INTERMEDIATE SECOND YEAR

OFFICE ASSISTANTSHIP VOCATIONAL COURSE

A MANUAL ON SHORTHAND PRACTICALS

Compiled by

S. ANAND, M.Com., B.L.,

J.L. in Commerce, Department of O.A. Krishnaveni Govt. Jr. College (W), CHITTOOR 517 002.

Board of Intermediate Education, Andhra Pradesh, Hyderabad.

PREFACE
To be in tune with the National Curriculum for Vocational Education, the syllabus for II Year Intermediate Office Assistantship Vocational Course has been thoroughly revised with effect from 2005-2006. For the first time an attempt has been made by the Board of Intermediate education to prepare a manual on shorthand practicals, having in mind the needs and standards of students. The manual has been divided into nine chapters to enable the student to acquire skills of speed and efficiency in taking shorthand dictations with a special stress on prcis writing. Three Model Question Papers are given for practice and guidance. A sincere attempt has been made to present the book, error-free. However there is always a scope for improvement. in all humility. Suggestions from teachers as well as students for the improvement of the book will be received

CONTENTS
No. of Periods 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. Revisionary Exercise C 05 20 20 20 20 20 25 20 10 Page No.

01 03 07 11 17 26 36 42 54 62

Practice of Grammalogues & Contractions both General and Special Transcription drills at 40 wpm Transcription drills at 50 wpm Transcription drills at 60 wpm Transcription drills at 70 wpm Transcription drills at 80 wpm Practice of Lithographs Practice of Precis-writing Model Question Papers

CHAPTER - 1
Revisionary Exercise C (Read & Practice)

WRITE IN SHORTHAND THE FOLLOWING REVISIONARY EXERCISE-C I-cannot quite understand how you-came to act as you did in-the court today, nor how you could put-the case against that child with-such particular force, missing no opportunity that-you-were able-to seize to-make-the poor child appear guilty ofthe theft. You-may say that, without-the evidence of-the gentlemen whose purse wastaken, and without-the statements of-the other gentleman who said they saw-the child put her hand into-the old gentlemans pocket, there-would certainly have-been no case for-the jury. But, surely, according-to-the evidence of-the guard called by-the defence, there-was more-than a doubt that-the prisoner was-the child seen by-the gentlemen who testified. The guard told a straightforward tale, and, though-you tried to shake his evidence, you failed to do-so, except towards-the end, when-he admitted he-saw a gold coin drop apparently from-the childs hands to-the ground. I-thinkyou-were a little short with-the guard, and I-was glad when-the people in-the court cheered end of-the case, under protest by-him, and-his friends. I-do-not believe-the by-one-of-your witnesses, and-indeed Ipoor child came out-of-the yard, as stated

did-not believe a word of-that witnesss evidence. It-was given in a bad spirit, in a tone which sent a shiver through everyone in-the court, I-know that at-least a third ofhis story about-the school and-the wonderful instruction he had received there was untrue. I-know this because I-went to-the school myself and you-will-find my name inscribed on-the roll of honour hanging in-the large hall. It-is-not wonderful, therefore, that I-have a doubt of-that mans word. It-would-be rather more wonderful if-I-believed his story. I-think that-he-is a selfish, vindictive fellow, and it-will-be instructive to follow his future. Anyway, I-shall set about an appeal for-the child, whom I-believe to be absolutely innocent of-the crime alleged against her.

