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Learning Objectives:
1. Analyze general design methods for masonry construction that create sustainable wall systems affecting the structural integrity and internal welfare of its inhabitants. 2. Compare the difference between and importance of suitable anchoring system. 3. Assess proper flashing and moisture control techniques. 4. Determine how to address seismic and severe wind load factors in masonry wall systems.
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ED+C Magazine is a Registered Provider with The American Institute of Architects Continuing Education Systems. Credit earned on completion of this program will be reported to CES Records for AIA members. Certificates of Completion for non-AIA members are available on request. This program is registered with the AIA/CES for continuing professional education. As such, it does not include content that may be deemed or construed to be an approval or endorsement by the AIA of any material of construction or any method or manner of handling, using, distributing, or dealing in any material or product. Questions related to specific materials, methods, and services will be addressed at the conclusion of this presentation.
Green Build
The future will be green, or not at all. This truth lies at the heart of humankinds most pressing challenge: to learn to live in harmony with the Earth on a genuinely sustainable basis.
-Sir Jonathon Porritt
Masonry buildings are extremely durable. Their greatest enemies are commonplace: water and movement caused by thermal expansion. When confined water freezes, it expands with tremendous pressure, causing cracking, crazing, spalling and deterioration of masonry surfaces. Movement of wall systems results in the cracking of masonry, which then provides easy entry for moisture.
Masonry buildings are extremely durable. The University of Southern California is an example where measures were taken to ensure proper building practices.
Building Movement
Movement of wall systems results in the cracking of masonry, which then provides easy entry for moisture.
Effloresence
Salt and mineral deposits left behind on brick or masonry surfaces.
Spalling
If saturated when frozen, pressure from expanding ice can fracture brick, block, or stone.
Anchor Options
Over time, ties of various sizes, configurations, and adjustability have been developed for load-bearing masonry, often of different materials; anchor masonry veneer to backing systems other than masonry; and connect composite masonry walls.
Anchoring
Typically, wall ties perform four primary functions between a wythe of brick and its backing or another wythe of masonry. Provide a Connection
Anchoring
Provide a connection Transfer lateral loads
Anchoring
Provide a connection Transfer lateral loads The ability to handle differential movement or in some cases, restrict movement Air barrier interface
Truss Reinforcement
Ladder Reinforcement
Reinforcement Finishes
Black Basic-No Coating Mill Galvanized
ASTM A641-(0.10 oz. Zinc Coating/FT )
Weights
Side Rod Cross Rod
Standard 9 ga. Side Rods x 9 ga. Cross Rods Extra Heavy 3/16" Side Rods x 9 ga. Cross Rods Super Heavy Duty 3/16" Side Rods x 3/16" Cross Rods
Installation
Anchoring Walls:
Are you confident enough to use eye wire?
Tru-Joint Feature
The Tru-Joint feature was developed for masons to easily maintain a standard 3/8 joint thickness, without concern for excessive wire buildup when eyes are welded onto backup joint reinforcement.
To add Sustainability and Integrity to your Masonry Wall, Specify a Closed Loop System
1
Wire Clip Welded Loops Continuous Wire Optional Lok Washer holds insulation in place 3/16 Box Tie Welded Loops
When brick coursing is not within 1 loop dimension, use Bent-Box Tie for an additional 1 adjustability
The Challenge:
To prevent long-term deterioration of the insulation or wall board due to moisture, while also preventing separation of the wire tie from the anchor.
Specify:
100% Protection against separation of wire tie from anchor.
(See ACI-530-02 Sec. 6.2.2.5.5.3)
Specify:
Specify:
3 3/8 of vertical adjustability
Takes guesswork out of the laborers hands. Allows for easy installation after insulation is in place. 3-3/8
Specify:
A 14 gauge anchor capable of withstanding a 100# load in both tension and compression without deforming or developing play in excess of 0.05.
Specify:
A cross-linked polyethylene foam tape to create a pressure seal between anchor and sheathing for added protection.
Seismic Considerations
Closed Loop System
DISADVANTAGES Difficult to bend High installation costs Must be preformed at factory Not easily field-adapted Usually requires steel workers for installation Cold-rolled stains surfaces where water runs off; damaged by excessive flexing; Copper corrodes and leads to gradual change in surface color
Durable, flexible, impervious, easier to form and solder than stainless; Lead-coated does not stain
COMPOSITES
Copper Laminations
ADVANTAGES
Easier to form and join than metals.
DISADVANTAGES
More easily torn than metal, asphalt degrades in sunlight and can ooze under extreme heat
COMPOSITES
EPDM
ADVANTAGES
Not susceptible to UV rays, Corrosion resistant, Good Tear and puncture resistance
DISADVANTAGES
Requires adhesives to bond to substrate and requires double sided tape to seal laps, More difficult to work with than rubberized asphalt, resulting in higher labor costs Affected by UV rays Cannot form 45 degree drip edge; loses adhesive properties below 40 degrees; Rubberized-asphalt component can ooze out to the exterior of the building in warm temperatures.
Flexible at low temperatures Excellent tear/puncture resistance; self seals around stainless steel drip edge; easy to install
THERMOPLASTIC
Elvaloy Membrane
ADVANTAGES
DISADVANTAGES
Flexible at low temperatures. N/A Not susceptible to UV. Self-adhesive, easy to install, seamless preformed corners and end dams available. Extremely tough, with excellent impact and tear/puncture resistance. Highly resistance to oils and will repel most chemicals Compatible with most silicone and urethane sealants. Suitable for thru-wall or surfacemount construction.
COST: $4.00 - $5.00 PER SQ. FT (with drip edge) $3.00 - $4.00 PER SQ. FT (w/o drip edge)
Flashing Locations
Shelf Angle Inside Corner
Flashing Summary
Flashing must work as a system and include all components such as termination bar, drip plates, mortar collection device, etc. Determine most compatible flashing system with wall design. Compatibility with sealants and adjacent materials is critical.
This concludes The American Institute of Architects Continuing Education Systems Program
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