The ABCs of Construction Site Safety

The ABCs Of Construction Site Safety

About this guide This guide describes common hazards and various construction-related topics as they relate to safety and health. Keep in mind that the Oregon OSHA standards referenced in this guide are summarized and not every Oregon OSHA standard is listed. Refer to the actual Oregon OSHA standard for the full text of requirements. Questions or comments? Contact Craig Hamelund, Oregon OSHA Education 1750 NW Naito Pkwy. Ste. 112, Portland, OR 97209 (503) 229-5910 craig.hamelund@state.or.us

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Contents
Accident Prevention and Accident Investigation.......................6 Accident Prevention Responsibilities............................................6 Employer Responsibilities..........................................................6 Investigations of Injuries...........................................................6 Barricades and Other Traffic Control.........................................8 Traffic Control.........................................................................8 Vehicle Drivers and Riders.........................................................8 High Visibility Garments............................................................8 Chemicals..................................................................................9 Hazard Communication.............................................................9 Electrical.................................................................................. 11 Branch circuits.......................................................................11 Working Near Overhead High Voltage Lines and Equipment..........11 Fall Protection.........................................................................13 General fall protection.............................................................13 Hand and power tools: guarding..............................................15 Condition of tools...................................................................15 Guarding...............................................................................15 Types of guarding...................................................................15 Health Hazards........................................................................16 Inspections..............................................................................18 Safety Training and Education..................................................18 Accident prevention responsibilities...........................................18 Job Hazard Analysis (JHA).......................................................19

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Keeping The Site Clean............................................................20 General Safety and Health Provisions........................................20 Housekeeping........................................................................20 Sanitation (including toilets and drinking water)..........................20 General Requirements for Storage............................................20 Ladders (and Stairways).........................................................22 Ladders................................................................................22 Training Requirements............................................................22 Medical and First Aid...............................................................24 First Aid and Medical Attention.................................................24 Medical Services and First Aid..................................................24 Noise.......................................................................................26 Occupational Noise Exposure....................................................26 Organize a Safety Committee..................................................28 Rules for Workplace Safety Committees and Safety Meetings........28 Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)......................................29 Personal Protective Equipment.................................................29 Personal Protective and Life Saving Equipment...........................29 Head Protection.....................................................................29 High Visibility Garments..........................................................30 Qualified and Competent Persons............................................31 Rigging and Cranes..................................................................32 Rigging Equipment for Material Handling....................................32 Cranes and Derricks................................................................32 Crane Operator Safety Training Requirements............................33 Scaffolding..............................................................................34

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Manually Propelled Elevating Aerial Platforms.............................34 Boom Supported Elevating Work Platforms.................................35 Scissor Lifts Self-Propelled Elevating Work Platforms.................35 Trenching and Excavations......................................................36 Protection of employees in excavations......................................37 Unsafe Conditions and Practices..............................................38 Vehicles and Mobile Equipment...............................................39 Welding and Cutting................................................................41 Hazards of welding and cutting.................................................41 X-Ray and Other Radiation......................................................43 Your Attitude...........................................................................45 Zero Energy State (Lockout/Tagout).......................................46 Lockout and Tagging of Electrical Circuits...................................46 The Control of Hazardous Energy (Lockout/Tagout).....................46 Vehicles for Highway and Road Operation Characteristics and Maintenance..........................................................................46

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Accident Prevention and Accident Investigation

Accident Prevention Responsibilities Subdivision 3/C, 1926.20(b) It must be the responsibility of the employer to initiate and maintain such programs as may be necessary to comply with Oregon OSHA construction safety and health standards. Such programs must provide for frequent and regular inspections of the job sites, materials, and equipment to be made by competent persons designated by the employers. The use of any machinery, tool, material, or equipment which is not in compliance with any applicable requirement of this part is prohibited. Such machine, tool, material, or equipment must either be identified as unsafe by tagging or locking the controls to render them inoperable or must be physically removed from its place of operation. The employer must permit only those employees qualified by training or experience to operate equipment and machinery. Employer Responsibilities Division 1, 437-001-0760(1) (a) The employer must see that workers are properly instructed and supervised in the safe operation of any machinery, tools, equipment, process, or practice which they are authorized to use or apply. (b) The employer must take all reasonable means to require employees: To work and act in a safe and healthful manner; to conduct their work in compliance with all applicable safety and health rules; to use all means and methods that are necessary to safely accomplish all work where employees are exposed to a hazard; and not to remove, displace, damage, destroy or carry off any safety device, guard, notice or warning provided for use in any employment or place of employment while such use is required by applicable safety and health rules. Investigations of Injuries Div 1, 437-001-0760(3) Each employer must investigate or cause to be investigated every lost time injury that workers suffer in connection with their employment, to determine the means that should be taken to prevent recurrence. The employer must promptly install any safeguard or take any corrective measure indicated or found advisable. 6 ABCs of Construction Site Safety

