Can I open the window, please? Can I say it in (German ...)? Check your answers. Choose two questions. Collect information about... Colour the picture. Compare your words with your partner. Complete the sentences with words from the text. Complete the text. Copy the chart.

Copy the table into your folder. Correct the mistakes. Correct the wrong sentences. Divide the text into five parts. Do you agree with ... Draw a room. Explain... Fill in the right words. Find a partner. Find arguments. Find the questions to the answers. Finish the story. Give good reasons for your opinions. Guess... How might the story go on? Imagine... Listen to the CD. Look at the pictures. Make notes. Make sentences. Make up more conversations with a partner. Match the sentence parts.

Match the sentences to the questions. Move your counter. Open your textbook at page 25. (workbook, folder, diary) Put in the right verbs. Put the sentences in the right order. Put the verbs in the right groups. Read out loud. Remember... Sorry, I haven't got my homework. Sorry? Suppose... Swap your folder with your partner. Talk about pets. Talk to your partner. Tell your form. Throw the dice. Use ... What is the story about? What lines from the text go with the pictures? What's this in English? Write a story. Write about Peter.

Write the sentences in the right order.