Format of

Project Report
(With general guidelines on how to write a Project Report)

(For the students of MBA/PGDBM)

 Consult your Guide from time to time, as well as whenever necessary, carry out suggested changes by your guide and then proceed for next step.  Do take signatures of your project guide as required on your progress report sheet.  Do not include in the report the text printed in the BLUE INK. These are simply instructions or guidelines to be used while preparing the report.  Work regularly with commitment and ensure you are following Project Report Activity Completion Schedule and avoid last minutes' hustle.

Mahatma Gandhi Missions

Institute of Management Studies & Research

At Junction NH 4, Sion Panvel Expressway, Kamothe, Navi Mumbai 410 209

PROJECT REPORT ON
(Title Of The Project Report in CAPITAL)

SUBMITTED TO MGMS INSTITUTE OF MANAGEMENT STUDIES & RESEARCH, NAVI MUMBAI BY

(Name of the student in CAPITAL) Roll No. Batch No

IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF MASTER OF MANAGEMENT STUDIES (MMS), UNIVERSITY OF MUMBAI

MONTH, 2009-10

Table of C O N T E N T S
Chapter No. Title Declaration from student Certificate from Company/Organisation Certificate from Guide Acknowledgement Chapter Scheme List of Tables List of Graphs List of Charts List if Abbreviations, if any Executive Summary Introduction Background of the study Background of the topic Company profile Statement of the problem Need of the study Scope of the study Objectives of the study Research Methodology Research design Primary data Secondary data Sample design Population Sample size Sampling method Method of data collection Instrument for data collection Drafting of a questionnaire Testing of Questionnaire / Pilot survey Field work Data- analysis techniques Limitations Page No. iii iv
V

vi vii viii ix
X

xi xii'
Approx No. of Pages. 10-15

I 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.6 1.5 1.6 II 2.1 2.2 2.2 2.3 2.3.1 2.3.2 2.3.3 2.4 2.4.2 2.4.3 2.4.4 2.5 2.6 2.7

Approx No. of Pages. 05-07

III IV
V
VI

Data Processing and Analysis Findings Conclusions Recommendations Bibliography Appendices /Annexure Questionnaire/ (s), if any List of contacts, If any The technical details of sampling plan, if any. Technical literature related to the study, if any. Others, if any

Approx No. of Pages. 20-25 Approx No. of Pages. 02-03

Approx No. of Pages. 01-02 Approx No. of Pages. 01-02

A B C D E

DECLARATION

I, Mr./Ms. __________________ hereby declare that this project report is the record of authentic work carried out by me during the period from --------to----------and has not been submitted to any other University or Institute for the award of any degree / diploma etc.

Signature Name of the student Date

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that Mr. / Ms. ---------------------------------- of MGMs Institute of Management Studies & Research has successfully completed the project work titled ---------------------- in partial fulfilment of requirement for the completion MMS as prescribed by the University of Mumbai. This project report is the record of authentic work carried out by him / her during the period from ----------- to ------------- . He / She has worked under my guidance.

Signature Name Project Guide (Internal) Date :`

Counter signed by Signature Name Director Date :

CERTIFICATE FROM THE COMPANY/ORGANISATION

(On the letterhead of the Company/ Organisation, given and signed by the concerned authority in the Company / Organisation where student has done the Summer Training. It should also have Company/ Organisation Seal /Stamp.)

CERTIFICATE FROM THE COMPANY/ORGANISATION

(On the letterhead of the Company/ Organisation, given and signed by the concerned authority in the Company / Organisation where student has done the Summer Training. It should also have Company/ Organisation Seal /Stamp.)

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT (To be written and signed by the individual student. Name and designation of the Project Guide (Internal) and Company/ Organisation Guide should be written correctly)

Chapter Scheme

(To be written sequentially as they appear in the text)

Chapter No 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .n Title

Page No.

List of Tables

(To be written sequentially as they appear in the text)

Chapter No 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .n Title

Page No.

List of Graphs

(To be written sequentially as they appear in the text)

Chapter No 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .n Title

Page No.

List of Chart (To be written sequentially as they appear in the text)

Chapter No 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .n Title

Page No.

List of Abbreviations (To be written sequentially as they appear in the text)

Chapter No 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .n Title

Page No.

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

Normally it should not be more than 250 words. Write in brief about the Objectives of the study, Research: methodology used, Major findings, conclusions and recommendations.