Any supervisors or persons in charge of work are held to be the agents of the employer in the discharge of their authorized duties, and are at all times responsible for: (A) The execution in a safe manner of the work under their supervision (B) The safe conduct of their crew while under their supervision (C) The safety of all workers under their supervision

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Barricades and Other Traffic Control

Traffic Control Subdivision 3/G, 437-003-0420 Adequate and appropriate traffic controls must be provided for all operations on or adjacent to a highway, street, or roadway. The traffic controls must conform to the Millennium Edition of the (FHWA) Manual of Uniform Traffic Control Devices (MUTCD), December 2000. Signaling by flaggers and the use of flaggers, including warning garments worn by flaggers must conform to the Millennium Edition of the (FHWA) Manual of Uniform Traffic Control Devices (MUTCD), December 2000. Barricades for protection of employees must conform to the Millennium Edition of the (FHWA) Manual of Uniform Traffic Control Devices (MUTCD), December 2000. Vehicle Drivers and Riders Subdivision 3/O, 437-003-3224(12) Traffic Control. You must require employees to set up appropriate traffic controls when they stop on or adjacent to a highway, street, or road in a way that creates a hazard and when traffic cannot adjust safely on its own. The controls must conform to the Millennium Edition of the (FHWA) Manual of Uniform Traffic Control Devices (MUTCD), December 2000. NOTE: Employers who follow the most current edition of the Oregon Temporary Traffic Control Handbook for Operations of 3 Days or Less comply with this requirement. High Visibility Garments Subdivision 3/C, 437-003-0128 Employees exposed to hazards caused by on-highway type moving vehicles in construction zones and street/highway traffic must wear highly visible upper body garments. The colors must contrast with other colors in the area sufficiently to make the worker stand out. Colors equivalent to strong red, strong orange, strong yellow, strong yellow-green or fluorescent versions of these colors are acceptable. During hours of darkness, the garments must also have reflective material visible from all sides for 1000 feet. NOTE: High visibility garments for flaggers must meet the requirements in Subdivision 3/G, 437-003-0420. 8 ABCs of Construction Site Safety

Chemicals
Hazard Communication Subdivision 3/D, 1926.59 Main components: Written hazard communication program

Material safety data sheets Labels and other forms of warning Employee information and training

All employers must provide information to their employees about the hazardous chemicals to which they are exposed. The purpose of this Oregon OSHA standard is to ensure that the hazards of all chemicals are evaluated and the information is transmitted to employers and employees via a hazard communication program (HAZCOM). This standard applies to any hazardous chemical where employees may be exposed under normal conditions of use or in a foreseeable emergency. A hazardous chemical is any chemical which presents a physical hazard or a health hazard. Health hazards produce acute or chronic health effects and include carcinogens, toxic agents, irritants, corrosives, and sensitizers. Physical hazards include combustible liquids, compressed gases, explosives, flammables, organic peroxides, oxidizers, and unstable (reactive) agents. When employees of other employer(s) may be exposed to chemicals, the written program must include the methods the employer will use to provide the other employer(s) on-site access to material safety data sheets; the methods to inform the other employer(s) of any precautionary measures; and the methods to inform the other employer(s) of the labeling system used in the workplace. The employer must ensure that each container of hazardous chemicals in the workplace is labeled, tagged or marked to identify the hazardous chemical(s) and appropriate hazard warnings. The employer must maintain copies of the required material safety data sheets for each hazardous chemical, and must ensure that they are readily accessible during each work shift to employees when they are in their work area(s). Where employees must travel between workplaces during a workshift, i.e., their work is carried out at more than one geographical location, the material safety data 9 ABCs of Construction Site Safety

sheets may be kept at the primary workplace facility. In this situation, the employer must ensure that employees can immediately obtain the required information in an emergency.

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Electrical
Subdivision 3/K General Installation safety requirements Safety-related work practices (includes lockout/tagout) Safety-related maintenance and environmental considerations Safety requirements for special equipment

Branch circuits Subdivision 3/K, OAR 437-003-0404 (1) General. Use ground fault circuit interrupters specified in (2) below or an assured equipment grounding conductor program as in (3) below. These requirements are in addition to any other requirements for equipment grounding conductors. (2) All 125-volt, single-phase, 15-, 20-, and 30-ampere receptacles on construction sites, that are for temporary power and are available for use by employees, must have approved ground-fault circuit interrupters. (a) GFI protection must be at the outlet end of the circuit. Extension cords or other devices with listed ground-fault circuit interrupter protection for personnel identified for portable are acceptable. (3) Assured equipment grounding conductor program: Receptacles more than 125-volt, singlephase, 30-amperes must have protection that complies with (2) above, or an assured equipment grounding conductor program that complies with (a) through (f) Working Near Overhead High Voltage Lines and Equipment Subdivision 3/K, 437-003-0047 (2) General requirement. Do not enter, perform any function of activity (such as handling, erecting, operating, transporting, or storing any tools, equipment or materials, moving a building or structure) within the restricted space surrounding an overhead high voltage line or equipment unless: (a) You are the owner, an authorized employee, or authorized (in writing) agent of the overhead high voltage system: or 11 ABCs of Construction Site Safety