CHAPTER - 2
A List of Grammalogues & Contractions

CHAPTER 3
Transcription Drills @ 40 Words Per Minute Example : 1 10 Minutes It-is a matter of very-great pleasure to-be / with you this-evening when you-are celebrating the Sixth // Anniversary of-your Association. What-was merely an association of // shorthand writers six years ago has now become a first (1) class commercial institute with a large-number-of students securing / a high percentage of success. As one devoted a considerable // part of-his life to shorthand, I-feel it a /// privilege to exchange my thoughts with-you on-the difficulties (2) in the way of rapid progress in shorthand. It-is / a well-known fact that qualification in shorthand makes it // easy to secure employment either in government service or in /// private concerns with fairly good prospects. But higher your qualifications (3) greater are your prospects. It-is-therefore not surprising that / a large-number of students appear forthe examinations in // shorthand but it-is unfortunate that it-is only a /// few that are able to come out successful. I-shall (4) briefly place before you some of-the main causes for / failure and how to-get over-the obstacles. Many-consider // that when they-are able-to write down-the shorthand /// outlines without any omissions theyhave reached a standard but (5) they fail because in making out-the outlines they commit / large number-of mistakes. The higher the standard in-the // language, the better is-the performance. Proficiency in shorthand depends /// on-the proficiency inthe language. It-is-therefore absolutely (6) necessary that side-by-side with-the progress in shorthand / one should improve his standard in-the language. The present // educational system has lowered the standard in English and consequently /// many who-have come out successful in-the high school (7) and college examinations are very poor in English. They should / continue to devote themselves regularly for improving their standard in // English even after leaving their schools and colleges. Dear Sirs, thank-you very-much for-your letter of the (8) eleventh January, giving full particulars of the proposed changes. We / have considered-the matter once again and thought that-the // changes proposed would be brought into force from /// July. If-you-can adjust for the time being it-would-be (9) very much appreciated. Of course, you would agree that anything / done in-this-regard would improve our business relations. We // hope that you would continue to do business with us /// as you have-been doing all these years. Faithfully Yours, (10)

Transcription :

Example : 2

10 Minutes

Sometimes we-think that a particular view is beneficial to /-the people. But there-are people holding other views. In//-this matter we-have to carry-the people with us. /// We-cannot ignore-the views of others. We-have to (1)-find a solution which-is acceptable to all and-it / does-not weaken our democratic structure or our national unity. // The question of language generates emotion and anger. If a /// proper solution is found language can-be a force for (2) national unity and national progress. Two years ago our leaders / put forward a proposal that education up-to-the University // level should-be in-the mother tongue so-that-the /// benefits of education could reach everyone and-the talents of (3)-the people could find a natural outlet. Can-we achieve / this? Even a good proposal sometimes contains the seeds of // danger. It-is feared that-this proposal might encourage separatism. /// This proposal could definitely prove beneficial if-there-is a (4) link language which-can bind-the people together and-thus / help maintain national unity. Similarly there-is need to maintain // links with-the world. We-cannot afford to leave in /// isolation in-the present day world. It will prove harmful (5) to-our interests. Therefore there-shouldbe three languages, namely, / regional-language, link language and an international language. We-have // to consider how-the difficulties of-the various parts of ///-the country can-be minimized and how these can-be (6) helped in-their-possible way. No - one should-have-the / feeling that // something is being thrust on him or that obstacles are being put in-his path. Dear Sir, I ///-am-very-glad to notice-that bysome-means you (7) -are hoping to-have-the new proposal brought-forward at /-thenext meeting of-the-directors, and-I-am-persuaded // that in-the-mean-time youshould-not discuss-the ///-matter with anyone, because-it-is-necessary to-be very (8) cautious in-all-circumstances as on-this-occasion. You-will /-probably do whatcould-be-done to-make-the case // complete so-that-we-might-have every-assistance detailed with ///-us in-our-favour. I-think-that-you-are-aware (9) of-the importance of -having read a definite scheme if /-we-would-be successful, but as-the-matter is of //such vital importance to-us, I-take-the-opportunity of-emphasizing-the point. Awaiting your-reply, we-are, yours-truly. (10)

Transcription :