Chapter I

Introduction 1.1 background of the study

Credit (finance) Credit is the trust which allows one party to provide resources to another party where that second party does not reimburse the first party immediately (thereby generating a debt), but instead arranges either to repay or return those resources (or other materials of equal value) at a later date. The resources provided may be financial (e.g. granting a loan), or they may consist of goods or services (e.g. consumer credit). Credit encompasses any form of deferred payment.[1] Credit is extended by a creditor, also known as a lender, to a debtor, also known as aborrower. Credit does not necessarily require money. The credit concept can be applied in barter economies as well, based on the direct exchange of goods and services (Ingham 2004 p.12-19). However, in modern societies credit is usually denominated by a unit of account. Unlike money, credit itself cannot act as a unit of account. Movements of financial capital are normally dependent on either credit or equity transfers. Credit is in turn dependent on the reputation orcreditworthiness of the entity which takes responsibility for the funds. Credit is also traded in financial markets. The purest form is the credit default swap market, which is essentially a traded market in credit insurance. A credit default swap represents the price at which two parties exchange this risk the protection "seller" takes the risk of default of the credit in return for a payment, commonly denoted in basis points (one basis point is 1/100 of a percent) of the notional amount to be referenced, while the protection "buyer" pays this premium and in the case of default of the underlying (a loan, bond or other receivable), delivers this receivable to the protection seller and receives from the seller the par amount (that is, is made whole).

Letter of Credit
Letter of Credit L/c also known as Documentary Credit is a widely used term to make payment secure in domestic and international trade. The document is issued by a financial organization at the buyer request. Buyer also provide the necessary instructions in preparing the document.

The International Chamber of Commerce (ICC) in the Uniform Custom and Practice for Documentary Credit (UCPDC) defines L/C as: "An arrangement, however named or described, whereby a bank (the Issuing bank) acting at the request and on the instructions of a customer (the Applicant) or on its own behalf : 1. Is to make a payment to or to the order third party ( the beneficiary ) or is to accept bills of exchange (drafts) drawn by the beneficiary. 2. Authorised another bank to effect such payments or to accept and pay such bills of exchange (draft). 3. Authorised another bank to negotiate against stipulated documents provided that the terms are complied with. A key principle underlying letter of credit (L/C) is that banks deal only in documents and not in goods. The decision to pay under a letter of credit will be based entirely on whether the documents presented to the bank appear on their face to be in accordance with the terms and conditions of the letter of credit.

1.2 background of the topic

THE S TATUS
OF

CONSUMER CREDIT

IN INDIA

Types of consumer credit

This paper is an attempt to present a picture on the existing status of consumer credit in India. Before proceeding into the existing conditions, it is important that one understands the different forms of credit available in the formal and the informal sector. The different types of credit options available in the formal sector are: 1. Housing Loans - Housing loans are primarily taken for the sake of financing building of new houses, purchase of new houses, purchase of old houses or for repairing an existing house. 2. Personal Loans - Personal Loans can be claimed for absolutely any purpose. 3. Consumer Durable Loans- Consumer durable loans can be claimed for the purchase of consumer durables such as televisions, music systems, refrigerators, etc. 4. Vehicle Loans- Vehicle loans, as the name suggests can be claimed for the purchase of vehicles. 5. Educational Loans- Educational loans can be claimed for the purpose of either undergraduate or postgraduate education in either India or abroad. 6. Credit cards 7. Travel Loans- Travel loans can be claimed as the name suggests for the purpose of meeting travel expenditures. The different types of credit facilities available in the informal sector can be broadly classified into the following: 1. Hourly vatti1 where interest is charged by the hour (normally for extreme emergency loans irrespective of loan amount). 2. Daily vatti2 where interest is charged by the day (also for extreme emergency loans) 3. Kandhu vatti3 where the loan is for a longer period of time, but interest repayment is periodic. Default in repayment will result in the interest amount due being added to the principal amount, and therefore interest on interest will be charged. 4. Meter vatti4 where the loan is similar to the kandhu vatti loan, but interest is charged and repayment is required on a daily basis. (It is called meter vatti after the infamous autorickshaw meters in Tamil Nadu that are known for their rapidly increasing fares). 5. Thandal 1 & 25 where the loan is generally smaller and is advanced either for one day