(b) Proper notification is provided; and (A) The line and/or equipment is deenergized and visibly grounded by the owner of the high voltage system or their authorized agent; or (B) Accidental contact is effectively prevented by use of insulating barriers or guards. (c) Insulated lines (not tree wire) and equipment (designed and engineered to allow only incidental contact) are erected or installed by the owner of the high voltage system or their authorized agent. Restricted Space: (a) For lines rated more than 600 V to 50 kV, restricted space extends 10 feet in all directions from the surface of the line or equipment. (b) For lines rated over 50 kV, restricted space extends 10 feet plus 0.4 inch for each 1 kV over 50 kV, or twice the length of the insulator (but never less than 10 feet) in all directions from the surface of the line or equipment. (c) For equipment or structures in transit, on level surfaces, restricted space extends 4 feet in all directions from lines or equipment rated 50 kV or less, 10 feet in all directions for lines or equipment rated over 50 kV, and 16 feet in all directions for lines or equipment rated over 345 kV up to and including 750 kV.

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Fall Protection
Subdivision Div 3/M Scope, application, and definitions Duty to have fall protection (General fall protection) Fall protection systems criteria and practices Training requirements

General fall protection Subdivision 3/M, 437-003-1501 Except as otherwise provided in paragraphs (1) through (4) below, when employees are exposed to a hazard of falling 10 feet or more to a lower level, the employer must ensure that fall protection systems are provided, installed, and implemented. (1) Holes. Each employee on walking/working surfaces must be protected from falling through holes (including skylights) more than 6 feet above lower levels. Each employee on a walking/working surface must be protected from tripping in or stepping into or through holes (including skylights) by covers. Each employee on a walking/working surface must be protected from objects falling through holes (including skylights) by covers. (2) Wall openings. Each employee working on, at, above, or near wall openings (including those with chutes attached) where the outside bottom edge of the wall opening is 6 feet or more above lower levels and the inside bottom edge of the wall opening is less than 39 inches above the walking/working surface, must be protected from falling. (3) Established floors, mezzanines, balconies and walkways. Each employee on established floors, mezzanines, balconies and walkways, with an unprotected side or edge 6 feet or more above a lower level, must be protected from falling. (4) Excavations. Each employee at the edge of an excavation 6 feet or more in depth must be protected from falling when the excavations are not readily seen because of plant growth or other visual barrier. Each employee at the edge of a well, pit, shaft, and similar excavation 6 feet or more in depth must be protected from falling. Each employee must be protected from falls into or onto dangerous equipment, regardless of the fall distance.

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When an employee is exposed to falling objects, the employer must have each employee wear a hard hat and must implement an additional measure of protection such as erecting toeboards, screens, or guardrail systems; or erect a canopy structure; or barricade the area and prohibit employees from entering the barricaded area. Remember, Subdivision 3/M is Oregon OSHAs general standard for fall protection. Other Oregon OSHA standards contain specific fall protection requirements that must be followed when those standards apply.

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Hand and power tools: guarding

Subdivision 3/I General requirements Hand tools Power-operated hand tools Powder-actuated tools Abrasive wheels and tools Woodworking tools Jacks lever and ratchet, screw, and hydraulic

Condition of tools All hand and power tools and similar equipment, whether furnished by the employer or the employee, must be maintained in a safe condition. Guarding When power operated tools are designed to accommodate guards, they must be equipped with such guards when in use. Belts, gears, shafts, pulleys, sprockets, spindles, drums, fly wheels, chains, or other reciprocating, rotating or moving parts of equipment must be guarded if such parts are exposed to contact by employees or otherwise create a hazard. Types of guarding One or more methods of machine guarding must be provided to protect the operator and other employees in the machine area from hazards such as those created by point of operation, ingoing nip points, rotating parts, flying chips and sparks. Guarding of abrasive wheel machinery (portable and fixed) is addressed in Subdivision 3/I, 1926.303, Abrasive wheels and tools

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Health Hazards
Subdivision 3/D, Occupational Health and Environmental Controls Radiation Ventilation Drinking water Methylenedianiline (MDA) Lead Hazard communication

Subdivision 3/Z, Toxic and Hazardous Substances Air contaminants Asbestos Chromium (VI) Cadmium Methylene Chloride

Subdivision 3/ C, 1926.21(b) (3) Employees required to handle or use poisons, caustics, and other harmful substances must be instructed regarding the safe handling and use, and be made aware of the potential hazards, personal hygiene, and personal protective measures required. (4) In job site areas where harmful plants or animals are present, employees who may be exposed must be instructed regarding the potential hazards, and how to avoid injury, and the first aid procedures to be used in the event of injury. (5) Employees required to handle or use flammable liquids, gases, or toxic materials must be instructed in the safe handling and use of these materials and made aware of other specific requirements contained in Oregon OSHA Div 3. (6)(i) All employees required to enter into confined or enclosed spaces must be instructed as to the nature of the hazards involved, the necessary precautions to be taken, and in the use of protective and emergency equipment required. The

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employer must comply with any specific regulations that apply to work in dangerous or potentially dangerous areas. Division 1, 437-001-0760(1) (c) Every employer must be responsible for providing the health hazard control measures necessary to protect the employees health from harmful or hazardous conditions and for maintaining such control measures in good working order and in use. (d) Every employer must inform the employees regarding the known health hazards to which they are exposed, the measures which have been taken for the prevention and control of such hazards, and the proper methods for utilizing such control measures.