10

Exercise : 1

10 Minutes

When some time ago we were giving a little thought to the strange nature of Time, we let ourselves take some comfort from the certainty that at least we knew that each day was made up of 24 hours. A day, we lightly stated, had in it just 24 hours, never 23 and never 25. But were we right in thinking that we knew this to be the case? Perhaps not, for when the expert comes along he informs us that a day lasts 48 hours and at the same time does not exist at all. We open our eyes a little wider with surprise and ask: How can such things be? And we are given a quite simple reason. As we all learned at school, our earth is always turning away from the west, and the nearer a place is to the east the earlier is the hour of day-break at that place. If, for example, we were living in a country at a point on the earth where the distance round the world is as great as it can be, and we were to leave that country and go to another country which is, let us say, a little over one thousand miles more distant from the west we would find that day-break was an hour earlier in our new home than it had been in our old home. If we moved only five hundred miles towards the east we would find the difference to be only half an hour, and if we moved only 50 miles we would find the difference to be as little as three minutes. If we look at a table of lighting up times we note that these times differ widely for different parts of the same country. But long, long ago, before the present age with its planes and TV, men found that any form of exchange between nations was made very difficult when there was no order in the method of stating the time in different parts of the world. So, to make it possible for anyone in any part of the world to know just what time it was in any other part of the world. The following course was agreed upon. Man had already cut up the day into 24 hours.

CHAPTER 4
Transcription Drills @ 50 WPM Example : 1 10 Minutes
Mr. Nehru said that India needed a big plan because it was only through major projects, they could to develop the country. There might be a serious crisis if, at the end of the Third Plan, there was shortage of steel. Some of the power produced should be reserved (1) for rural areas. Referring to the progress of the plans, Mr.

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Nehru said that during the last ten years of the two Plans, many things have been done here in spite of failures in some places. It may be truly said that a foundation for rapid progress in future has (2) been well laid. Referring to education Mr. Nehru said it should be made available to every student of merit. The base of the ideal of equality was education. He commended the Madras scheme of mid-day meals for children attending schools and suggested that other States could adopt it with (3) suitable modification. He emphasized the basic importance of education in any kind of progress and that they should aim at making education available to every boy and girl of merit. Both at the school and college they should have schemes of scholarship to students on a big scale for (4) giving opportunity to those intellectually and otherwise fit to take advantage of them. While the Plan should keep this in view, they should see that the pursuit of regional development they might not be impeded in the general development of the country at large. It was well recognized by people (5) who had given deep thought to the problem, that it was only through major public enterprise that the country could go ahead fast. The question of private and public sectors was more theoretical and the test to be applied was what was advantageous to the nation. They were not interested (6) in private fortunes being made because these increased inequality among the people of India. Both the public and private sectors had a definite place but the public sector fitted in with the general planned economy. The private sector had also to fit in and was not to be run on (7) lines which created concentration of wealth. The whole concept of planning was a concept in physical terms. However, both the financial and physical approaches had to be borne in mind. While resources might limit them the whole development programme was intended to create additional resources and if they went ahead (8) fast enough, additional resources might be created. The Prime Minister spoke of the importance of spreading education and said that the question of higher education, especially technical education should receive greater attention. He said that at present they did not tap the large reservoir of people who may not only (9) profit by higher education but be an advantage to the State. Therefore the question arose as to how they should make it available to every boy and girl of merit. Their objectives were higher standards in education, and equality of opportunity, so that those getting this opportunity can easily continue their studies. (10)

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Transcription :