(Thandal 1) or for a fixed period of time (Thandal 2), and repayments are daily. However, further interest is generally not charged for default in payment and borrowers can repay lump sums are regular intervals. 6. Mone y lender6 Means a person whose main or subsidiary occupation is the business of advancing and realising loans, but excludes a bank or a cooperative society. 7. Pawn Broker 7 Means a person who carries on the business of taking goods and chattels in pawn for a loan. Pawner 8 means a person delivering an article for pawn to a pawnbroker A more detailed discussion on the provisions with respect to the above mentioned forms of credit in both the formal and the informal sector will be discussed in further detail in the course of the paper. Credit from the formal sector is essentially available to one and all, provided the eligibility criteria are fulfilled. As far as the informal sector is concerned, there eligibility criteria is primarily based on the repayment capacity of the borrower. The eligibility criteria in the formal sector also depends largely on the repayment of the borrower, however the method of calculating the repayment capacity or rather the eligibility criteria is fixed. The repayment capacity for all loans barring vehicle loans, education loans and credit cards is calculated as a proportion of 5 or 10 times the gross annual income for businessmen and traders and as a proportion of 10 months gross income for salaried persons. As far as vehicle loans are concerned, the demanded loan amount is broken into monthly repayment installments and if monthly installments are less than 50% of applicants net monthly take-home salary, the applicant is technically eligible to claim the loan. Education loans depend on the ability of the guardian who represents the student to repay the amount sanctioned (in case of default by student) and the potential of the student to repay the loan amount after the completion of the course. The eligibility criteria for application for credit cards is that the applicant must be earning annual salary of above Rs. 60,000/-. The maximum period that is available for the repayment of the amount borrowed differs from one form of credit to another. The period of time permitted for the repayment of housing loans is a maximum of 15 years by the public sector and 25 years by the private sector. A maximum period of 1-5 years is allowed for the repayment of consumer durable loans and personal loans. The repayment period allowed by travel loan providers ranges from 1 to 3 years. In the case of an education loan, the student receives a repayment holiday until the completion of his or her course plus the time till he or she secures employment or a period of one year, or whichever is earlier. Once the repayment period commences, it extends up to 5 years. In the case of credit cards the repayment period stretches from 48 to 52 days. The period for repayment of loans borrowed through the informal sector is very flexible. The repayment period for va tti usually stretches from a period of 1 to 5 years and in rare cases may extend upto 10 years. Pawning, on the other hand indebts a person for a period of 1 to 5 months. However thandals are daily repayment loans, while meter vatti indebts the borrower f r a period upto one month. However, o largely repayment period in the informal sector is calculated on the basis of the repayment capacity of the borrower and can be modified at any time during the repayment schedule. Consumer rating in the informal sector is based on factors such as goodwill, assets of the borrower, purpose behind claiming loan, etc.

Types of Letter of Credit

1. Revocable Letter of Credit L/c
A revocable letter of credit may be revoked or modified for any reason, at any time by the issuing bank without notification. It is rarely used in international trade and not considered satisfactory for the exporters but has an advantage over that of the importers and the issuing bank. There is no provision for confirming revocable credits as per terms of UCPDC, Hence they cannot be confirmed. It should be indicated in LC that the credit is revocable. if there is no such indication the credit will be deemed as irrevocable.

2. Irrevocable Letter of CreditL/c

In this case it is not possible to revoked or amended a credit without the agreement of the issuing bank, the confirming bank, and the beneficiary. Form an exporters point of view it is believed to be more beneficial. An irrevocable letter of credit from the issuing bank insures the beneficiary that if the required documents are presented and the terms and conditions are complied with, payment will be made.

3. Confirmed Letter of Credit L/c

Confirmed Letter of Credit is a special type of L/c in which another bank apart from the issuing bank has added its guarantee. Although, the cost of confirming by two banks makes it costlier, this type of L/c is more beneficial for the beneficiary as it doubles the guarantee.

4. Sight Credit and Usance Credit L/c

Sight credit states that the payments would be made by the issuing bank at sight, on demand or on presentation. In case of usance credit, draft are drawn on the issuing bank or the correspondent bank at specified usance period. The credit will indicate whether the usance draft are to be drawn on the issuing bank or in the case of confirmed credit on the confirming bank.