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Inspections
Many specific Oregon OSHA safety and health standards require inspections. The following are some general requirements. Safety Training and Education Subdivision 3/C, 1926.21(b) (2) The employer must instruct each employee in the recognition and avoidance of unsafe conditions and the regulations applicable to his work environment to control or eliminate any hazards or other exposure to illness or injury. Accident prevention responsibilities Subdivision 3/C, 1926.20(b) It must be the responsibility of the employer to initiate and maintain such programs as may be necessary to comply with this part. Such programs must provide for frequent and regular inspections of the job sites, materials, and equipment to be made by competent persons designated by the employers. The use of any machinery, tool, material, or equipment which is not in compliance with any applicable requirement of this part is prohibited. Such machine, tool, material, or equipment must either be identified as unsafe by tagging or locking the controls to render them inoperable or must be physically removed from its place of operation. The employer shall permit only those employees qualified by training or experience to operate equipment and machinery. And dont forget safety committee inspection requirements. At the time of this writing, Oregon OSHA is holding public hearings on the proposed changes to the safety committee requirements. The revision should become effective sometime in early 2008. Please check our website at www.orosha.org for the proposed changes. How does your company organize and conduct site inspections?

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Job Hazard Analysis (JHA)

The JHA (job safety analysis (JSA), pre-task plan, etc.) is basically an analysis and improvement process that can literally transform workplace safety. The JHA is a structured process that can discover the causes for the vast majority of workplace injuries and illnesses. Most Oregon OSHA standards do not specifically require the employer to conduct a JHA. However, the employer is required to take the necessary steps to furnish employment (jobs, tasks, procedures) that is safe and healthful. The JHA helps fulfill this requirement. Employers applying for Oregon OSHA's Safety and Health Achievement Recognition Program (SHARP) and the Voluntary Protection Program (VPP) usually conduct JHA's. The preferred steps to an effective JHA: 1. Prepare to conduct a JHA (review accident history, involve employees, conduct risk assessment, prioritize jobs based on hazardous exposures). Often jobs need to be broken into tasks to better analyze the steps involved. 2. Observe the job/task and list the steps involved. 3. Describe the hazard in each step (e.g. falls, impact, mechanical, vibration/noise, toxins, pressure, heat/temp, flammability/fire; explosives, electrical, ergonomics, biohazards, and/or violence). Another hazard tracking method is categorizing into the following types: Struck-by; Struck-against; Contact-by; Contact-with; Caught-on; Caught-in; Caught-between; Fall-to-surface; Fall-to-below; Overexertion; Bodily reaction; Overexposure. 4. Develop preventative measures (engineering controls, management controls, PPE, and/or interim measures). 5. Write a safe job procedure (SJP). What are the benefits of conducting a job hazard analysis? How can the job hazard analysis be used?

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Keeping The Site Clean

General Safety and Health Provisions Subdivision 3/C, 1926.20 (a) Contractor requirements. (1) that no contractor or subcontractor for any part of the contract work shall require any laborer or mechanic employed in the performance of the contract to work in surroundings or under working conditions which are unsanitary, hazardous, or dangerous to his health or safety. Housekeeping Subdivision 3/C, 1926.25 (a) During the course of construction, alteration, or repairs, form and scrap lumber with protruding nails, and all other debris, must be kept cleared from work areas, passageways, and stairs, in and around buildings or other structures. (b) Combustible scrap and debris must be removed at regular intervals during the course of construction. Safe means must be provided to facilitate such removal. (c) Containers must be provided for the collection and separation of waste, trash, oily and used rags, and other refuse. Containers used for garbage and other oily, flammable, or hazardous wastes, such as caustics, acids, harmful dusts, etc. must be equipped with covers. Garbage and other waste must be disposed of at frequent and regular intervals. Sanitation (including toilets and drinking water) Subdivision 3/D, 1926.51 General Requirements for Storage Subdivision 3/H, 1926.250(a) (1) All materials stored in tiers must be stacked, racked, blocked, interlocked, or otherwise secured to prevent sliding, falling or collapse. (2) Maximum safe load limits of floors within buildings and structures, in pounds per square foot, must be conspicuously posted in all storage areas, except for floor or slab on grade. Maximum safe loads must not be exceeded.

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(3) Aisles and passageways must be kept clear to provide for the free and safe movement of material handling equipment or employees. Such areas must be kept in good repair. Paragraph (b) also includes storage of specific materials (e.g. brick, lumber, pipe, etc.) (c) Housekeeping. Storage areas must be kept free from accumulation of materials that constitute hazards from tripping, fire, explosion, or pest harborage. Vegetation control will be exercised when necessary.