13

Example 2

10 Minutes

Today, no country can afford to lag behind in scientific study, if it desires to keep its head above water. it is not possible for us to keep out of the current set in motion by science and scientific work done in other countries, even if we wished to do (1) so. We must, therefore, keep ourselves abreast of progress in the world at large. For that purpose, two aspects which to a layman like me appear to be rather distinct from each other in their practical application, have to be kept in view, One is research of a theoretical or (2) fundamental character, and the other is the application of the results of such fundamental research to the solution of the problems of every day life and further, the spread of practical scientific knowledge in our daily life in the field, factory, or home, by every man and woman young or old, (3) rich or poor. The importance of theoretical or fundamental research cannot be exaggerated because the question of practical application of a theory can arise only after a theory is known. But, it is no refusal of its importance or value to say that the ordinary man is not greatly interested (4) in it. He is more concerned with the practical application of scientific knowledge. He enjoys a ride in an automobile. He is happy if the application of some practical scientific method helps him to produce a few maunds more than he usually does in his tiny little field. He is (5) happy if he is cured of a disease which was considered incurable. He is not much concerned in the detailed and deep scientific knowledge that has gone into the making and assembling of a motor-car, implements of agriculture, the pump for irrigation or the manure which has helped him in (6) growing more food or in the improved highly specialized method of diagnosis or treatment of diseases. Speaking on behalf of the ordinary man, I am interested in the results and practical application of scientific knowledge for bettering my life; and I would like to tell the distinguished scientist, if any (7) that I shall be satisfied only if our scientists give us practical solutions for our problems. The solutions, too, should be such as are not, considering my limited equipment and resources, beyond my capacity to understand and apply to a practical manner May I request you to fashion your work (8) so as to make its results easily acceptable to the ordinary man? I believe he is not without a certain fund of native intelligence and will as a matter of fact, accept and adopt the results of scientific knowledge, if once he feels convinced of their utility, and provided they (9) are not beyond his means and resources. Above all, these have to be made known to him in a simple, intelligible and practical way. I know all this may not be within the province of scientists and may necessitate action on the part of the state and private organizations to popularize scientific knowledge and its practical application.

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Transcription :

15

Exercise : 1

10 Minutes

I am very happy to associate myself with this Annual Conference of the Stenographers Association of Andhra Pradesh. At the outset, I am grateful to the organizers for giving me an opportunity to meet you all and share some of my views. As you all know yours is one of (1) the important professions. All the organizations right from the private companies to public offices, Ministers, Lawyers, Judges etc. need the services of the Stenographers. It would be rather impossible for them to discharge their functions successfully without the help of the Stenographers. There are a number of officials and non officials (2) who solely depend on their Personal Assistants who happen to be Stenographers. In a number of cases the officers very reluctantly permit their stenos to go on leave, as the services of the Stenographers considered essential and very valuable. The Stenographers command great respect both from the public (3) and the subordinate staff of the department in which they are working. They are very influential also. There are a number of cases where the officers misuse the services of their Stenos by entrusting Sundry works other than their regular work. Some of the officers very often entrust outside duties (4) such as purchase of air tickets, making train or bus reservations for their official as well as personal trips, bank and post office works to their stenographers. This is nothing but disrespecting the profession and also the person employed. I therefore strongly feel that this conference should deliberate on some (5) of these issues and pass certain resolutions which would enhance the status and prestige of the Stenographers. At the same time I am very much worried about the professional performance of some of the Stenographers. I am told that some Stenographers after they pass the examination and get at job (6) discontinue their practice of shorthand. As a result, they are not able to take down the dictations given by their bosses properly and reproduce correctly. These officers are very much disappointed at the performance of their Stenographers and many a time scold them also. I therefore, appeal to you all (7) to request all your fellow Stenographers to be in touch with the shorthand subject continuously, improve their professional competence and thus earn good name from their officers. Another important issue is lack of proficiency in English by some of the Stenographers. I have come across a number of Stenos who commit silly grammatical mistakes, spelling mistakes etc. Sometimes it would be difficult to make out the sentences after transcription as most 16

of the words are either swallowed or wrongly written.

On the other hand the

Stenographers should be in a position to correct the wrong English of their Officers. Then (9) only they will be able to command good respect from the entire society. I am also aware that the Government makes use of the services of the Stenographers over and above the prescribed office hours. But they are paid less which does not commensurate their hard work, the valuable time spent and the mental tension to which they are subjected to. (10)