5. Back to Back Letter of Credit L/c

Back to Back Letter of Credit is also termed as Countervailing Credit. A credit is known as backtoback credit when a L/c is opened with security of another L/c. A backtoback credit which can also be referred as credit and countercredit is actually a method of financing both sides of a transaction in which a middleman buys goods from one customer and sells them to another. The parties to a BacktoBack Letter of Credit are: 1. The buyer and his bank as the issuer of the original Letter of Credit. 2. The seller/manufacturer and his bank, 3. The manufacturer's subcontractor and his bank. The practical use of this Credit is seen when L/c is opened by the ultimate buyer in favour of a particular beneficiary, who may not be the actual supplier/ manufacturer offering the main credit with near identical terms in favour as security and will be able to obtain reimbursement by presenting the documents received under back to back credit under the main L/c. The need for such credits arise mainly when : 1. The ultimate buyer not ready for a transferable credit 2. The Beneficiary do not want to disclose the source of supply to the openers. 3. The manufacturer demands on payment against documents for goods but the beneficiary of credit is short of the funds

6. Transferable Letter of Credit L/c

A transferable documentary credit is a type of credit under which the first beneficiary which is usually a middleman may request the nominated bank to transfer credit in whole or in part to the second beneficiary. The L/c does state clearly mentions the margins of the first beneficiary and unless it is specified the L/c cannot be treated as transferable. It can only be used when the company is selling the product of a third party and the proper care has to be taken about the exit policy for the money transactions that take place. This type of L/c is used in the companies that act as a middle man during the transaction but dont

have large limit. In the transferable L/c there is a right to substitute the invoice and the whole value can be transferred to a second beneficiary. The first beneficiary or middleman has rights to change the following terms and conditions of the letter of credit: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Reduce the amount of the credit. Reduce unit price if it is stated Make shorter the expiry date of the letter of credit. Make shorter the last date for presentation of documents. Make shorter the period for shipment of goods. Increase the amount of the cover or percentage for which insurance cover must be effected. Substitute the name of the applicant (the middleman) for that of the first beneficiary (the buyer).

Standby Letter of Credit L/c

Initially used by the banks in the United States, the standby letter of credit is very much similar in nature to a bank guarantee. The main objective of issuing such a credit is to secure bank loans. Standby credits are usually issued by the applicants bank in the applicants country and advised to the beneficiary by a bank in the beneficiarys country. Unlike a traditional letter of credit where the beneficiary obtains payment against documents evidencing performance, the standby letter of credit allow a beneficiary to obtains payment from a bank even when the applicant for the credit has failed to perform as per bond. A standby letter of credit is subject to "Uniform Customs and Practice for Documentary Credit" (UCP), International Chamber of Commerce Publication No 500, 1993 Revision, or "International Standby Practices" (ISP), International Chamber of Commerce Publication No 590, 1998.

LAWS GOVERNING CONSUMER CREDIT TRANSACTIONS There are various laws that govern different forms of consumer credit transactions. The Banking Regulation Act go verns certain activities of the Reserve Bank of India (hereinafter R.B.I.) Section 21 of the Banking Regulation Act read with section 35A places an obligation on the R.B.I. to regulate interest rates. The R.B.I. is also the competent authority to regulate rates of interest on loans and advances. 9 While giving directions on interest rates there should not be any discrimination against any class of depositors or loanees or banks. Art 14 of the Indian Constitution embodies the principle of equality and ensures that no discrimination is to be made between the citizens of India. However, the doctrine of reasonable classification is an exception to Article 14. Under this doctrine people can be treated differentially provided there exists a reasonable classification. To fulfil the needs for reasonable classification there are two broad conditionsa. There must exist an intelligible differentia which distinguishes persons or things that are grouped together from others left out of the group and b. There should be a rational nexus between the intelligible differentia and the legislative or the