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Ladders (and Stairways)

Main sections, Subdivision 3/X: Scope, application, and definitions General requirements Stairways Ladders Extension ladders Training requirements

Ladders Subdivision 3/X, 1926.1053 (a) General requirements (b) Use Training Requirements Subdivision 3/X, 1926.1060 (a) The employer must provide a training program for each employee using ladders and stairways, as necessary. The program must enable each employee to recognize hazards related to ladders and stairways, and must train each employee in the procedures to be followed to minimize these hazards. (1) The employer must ensure that each employee has been trained by a competent person in the following areas, as applicable: (i) The nature of fall hazards in the work area; (ii) The correct procedures for erecting, maintaining, and disassembling the fall protection systems to be used; (iii) The proper construction, use, placement, and care in handling of all stairways and ladders; (iv) The maximum intended load-carrying capacities of ladders used; (v) The standards contained in this subdivision.

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(b) Retraining must be provided for each employee as necessary so that the employee maintains the understanding and knowledge acquired through compliance with this section. A safe approach to ladder safety includes the following: Proper selection Inspection Set-up Safe use Maintenance and storage Training

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Medical and First Aid

First Aid and Medical Attention Subdivision 3/C, 1926.23 First aid services and provisions for medical care must be made available by the employer for every employee covered by these regulations. Medical Services and First Aid Subdivision 3/D, 1926.50 (a) The employer must ensure the availability of medical personnel for advice and consultation on matters of occupational health. (b) Provisions must be made prior to commencement of the project for prompt medical attention in case of serious injury. (c) In the absence of an infirmary, clinic, hospital, or physician, that is reasonably accessible in terms of time and distance to the worksite, which is available for the treatment of injured employees, a person who has a valid certificate in first aid training from the U.S. Bureau of Mines, the American Red Cross, or equivalent training that can be verified by documentary evidence, must be available at the worksite to render first aid. (d) First aid supplies must be easily accessible when required. The contents of the first aid kit must be placed in a weatherproof container with individual sealed packages for each type of item, and must be checked by the employer before being sent out on each job and at least weekly on each job to ensure that the expended items are replaced. (e) Proper equipment for prompt transportation of the injured person to a physician or hospital, or a communication system for contacting necessary ambulance service, must be provided. (f) In areas where 911 is not available, the telephone numbers of the physicians, hospitals, or ambulances must be conspicuously posted. Appendix A to 1926.50 First Aid Kits (Non-mandatory) provides a little more on first aid kits including: Employers should determine the need for additional first aid kits at the worksite, additional types of first aid equipment and supplies and additional quantities and types of supplies and equipment in the first aid kits.

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Employers who have unique or changing first aid needs in their workplace, may need to enhance their first aid kits. Consultation from the local Fire/Rescue Department, appropriate medical professional, or local emergency room may be helpful to employers in these circumstances. Employers should assess the specific needs of their worksite periodically and augment the first aid kit appropriately. If it is reasonably anticipated employees will be exposed to blood or other potentially infectious materials while using first-aid supplies, employers should provide personal protective equipment such as gloves, gowns, face shields, masks and eye protection.

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Noise
Occupational Noise Exposure Subdivision 3/D, 1926.52 Subdivision 3/D, 437-003-0027 Whenever any employee is exposed to noise in the workplace, the requirements of Subdivision 2/G, 1910.95 Occupational Noise Exposure must apply. Main components: Permissible exposure limits Hearing conservation program Monitoring Employee notification Observation of monitoring Audiometric testing Hearing protectors Hearing protector attenuation Training Access to information and training materials Recordkeeping

Employers must administer a hearing conservation program whenever employee noise exposures equal or exceed an 8-hour time-weighted average sound level (TWA) of 85 dBA. When employees are subjected to sound exceeding those listed in the table below , feasible administrative or engineering controls must be utilized.

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Duration/day (hrs) 8 6 4 3 2 1.5 1 0.5 0.20 or less

Sound level 90 92 95 97 100 102 105 110 115

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Organize a Safety Committee

Oregon OSHA is currently revising its existing safety committee requirements. Oregon OSHA is holding public hearings on the proposed changes to the safety committee requirements. The revision should become effective later in 2008. Rules for Workplace Safety Committees and Safety Meetings Division 1, 437-001-0765 Purpose: The purpose of safety committees and safety meetings is to bring workers and management together in a non-adversarial, cooperative effort to promote safety and health in each workplace. Safety committees and safety meetings are designed to effectively assist the employer by making recommendations for improvement. How is your safety committee set up?