CHAPTER - 5
Transcription Drills @ 60 WPM
Example : 1 10 Minutes Collective life is inevitable and it is also necessary that every individual should be fully conversant with the art of collective living. In the past there was no necessity for an effort to achieve these three objectives or to maintain a balance of them. But today it has become necessary to realize these objectives in his life. So, it is that (1) in the past, people have been feeling in all parts of the world the urgent necessity for a fundamental change in the existing educational system. In our country there has been no change in the sphere of education. People here have no doubt been thinking about this problem but I am afraid that so far there has been no outward (2) effect worth mentioning of such thinking. It is true that our educational institutions are fulfilling the first objective of education, but they are doing almost nothing to realize the other two objectives of education. We have hardly any educational institutions where an effort is sincerely made to make the individual efficient in manual work to enable him to earn by (3) his own labour sufficient wealth to meet all his needs. The result is that even those of our graduates who are quite good at talking are now finding difficulty in making a place in life and often have to drink the bitter cup of failure. We are in need of a larger number of skilled workers as compared in more (4) scholars. We have to work right from now to realize these three objectives and so we need today hundreds of thousands of skilled technicians. It is my sincere view that our educational institutions should now start laying more emphasis on technical skill. If this is done much of the imbalance in educational system would disappear. There should be arrangements in (5) universities for every kind of research and practically there should be arrangements for that type of research which is related to problems of the region in which that university is situated. Our universities have

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not so far assumed this role in our lives. But I am convinced they cannot succeed and cannot be useful for our people without doing so. Dear Friend, I am glad you asked me to advice about the opening of a bank account and I will gladly give you all the help I can. I understand that you are now paid monthly cheque and that you are wondering how to deal with it. When you approach the manager of the bank he will inform you (7) that there are two kinds of accounts namely a deposit and a current account. The deposit account is for the person who wants to save. He pays his money into the bank and leave it there as long as he can and receives interest for doing so. The current account is quite different. It is used by those who have (8) a sum of money in hand but who know that they will have to pay out at least a part of this sum. Since the sum in the current account is intended to be drawn at any moment and it cannot be used by the Bank for any other purpose, the Bank generally allows less interest on current account than on (9) deposit account. You will find that making your payments by cheque will be safer and cheaper than other methods, but for small amounts of a few rupees you could still use postal orders. The cheque plays an important part in business today. It would be difficult to pay money by post. Please give your family my kind regards. Yours faithfully, (10)

18

Transcription :

19

20

EXAMPLE : 2

10 Minutes

While taking dictation, ear and hand should work practically simultaneously in order to secure the best results. When a wrong outline is written the student has to ignore the fact and go on. If several outlines are wrongly written he has to reduce the speed. One should have regular dictation practice to improve speed in Shorthand. Particular attention should be (1) given to length, position writing and indication of vowels of the outlines. Practice of an hour a day is better than two or even three hours every alternate day. To improve the outlines one should have daily practice of writing shorthand from a written English passage. The passage should be varied as far as possible. Difficult words, if any, should (2) be practiced separately and they should be noted down in a separate notebook. Marking of punctuation cannot be overlooked. Another important factor is concentration. While taking dictation the mind should be calm and undisturbed. The student should have full concentration on the passage. All this can be developed only through regular dictation practice. The students should not be eager to (3) take the examination when his practice is not up to the mark. Practice of Shorthand should not be examination oriented. Even if he fails in the examination there is nothing to be disappointed. Failure is to be considered as an opportunity to strive for perfection. Even after the examinations are over it is good to have continuous practice. Otherwise when he (4) takes up a job it will be difficult for him to cope with the work. If he makes mistakes while transcribing the passage the officers will form a poor impression of him. Therefore there is every need for regular practice of Shorthand for all those who want to take up this profession. Apart from regular practice in Shorthand, everyone must (5) develop the habit of reading some good English books. This habit helps in developing good vocabulary, spelling and also writing correct English. A person who wants to join this profession, should also develop personal qualities like good manners, respect for others and sober personality. Stenographer. Sir, With reference to your (6) letter I am to inform you that the matter has been discussed in detail with my colleagues. We are of the opinion that it is not possible for the Government to give permission to open a High School in your village for the All this makes a person an able, efficient and an outstanding