executive action. 10 In Harjit Singh v Union of India 11 , the Supreme Court held in the context of reduction of rate of interest on bank loans to riot victims that the concession sho uld be extended to loanees from financial institutions also as there was no basis for discrimination between loanees from banks and loanees from financial institutions. The Usurious Loans Act, 1918 prohibits lending at exorbitant rates. This law has been passed so as to protect the weaker borrowers from the powerful moneylenders. The Act protects weaker borrowers such as agriculturists from unscrupulous lenders by remitting debts or giving other concessions. Although the lending rates of banks are regulated by the R.B.I., borrowers often used to resort to these laws for remitting loans or reducing rates of interest in respect of loans taken by them from banks. This was coming in the way of the monetary policy decided by the Central Bank. Accordingly section 21A was inserted in the Banking Regulation Act to make the rates of interest charged by banking companies beyond the scrutiny of courts. A transaction between a banking company and its debtor cannot be reopened by any court on the ground that the rate of interest charged is excessive. 12 This provision is given overriding effect over the provision of the Usurious Loans Act, 1918 or any other law relating to indebtedness in force any State. Section 21A was held to be intra vires the Constitution in the case of Corporation Bank v. D.S. Gowda. 13 Under the Tamil Nadu Pawnbrokers Act, no pawnbroker shall charge interest in respect of a loan on a pledge at a rate exceeding such rate as the State government may, by notification, fix from time to time. 14 Every pawn broker shall on taking a pledge in pawn give to the pawner a pawn ticket in the prescribed form [which shall be in English and in such language of the locality as

may be prescribed] and shall not take a pledge in pawn unless the pawner takes the pawn ticket. 15 Any pawnbroker who actually advances an amount less than that shown in the pawn-ticket or in this accounts or registers or who takes or receives interest or any other charge at a rate higher than that shown in the pawn-ticket or in his accounts or registers shall be punished with imprisonment for a term not exceeding six months but not less than three months.16

The Tamil Nadu Money Lenders Act specifically deals with the following-License to money lenders -Interest and charge allowed to moneylende rs -Power to deposit in court, the money due on loan -To keep books, give receipts etc. Provisions regarding rates of interest, punishment, etc. are similar to that of the Tamil Nadu Pawnbrokers Act. The Negotiable Instruments Act, 1881 mentions the penalties in case of dishonour of certain cheques due to insufficiency of funds in the account. Section 138 provides that
where any cheque drawn by a person on an account maintained by him with a banker for payment of any amount of money to another person fr om out of that account for the discharge in whole or in part of any debt or other liability is returned by the bank unpaid either because of the amount of money standing to the credit of that account is insufficient to honour the cheque or that it exceeds the amount arranged to be paid from that account by an agreement made with that bank such person shall be deemed to have committed an offence and shall without prejudice to any other provisions of this Act be punished with imprisonment for (a term which may be extended to 2 years) or with fine which may extend to twice the amount of the cheque or with both: Provided that nothing contained in this section shall apply unlessThe cheque has been presented to the bank within a period of 6 months from the dat e on which it is drawn or within the period of its validity whichever is earlier

The payee or the holder in due course of the cheque as the case may be makes a demand for the payment of the said amount of money by giving a notice in writing in writing to the drawer of the cheque (within 30 days) of the receipt of information by him from the bank regarding the return of the cheque as unpaid and The drawer of such cheque fails to make the payment of the said amount of money to the payee or as the case may be to the holder in due course of the cheque within fifteen days of the receipt of the said notice. For the purposes of this section, debt or other liability means a legally enforced debt or other liability.

The question that arises after an analys is of the some of the laws governing consumer credit transactions is whether these laws are adequate. The answer to this question would be NO.

The main fallacy existing in these laws is the fact that they are often contradicting and do not provide the consistency that they must. What is needed in India is a uniform consumer credit law that would bring within its ambit all forms of credit transactions in both the formal and the informal sector. The consumer credit laws in India need to go through a thorough revision. A model legislation that can probably be made use of is the United States Truth in Lending Act (hereinafter T.L.A.). Several amendments have been made to this act, notably by the Truth in Lending Simplification Act in 1980. The Act has been in f rce since 1969 and is expected to remain in force for the foreseeable future.17 o The TLA has served as a template for all the consumer credit statutes that have followed. The basic features of TLA are: Application to virtually all forms of borrowing for consumer purposes, including sale and loan credit. Detailed disclosure obligations upon leaders. A standardized method for calculating and disclosing the finance charge as a percentage rate per annum (the APR). Specific penalties against lenders, recoverable by consumers, for breaches of the legislation by lenders. 18 Countries such as Canada, New Zealand and Australia have replaced and modified their consumer credit regime. It is suggested that in the long run, India also needs to pass legislation similar to that of TLA, bringing within its ambit all the different forms of credit availabilities in both the formal and the informal sector. It is relevant in this context to discuss the Banking Ombudsman Scheme, 2002. The scheme has been introduced with the object of: 1. enabling resolution of complaints relating to provision of banking services and to facilitate the satisfaction or settlement of such complaints. 2. resolving disputes between a bank and its constituent as well as between one bank and another bank through a process of conciliation, mediation and arbitration. Chapter III of the Scheme provides for the jurisdiction, powers and duties of the Banking Ombudsman. Section 10 provides that: The banking Ombudsman shall have the following powers and duties: a) to receive complaints relating to provision of banking services. b) to consider such complaint and facilitate their satisfaction or settlement by agreement through conciliation and mediation between the bank and the aggrieved parties or by passing an Award in accordance with the Scheme; and c) to resolve by way of arbitration such disputes between banks or between a bank and its constituent as may be agreed upon by the contesting parties in accordance with the provisions of the Scheme and the Arbitration and Conciliation Act, 1996.