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Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)

Personal Protective Equipment Subdivision 3/C, 1926.28 (a) The employer is responsible for requiring the wearing of appropriate personal protective equipment in all operations where there is an exposure to hazardous conditions or where this part indicates the need for using such equipment to reduce the hazards to the employees. (b) Regulations governing the use, selection, and maintenance of personal protective and lifesaving equipment are described under Subpart E of this part. Personal Protective and Life Saving Equipment Subdivision 3/E Criteria for personal protective equipment Head protection Hearing protection Eye and face protection Respiratory protection Working over or near water

Head Protection Subdivision 3/E, 1926.100 (a) Employees working in areas where there is a possible danger of head injury from impact, or from falling or flying objects, or from electrical shock and burns, must be protected by protective helmets. (b) Helmets for the protection of employees against impact and penetration of falling and flying objects must meet the specifications contained in American National Standards Institute, Z89.1-1969, Safety Requirements for Industrial Head Protection. (c) Helmets for the head protection of employees exposed to high voltage electrical shock and burns must meet the specifications contained in American National Standards Institute, Z89.2-1971.

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High Visibility Garments Subdivision 3/C, 437-003-0128 Employees exposed to hazards caused by on-highway type moving vehicles in construction zones and street/highway traffic must wear highly visible upper body garments. The colors must contrast with other colors in the area sufficiently to make the worker stand out. Colors equivalent to strong red, strong orange, strong yellow, strong yellow-green or fluorescent versions of these colors are acceptable. During hours of darkness, the garments must also have reflective material visible from all sides for 1000 feet. NOTE: High visibility garments for flaggers must meet the requirements in Subdivision 3/G, 437-003-0420.

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Qualified and Competent Persons

Requirements for qualified and competent persons are found in several specific Oregon OSHA safety and health standards such as, but not limited to fall protection, scaffolding, steel erection, rigging, excavation, asbestos, and lead. The general definitions for both qualified and competent person are found in Subdivision 3/C, 1926.32. 1926.32(m) Qualified means one who, by possession of a recognized degree, certificate, or professional standing, or who by extensive knowledge, training, and experience, has successfully demonstrated his/her ability to solve or resolve problems related to the subject matter, the work, or the project. 1926.32(f) Competent person means one who is capable of identifying existing and predictable hazards in the surroundings or working conditions which are unsanitary, hazardous, or dangerous to employees, and who has authorization to take prompt corrective measures to eliminate them. Subdivision 3/R, Steel Erection, also adds the following: NOTE: In Oregon, a competent person is considered to be someone with equivalent skills as a qualified person in identifying existing and potential hazards in the workplace, while also being authorized by the employer or employers representative to take immediate corrective action to control or eliminate hazards.

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Rigging and Cranes

Rigging Equipment for Material Handling Subdivision 3/H, 1926.251 Rigging equipment for material handling must be inspected prior to use on each shift and as necessary during its use to ensure that it is safe Defective rigging equipment must be removed from service Rigging equipment must not be loaded in excess of its recommended safe working load (Tables H-1 through H-20) Rigging equipment, when not in use, must be removed from the immediate work area so as not to present a hazard to employees Special custom design grabs, hooks, clamps, or other lifting accessories, for such units as modular panels, prefabricated structures and similar materials, must be marked to indicate the safe working loads and must be proof-tested prior to use to 125 percent of their rated load Includes alloy steel chain, wire rope, metal mesh, natural or synthetic fiber rope (conventional three strand construction), and synthetic web (nylon, polyester, and polypropylene) more specific requirements in 1926.251 Each day before being used, slings and all fastenings and attachments must be inspected for damage or defects by a competent person designated by the employer (additional inspections must be performed when conditions warrant)

Cranes and Derricks Subdivision 3/N, 1926.550 General requirements Crawler, locomotive, and truck cranes Hammerhead tower cranes, and overhead and gantry cranes Derricks Floating cranes and derricks Crane or derrick suspended personnel platform

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Crane Operator Safety Training Requirements Subdivision 3/N, 437-003-0081 Written procedures for the safe operation of all cranes used in construction Employees who operate cranes must be properly trained, have sufficient practical experience, and follow operating procedures for the safe operation of the crane Level of training and experience must be in writing All employees engaged in construction work who operate cranes of 5 ton capacity or greater must have additional training and experience as set forth in Appendices OR-A through OR-E of this Subdivision, and must possess a valid crane operators safety training card issued by a training provider or employer The crane operators safety training card must specify the type or types and size of cranes the operator is trained to operate, a picture of the operator, the original issue date, expiration date, name, signature of the operator, and the name and signature of the training provider or employer (renewed every 3 years)

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Scaffolding
Main sections of Subdivision 3/L: Scope, application and definitions General requirements Additional requirements applicable to specific types of scaffolds Aerial lifts Manually propelled elevating aerial platforms Boom supported elevating work platforms Scissor lifts Training requirements

Main components of Subdivision 3/L, 1926.451, General Requirements: Capacity Scaffold platform construction Criteria for supported scaffolds Criteria for suspension scaffolds Access Use Fall protection Falling object protection

Manually Propelled Elevating Aerial Platforms Subdivision 3/L, 437-003-0071 (1) When using manually propelled elevating aerial platforms as covered by ANSI/SIA A92.3-1990, the manufacturers operating manual must be with the equipment. You must follow all operating and maintenance instructions and recommendations of the manufacturer.