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reasons mentioned below. There are two High Schools existing within a distance of four miles of (7) your village. The present Upper Primary School does not have adequate strength for the last three years. The present building of the School is hardly sufficient for an Upper Primary School. As a matter of fact the local community has not evinced any interest in developing the educational facilities of your village. We could not succeed in creating interest among (8) the people of the village inspite of our sincere efforts. However, we instruct the District Educational Officer to visit your village once again and try to convince the people with regard to the need to provide the necessary minimum facilities for starting a school. The Government is also aware of the fact that if educational facilities are not provided (9) locally, the student will be inconvenienced. But, at the same time, it is not possible for the Government to provide all physical facilities that are necessary for starting a school. It is, therefore, decided to communicate the final orders of the Government on receipt of the report called for from the District Educational Officer. Yours faithfully, (10)

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Transcription :

23

24

Exercise 1

10 Minutes

Good teachers who are interested in the welfare of the students, who have enthusiasm for their subjects and are able to impart it to the pupils they form the central framework of a University. Our commercial minded generation reserves its respect for those who make money and so the best ability is drawn into administration, business and the learned professions. (1) We have to realize that the kind of education we provide for our children is determined overwhelmingly by the kind of men and women we secure as teachers. The low esteem in which teachers are held is the most eloquent evidence of the malady from which our society suffers. We must get the right type of men for the teaching profession, and not the incompetent and the unambitious. Respect for teachers cannot be ordered. It must be earned by their wisdom. The next few years will be a testing time, more severe and more exacting than we have known for many years. Political freedom which we won at much cost and sacrifice is only an opportunity. It is not fulfillment. If we are to develop a strong democracy, political, social and economic, it is necessary for us to work hard and work unitedly. The ideal imposes on us a sacred responsibility. Men are not made democratic by the more formulation of ideals in the constitution. They are not made good by mere exhortation. Great ideals of justice, equality, fraternity and freedom which we have inscribed in our constitution must be woven into the social fabric. We must apply them to the numberless situations of our daily life. Unfortunately the state of mind in which we found ourselves at the time of political liberation is not marked by revolutionary fervour. The spirit of enjoyment has prevailed over the spirit of sacrifice. We seem to demand more than what we give. There is much evidence of low morale, dissatisfaction, discontent among people all leading to serious slackness. We must overcome the spiritual sickness which seems to be enfeebling our community. If we do not change our minds we cannot change anything. A nation is built in its educational institutions. Dear Sir, As a member of the local city council, may I draw your attention to the number of complaints / which have been made to me in the past month in connection with the dense clouds of black smoke which have been coming from the chimney stack at your factory premises in the city. As you are no doubt aware it is an offence for any firm to allow undue smoke to come from its factory chimney, and I should not be at all surprised if you do not hear from the police authorities in connection with

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this matter in the near future. It occurs to me, however, that you are probably not aware of this nuisance as your offices are situated in a different part of the city. I have pointed out to those who complained to me about this matter that I am sure you would not willingly allow this state of affairs to continue. In view of the above remarks, I feel sure that you will wish to investigate the complaint, and I shall be most grateful if you will kindly let me know your feelings after you have had inquiries made at the works. May I say that it is my intention to bring the matter to the notice of my sub committee on the Council at their next meeting on August 2nd, if the smoke nuisance is not cleared up before that date.

CHAPTER 6
Transcription Drills @ 70 WPM Example : 1 10 Minutes In olden times, Sanskrit achieved a significant position, being the language spoken and understood by our religious guides and men of letters throughout India, and in a way helped in saving the religious and cultural unity of the country. It is a good sign that our country is even now striving constantly to keep up that unity. During the last hundred and fifty years, for the sake of running the (1) administration, the English language was in use as the common vehicle for exchange of ideas between persons speaking the different languages of our country. English is however, understood only by a limited number of persons who may be called well educated. Therefore, in a vast country like India, where several languages, entirely different from each other, are prevalent, it is very necessary that there should be one common language for the (2) interchange of views and for keeping up health intercourse amongst the people. There could be no difference of opinion in this matter. It is with this object that the farmers of our constitution gave the significant status of national language to Hindi. This is no manner, diminishes the importance of the State languages. The states are free to run their administration in the State languages and take all steps (3) for their development. Besides, all the State languages have originated from Sanskrit and thus they are closely related to Hindi as well. Therefore the improvement of one language is always supplementary to the development of the other.