There are several problems faced by consumers in India with regard to credit transactions. The most notable of the problems would be the understanding of the contractual terms of the credit agreement. Consumers complain that the contracts are very voluminous and technical and that they do not have the legal expertise to understand the finer details of the contract. Consumers also complain that they do not receive copies of the standard form contract. Lenders however say that the copies of the contract are made available on the request of the consumers, however consumers suggest otherwise. It may be noted that the consumers face a fair amount of problems regarding non-disclosure of information, by the financial corporations. The main problem that occurs normally in this respect is that the consumers are promised, for instance, no foreclosure fee would be charged, when the standard form contract actually mentions that a nominal fee would be charged for foreclosure. Therefore, customers with the belief that no foreclosure fee would be charged, foreclose their loans and are then charged for the same. This is a practice that needs to be checked immediately. Another major problem faced by consumers regarding similar issues is that of credit cards. Often when credit cards are stolen and misused by the miscreant, the credit card company charges the customer for the usage of the card by the miscreant in spite of the customer having reported the loss of the credit card. This is corrected only after several deliberations by the customer with the organization. There are several other problems faced by the consumers with regard to consumer credit transactions. It is however beyond the scope of this paper to discuss all these problems. Contrary to consumers belief, eligibility to apply doesnt mean that they are guaranteed the sanction of the loan. Consumers are not told or do not know how the decision to give or not give credit is made. Loans are sometimes given to persons who do not meet eligibility to apply requirements and at times loans are denied to persons who supposedly have the right financial qualifications. These are problems that need to be checked immediately. Another major problem faced by the consumers is that of over aggressive advertisements. Consumers complain of overenthusiastic agents and tiring tele - marketing. Marketing of credit is sometimes done through agencies. The agent / sales person, in his or her desire to earn sales points, often do not have all / adequate information and end up making offers to consumers that the credit provider refuses to stand by. Misleading advertisements also cause a lot of trouble to the consumers, often portraying outrageously low rates of interests and thereby luring the consumers to claim credit from their company. The R.B.I. does not set any guidelines with regard to credit marketing. It is suggested that the R.B.I. must impose certain guidelines to prevent sales persons from going overboard and to provide a check on misleading advertisements.

CHAPTER II

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

1. Research Methodology Research Objectives Types of Research Design Data (primary and secondary) Research Instrument (if it is a questionnaire, you have to write what type of questionnaire. However, do not assume always that you need to have questionnaire to start the research. One of the greatest sins you will commit is to think designing questionnaire to start your research will convent your research putting cart before the horse.) Always remember that you need not have questionnaire to do research. You have different methods and use them to enrich your thought process. Research Plan 2. Sample Design y Sample Unit y Sample frame y Time and Place y Type of sampling y Sample Size. Determine using methods thought to you in Research Methodology.

CHAPTER III DATA PROCESSING AND ANALYSIS

Chapter - IV Findings


This chapter of the report describes the results of the project work related to the scope and objectives of the study. Be specific and avoid generality.

Chapter V Conclusions
y

Conclusions should be based on purpose, objectives and the findings of analysis relevant to the study.

Chapter - VI Recommendations
y

Any recommendations made by you must be based on the findings and conclusions you have made.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

BIBLIOGRAPHY
Works or list of the works referred in a text or consulted by you for writing report. It should be arranged in alphabetical order by name of the authors.