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Boom Supported Elevating Work Platforms Subdivision 3/L, 437-003-0073 (1) When using boom supported elevating work platforms as covered by ANSI/SIA A92.5-1992, the manufacturers operating manual must be with the equipment. You must follow all operating and maintenance instructions and recommendations of the manufacturer. (2) Workers must use personal fall protection that complies with subdivision M of this division, when working in these devices. Scissor Lifts Self-Propelled Elevating Work Platforms Subdivision 3/L, 437-003-0074 (1) When using self-propelled elevating aerial platforms, scissor lifts, as covered by ANSI/SIA A92.6-1990, the manufacturers operating manual must be with the equipment. You must follow all operating and maintenance instructions and recommendations of the manufacturer.

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Trenching and Excavations

Main sections of Subdivision 3/P Scope, application, and definitions Specific excavation requirements Underground installations Requirements for protective systems Appendix A Soil classification Appendix B Sloping and benching Appendix C Timber shoring for trenches Appendix D Aluminum hydraulic shoring for trenches Appendix E Alternatives to timber shoring Appendix F Selection of protective systems

Main components of Subdivision 3/P, 1926.51 Specific Excavation Requirements: Underground utilities Surface encumbrances Access and egress Exposure to vehicular traffic Exposure to falling loads Warning system for mobile equipment Hazardous atmospheres Water accumulation Stability of adjacent structures Loose rock and soil

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Daily inspections Fall protection

Main components of Subdivision 3/P, 1926.652, Requirements for Protective Systems: Protection of employees in excavations Design of sloping and benching systems Design of support systems, shield systems, and other protective systems. Materials and equipment Installation and removal of support Sloping and benching systems Shield systems

Protection of employees in excavations Subdivision 3/P, 1926.652(a) (1) Each employee in an excavation must be protected from cave-ins by an adequate protective system except when: (i) Excavations are made entirely in stable rock; or (ii) Excavations are less than 5 feet (1.52 m) in depth and examination of the ground by a competent person provides no indication of a potential cave-in.

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Unsafe Conditions and Practices

A hazard can be defined as an unsafe condition or practice that can cause injury, illness, damage, or death. Exposure can be defined as ones proximity to danger. Risk = Hazard + Exposure Risk can be defined as Possibility of harm Involving danger Chance of loss Exposure to a hazard

What is meant by hazards are merely symptoms to bigger problems? How do you reduce risk? How does your company reduce risk?

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Vehicles and Mobile Equipment

Main sections of Subdivision 3/O: Equipment and general requirements Pinchpoints Vehicle drivers and riders Vehicles for highway and road operation characteristics and maintenance Vehicles for use on property other than public roads and highways operation, characteristics and maintenance Material handling equipment (including earthmoving, excavating, and forklifts) Personnel platforms on forklifts Pile driving equipment Site clearing Marine operations and equipment

Pinchpoints. To protect against workers being exposed to the hazardous pinchpoint area between the rotating superstructure and the non-rotating undercarriage of any mechanical equipment: (1) Signs must be conspicuously posted on all sides of any mechanical equipment warning workers: DANGER STAY CLEAR; (2) Items of personal property, tools, or other miscellaneous materials must not be stored on or near any mechanical equipment if retrieval of such items would expose a worker to the hazardous pinchpoint; (3) Workers must approach the hazardous pinchpoint area only after informing the operator of his intent and receiving acknowledgment from the operator that the operator understands his intention. All mechanical equipment must be stopped while any worker is in the hazardous pinchpoint area; and (4) When the nature of the work requires a person to work within 3 feet of the swing radius of the rotating upper structure, a warning barricade must be provided. Some general requirements for vehicle operation: Do not allow employees to drive or ride in any vehicle known to be unsafe Require employees to report any safety problems effecting vehicles you own or provide

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Secure all material, equipment or tools to prevent movement or a barrier must be in place to protect the occupants from moving items All vehicles must have a working horn that can be heard above surrounding area noise Vehicles with an obstructed view to the rear must have a backup alarm that can be heard over the surrounding noise unless theres a spotter or verification that nobody can enter the danger area (flashing lights/strobes acceptable if there are too many backup beepers sounding or surrounding noise is too loud) Look in the direction of travel and have a clear view unless being guided by somebody with a clear view of the route Slow or stop as appropriate at intersections and not drive in marked pedestrian lanes Never drive a vehicle up to a person standing in front of a stationary object

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Welding and Cutting

Mains sections of Subdivision 3/J: Gas welding and cutting Arc welding and cutting Fire prevention Ventilation and protection in welding, cutting, and heating (includes confined spaces) Welding, cutting, and heating in way of preservative coatings

Hazards of welding and cutting Fire and Explosion Main cause of fatalities Ignition of flammables or vapors Explosion from cutting into drums, barrels, containers, tanks/trailers

Chemical exposure, smoke, fumes, gas Modes of entry (inhalation, ingestion, and absorption)

Burns (eye and skin) Molten metal/electric arc Electrode contact Catching coveralls on fire (avoid synthetics)

Noise Hammering, grinding, chipping Hearing Conservation Program normally required

Radiation Health effects depend on intensity of radiation and wave

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Non-ionizing radiation is most common Eye injuries most common Arc flash burns Reflection Skin 37% all injuries are flash burns, arc eye, welders eye, arc flash

Electric shock Injuries usually result from contact with bare or poorly insulated conductors Skin burns Abnormal heart function Respiratory paralysis injuries most common

Safety must include engineering controls (ventilation), guarding (screens and covers), and personal protective equipment (gloves, hood/helmet, eye/face protection, respirators).

