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Jump to: navigation, search "Monora" redirects here. For the Romanian village of M n rade, called Monora in Hungarian, see Blaj. Monera
Fossil range: Hadean Recent
Scientific classification
Included groups Domains Bacteria and Archaea Excluded groups Domain Eukaryotes Monera (/m n r / m -NEER- ) is a kingdom that contains unicellular organisms without a nucleus (i.e., a prokaryotic cell organization), such as bacteria. The kingdom is considered superseded.[1] The taxon Monera was first proposed as a phylum by Ernst Haeckel in 1866; subsequently, the taxon was raised to the rank of kingdom in 1925 by douard Chatton, gaining common acceptance, and the last commonly accepted mega-classification with the taxon Monera was the five-kingdom classification system established by Robert Whittaker in 1969. Under the three-domain system of taxonomy, which was established in 1990 and reflects the evolutionary history of life as currently understood, the organisms found in kingdom Monera have been divided into two domains, Archaea and Bacteria (with Eukarya as the third domain). Furthermore the taxon Monera is paraphyletic. The term "moneran" is the informal
name of members of this group and is still sometimes used (as is the term "prokaryote") to denote a member of either domain.[2] Despite most bacteria being classified under Monera, the bacterial phylum Cyanobacteria (the blue-green algae) was not classified under Monera, but under Plantae given the ability of its members to photosynthesise.
Contents
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1 History o 1.1 Haekel's classification o 1.2 Subsequent classifications o 1.3 Rise to prominence o 1.4 Three-domain system 2 Blue-green algae 3 Summary 4 See also 5 References 6 External links
[edit] History
See also: Bacterial taxonomy
Tree of Life in Generelle Morphologie der Organismen (1866)[3] Traditionally the natural world was classified as animal, vegetable, or mineral as in Systema Naturae. After the discovery of microscopy, attempts were made to fit microscopic organisms into either the plant or animal kingdoms. In 1676, Antonie van Leeuwenhoek discovered bacteria and called them "animacules," assigning them to the class Vermes of the Animalia.[4][5][6] Due to the limited tools the sole references for this group were shape, behaviour, and habitat the description of genera and their classification was extremely limited, which was accentuated by the perceived lack of importance of the group.[7][8][9] Ten years after The Origin of Species by Darwin, in 1866 Ernst Haeckel, a supporter of evolution, proposed a three-kingdom system which added the Protista as a new kingdom that contained most microscopic organisms.[3] One of his eight major divisions of Protista was composed of the monerans (called Moneres in German) and defines them as completely structureless and homogeneous organisms, consisting only of a piece of plasma. Haeckel's Monera included not only bacterial groups of early discovery but also several small eukaryotic organisms; in fact the genus Vibrio is the only bacterial genus explicitly assigned to the phylum, while others are mentioned indirectly, which has led Copeland to speculate that Haeckel considered all bacteria to belong to the genus Vibrio, ignoring other bacterial genera.[7] One notable exception were the members of the modern phylum Cyanobacteria, such as Nostoc, which were placed in the phylum Archephyta of Algae (vide infra: Bluegreen algae). The Neolatin noun Monera and the German noun Moneren/Moneres are derived from the ancient Greek noun moneres ( ) which Haeckel states to mean "simple",[3] however it [10] actually means "single, solitary". Haeckel also describes the protist genus Monas in the two pages about Monera in his 1866 book.[3] The informal name of a member of the Monera was initially moneron, [11] but later moneran was used.[2] Due to its lack of features, the phylum was not fully subdivided, but the genera therein were divided into two groups:
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die Gymnomoneren (no envelope [sic.]): Gymnomonera o Protogenes such as Protogenes primordialis, an unidentified amaeba (eukaryote) and not a bacterium o Protamaeba an incorrectly described/fabricated species [12] o Vibrio a genus of comma-shaped bacteria first described in 1854 o Bacterium a genus of rod-shaped bacteria first described in 1828. Haeckel does not explicitly assign this genus to the Monera. [13] o Bacillus a genus of spore-forming rod-shaped bacteria first described in 1835 Haeckel does not explicitly assign this genus to the Monera. [14] Haeckel does o Spirochaeta thin spiral-shaped bacteria first described in 1835 not explicitly assign this genus to the Monera. [15] o Spirillum spiral-shaped bacteria first described in 1832 Haeckel does not explicitly assign this genus to the Monera. o etc.: Haeckel does provide a comprehensive list. die Lepomoneren (with envelope): Lepomonera o Protomonas identified to a synonym of Monas, a flagellated protozoan, and not a bacterium.[11] The name was reused in 1984 for an unrelated genus of bacteria.[16] o Vampyrella now classed as a eukaryote and not a bacterium.
Spherobacteria for the cocci Microbacteria for the short, non-filamentous rods Desmobacteria for the longer, filamentous rods and Spirobacteria for the spiral forms.
Successively, Cohn created the Schizophyta of Plants which contained the non-photrophic bacteria in the family Schizomycetes and the phototrophic bacteria (blue green algae/Cyanobacteria) in the Schizophyceae[22] This union of blue green algae and Bacteria was much later followed by Haeckel, who classified the two families in a revised phylum Monera in the Protista.[23]
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Alternative ommonly followed subdivision systems were based on Gram stains. This culminated in the Gibbons and Murray classification of 1978:[26]
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Gracilicutes (gram negative) o Photobacteria (photosynthetic): class Oxyphotobacteriae (water as electron acceptor, includes the order Cyanobacteriales=blue green algae, now phylum Cyanobacteria) and class Anoxyphotobacteriae (anaerobic phototrophs, orders: Rhodospirillales and Chlorobiales o Scotobacteria (non-photosynthetic, now the Proteobacteria and other gram negative nonphotosynthetic phyla) Firmacutes [sic] (gram positive, subsequently corrected to Firmicutes[27]) o several orders such as Bacillales and Actinomycetales (now in the phylum Actinobacteria) Mollicutes (gram variable, e.g. Mycoplasma) Mendocutes (uneven gram stain, "methanogenic bacteria" now known as the Archaea)
Other researchers, such as E. G. Pringsheim writing in 1949, suspected separate origins for bacteria and blue-green algae. In 1974, the influential Bergey's Manual published a new edition coining the term cyanobacteria to refer to what had been called blue-green algae, marking the acceptance of this group within the Monera.[25]
[edit] Summary
Woese Haeckel Whittake Linnaeus Copeland et al. 1866[3] Chatton r Woese et al. [7][35] 1990[38] 1735[32] [33][34] 1938 [24] [36][37] 3 1925 1969 1977 2 4 3 5 6 kingdoms kingdom 2 empires kingdoms kingdoms domain kingdoms s s Eubacteria Bacteria Prokaryot Monera Monera Archaebacteri a Archaea a (not Protista treated) Protoctist Protista Protista a Vegetabili Plantae a Animalia Eukaryota Plantae Plantae Plantae Protoctist Fungi Fungi a Animalia Animalia Animalia Animalia CavalierSmith 2004[30] 6 kingdom s Bacteria