For Books Name of the author (Last name first), Title of the book, Edition, Year of publication, No. of Vol. (If any) Name and Place of Publisher.
y

Example: Kothari, C.R.: Research methodology, 3rd edition, 1997, Vikas Publishing House Pvt. Ltd, New Delhi,

For Research Papers , Published articles. Magazines, Periodicals, Journals, Newspapers etc. Name of the author (last name first), 'Title of the article' (in quotation mark), Name of the Journals /Periodicals /Magazines etc in italics, Volume number, Year, Page Numbers Example: Wortman, Maxs (Jr.): "Entrepreneurship: An Integrating Typology and Evaluation of the Empirical Research in the field", Journal of Management, Vol. 13 (2), l967,pp259-279. Online published material on World Wide Web (Alphabetically arranged Webliosravhv)
Name of Website, Date and time of referring the Website, Name of the Author, Title /Topic

Annexure

INSTRUCTIONS FOR TYPING/PRINTING

The project report should be strictly prepared according to the folio-wing guidelines.

Finalization of the Project Report

Student should obtain clearance from their respective guide before final printing of the final project report.

Payer
The size of the Paper sheet: A4 Typing should be done on one side of the paper.

Font
Type: New Times Roman, Size: 12

Line Spacing
Body of the text: 1.5 lines List of tables/ graphs/charts/bibliography: Single line

Alignment
Title page: Centre Chapter heading: Centre Sub heading: Left Body of text: Justify

Margins
At the binding edge (Left): not less than 3 cm Other margins (Right, Top, Bottom): not less than 2 cm.

Titles
All titles and subtitles should be printed in BOLD. All the Tables/ Graphs /Charts should have appropriate titles.

 Numbering of the Table / Graph/Charts

Table /Graph/ Charts should be numbered in the folio-wing fashion. Second table / Graph/ Chart in Second Chapter should be numbered as Table /Graph/Chart No 2.02 where first digit stands for Chapter No. and digits after (.) period stand for Number of Table / Graph / Charts in that chapter. Same numbering system should be folio-wed for other chapters. Table /Graph /Charts must be folio-wed by proper explanation and analysis.

Pagination (Page numbers): The Title page should not carry any page number.
For initial pages, (i.e. from Student's Declaration to Executive Summary) numbers should be given in small Roman Numbers. (Like i, ii, Hi, iv, etc.) Report should contain main page numbers (i.e. 1, 2 ...) after Executive Summary. Main page numbers should start from first page of Chapter No. 1 and will continue until last page of the report. Page numbers are to be given at the center of bottom of the page. Pages separating Chapters should not be numbered but be counted.

Binding of the report

The project should be hard bound with golden embossing as per the standard format Number of Copies to be prepared Two copies: Before submission: Students must sign Declaration and Acknowledgment before putting for the Signature of the Guide and Director.

WHA T YOU SHOULD NOT DO

Trying to take breaks while doing project ( you cannot have holidays during your project work) Trying to miscommunication with organizations by telling that institute wants a review. We are sending your schedule of project report to all the organizations. You do not have any reviews in between. While taking to the organization personnel do not degrade your institute or teachers by making statements that are reduce yourself image. Talking negative and trying to be certain about everything. No organization or person likes negative talk and people who ask too may question to be certain of everything. Let me give some examples

1) I want marketing project, I am in a finance organization. Do not ask the manager this question. You are going to an organization to know its business and business do not have functional silos. However, ask questions relating to your project, show enthusiasm. Smile, enjoy hard work. 2) If some urgent work is to be done by the organization, do it willingly. For example the office has no power and your manager finds that the electricity bill is not paid, volunteer to do the task. MBA is not management by arrogance. Never show that this is not my work. You will be surprised to know that there is no work as not your work. The organizations are boundary less organizations. 3) Do not take campus culture to organization. Leave letters, excuses, concessions etc. Inculcate organizations culture and come to institute with all ideas to change the way in which you work in institute. Share experience with your classmates and teachers. It is an opportunity to professionalize with you. 4) Wear your tie and go to organization. Some organizations have informal environment. They may not insist on your attire. That does not mean that you go with casuals.

FOR PGP Ist BATCH

Duration of Summer Training:- From----------------------to------------------

Project Report Activity Completion Schedule

Activity No. Activity 1
2

Expected Date of Completion

Selection of Organisation/Company Area of project Problem formulation, Setting of objectives, Deciding Research methodology
Field Work Completion of the project and collection of Certificate as well as progress Report Sheet from Organisation/Company where you have done your project work. Rough Draft Final Draft Submission of the Report

3 4

5 6 7