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X-Ray and Other Radiation

Subdivision 3/D Subdivision 3/D, 1926.53, Ionizing Radiation Subdivision 3/D, 1926.54, Nonionizing Radiation

The most familiar form of electromagnetic (EM) radiation is sunshine, which provides light and heat. Sunshine consists primarily of radiation in infrared (IR), visible, and ultraviolet (UV) frequencies. Lasers also emit EM radiation in these "optical frequencies." The higher frequencies of EM radiation, consisting of x-rays and gamma rays, are types of ionizing radiation. Lower frequency radiation, consisting of ultraviolet (UV), infrared (IR), microwave (MW), Radio Frequency (RF), and extremely low frequency (ELF) are types of non-ionizing radiation. Non-ionizing radiation is described as a series of energy waves composed of oscillating electric and magnetic fields traveling at the speed of light. Non-ionizing radiation includes the spectrum of ultraviolet (UV), visible light, infrared (IR), microwave (MW), radio frequency (RF), and extremely low frequency (ELF). Lasers commonly operate in the UV, visible, and IR frequencies. Non-ionizing radiation is found in a wide range of occupational settings and can pose a considerable health risk to potentially exposed workers if not properly controlled. LASER is an acronym which stands for Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation. The laser produces an intense, highly directional beam of light. The most common cause of laser-induced tissue damage is thermal in nature, where the tissue proteins are denatured due to the temperature rise following absorption of laser energy. The human body is vulnerable to the output of certain lasers, and under certain circumstances, exposure can result in damage to the eye and skin. Research relating to injury thresholds of the eye and skin has been carried out in order to understand the biological hazards of laser radiation. It is now widely accepted that the human eye is almost always more vulnerable to injury than human skin. Subdivision 3/D, 1926.54, Nonionizing Radiation Only qualified and trained employees shall be assigned to install, adjust, and operate laser equipment Proof of qualification of the laser equipment operator shall be available and in possession of the operator at all times Employees, when working in areas in which a potential exposure to direct or reflected laser light greater than 0.005 watts (5 milliwatts) exists, shall be provided with antilaser eye protection devices as specified in Sub E. 43 ABCs of Construction Site Safety

Areas in which lasers are used shall be posted with standard laser warning placards The laser beam shall not be directed at employees Laser equipment shall bear a label to indicate maximum output

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Your Attitude
How attitude can affect others? Can influence others Can dictate work Can aggravate Can motivate

Why risk? Lack of proper equipment Lack of time Lack of information Lack of help Choice

Do you prioritize safety or do you value safety?

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Zero Energy State (Lockout/Tagout)

Lockout and Tagging of Electrical Circuits Subdivision 3/K, 1926.417 Controls that are to be deactivated during the course of work on energized or deenergized equipment or circuits must be tagged. Equipment or circuits that are deenergized must be rendered inoperative and must have tags attached at all points where such equipment or circuits can be energized. Tags must be placed to identify plainly the equipment or circuits being worked on The Control of Hazardous Energy (Lockout/Tagout) Subdivision 2/J, 1910.147(c) (1) Energy control program. The employer must establish a program consisting of energy control procedures, employee training and periodic inspections to ensure that before any employee performs any servicing or maintenance on a machine or equipment where the unexpected energizing, start up or release of stored energy could occur and cause injury, the machine or equipment must be isolated from the energy source, and rendered inoperative. The procedures must clearly and specifically outline the steps for shutting down, isolating, blocking and securing machines or equipment to control hazardous energy; the placement, removal and transfer of lockout devices or tagout devices and the responsibility for them; and the requirements for testing a machine or equipment to determine and verify the effectiveness of lockout devices, tagout devices, and other energy control measures. Vehicles for Highway and Road Operation Characteristics and Maintenance Subdivision 3/O, 437-003-3225 Block or crib heavy machinery, equipment or parts supported by slings, hoists, jacks or otherwise prevent it from falling before employees work underneath or between such objects. During repair or maintenance set all controls in neutral, stop the motor and set the brakes unless the work requires otherwise. During maintenance or inspection on vehicles with dump bins, use an attached, lockable support that prevents unintentional lowering of the bin.

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Disconnect the vehicle battery when the work allows and the energized system could cause injury.

47 ABCs of Construction Site Safety