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In a country in which more languages than one are spoken, it is but natural and usual to have one common language for conducting the business of the State. No multilingual country can (4) make adequate progress without having a common language. Therefore it is very necessary for India, as well, to have a common language which is Hindi, and to make it strong and advanced it should be adopted at the University level for imparting higher education to students. The persons equipped with masterly knowledge of Hindi will be eagerly sought for and employed when the business among the various States and the (5) Centre will begin to be transacted through Hindi. This mastery of language cannot be achieved unless higher education is given through the Hindi medium. Therefore, to face this emergency we must now start many Hindi medium colleges in the regions where Hindi is not spoken by the people in any large numbers. This centre is taking all sorts of steps for the development of Hindi so that it can be (6) used in all walks of life. In many of the States, Hindi is a compulsory subject up to the High School stage. I am very happy to note that your state is the foremost in these efforts to popularize Hindi. Dear Sirs, While I thank you with all my heart for the continued support which you are extending to us, I regret to note that for sometime now you have reduced (7) its quantum. As you were kind enough to give us advertisements for about Rs. 500 a month during the initial stages, I was fondly hoping that you would gradually increase it. Instead of that, I find that there has been a reduction. I am giving every ounce of my energy to strengthen this organization as an organ of independent opinion, and unless good friends like you extend their full (8) co-operation and support, I can hardly hope to succeed in my objective. As the moving spirit of the leading industrial ventures in this place, it should not be difficult for you to kindly give us advertisements for larger amounts. We would soon be completing the first year of our existence and with the purchase of a fast printing machine, which we hope to effect in the near future, we expect (9) to forge further ahead. It is at this crucial period in the life of our journal your generous support is most needed. With your critical and imaginative approach to life and its problems, you would, I am sure, appreciate the spirit in which I am pleading not merely for the restoration of the cut in the quantum of your advertisements but also for doubling it. Thanking you, Yours sincerely,(10)

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Transcription :

28

29

Example : 2

10 Minutes

Time plays an important part in every action of every person throughout the day, yet time is something about which we know very little and about which we understand even less. If, in our desire to understand a little better the real meaning of time, we read a modern book on the subject, it is probably the experience of many of us that we understand it even less at the (1) end of our reading than at the beginning that we know, indeed, very little about the world in which we live. We read, for example, that everything that has been still is, that everything which is to come in the future already exists. We read that the events which make up life or like the stations along the railway line. A train is running along that line towards one of (2) these stations. It reaches the station, it perhaps waits there for a very little while, and then it passes on, leaving the station behind it. But the station existed before the train reached it and it continues to exist after the train has left it. In the same way, it is said, the things which happen in life are there all the time, waiting for us to reach them. We (3) reach them and experience them and pass on, leaving them behind us. According to the writers of these modern books, these events existed before we knew of them and will continue to exist when we ourselves are no more. They will exist, in fact, for as long as anything as we understand it exists. We read these statements and think carefully about them, and at first it seems that the (4) statements cannot be true, that we cannot seriously be expected to believe them. Then, perhaps, we remember some of the things we were told as children and which we have always believed to be true. As children we learned that many of the little points of light which appeared above us at night are really great bodies which are millions of miles away from the earth. Light, we were told, (5) moves at the rate of about 186,000 miles a second, but so far distant are these bodies from us that the light which we see coming from them is the light which left them thousands, and in some cases millions, of years ago. Because of this fact, we learned, if we could discover some method by which our eyes could see what was happening on (6) one of these distant bodies, we should see not what is happening today but what was happening ages and ages ago. If people something like ourselves lived on those little points of light and if they could see what was happening on our earth they, looking at us today, would see not what is happening now but what happened thousands or

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millions of years ago, according to the (7) distance they are away. But even when we remember these facts it is for most of us difficult to get more than the smallest suggestion of an idea of what is meant when we are told that everything that has been still is and always will be. It is difficult to believe that there will always be somewhere the picture of you as you sit reading these words. If we (8) think of sound it helps us to understand this point a little better. We see a movement very much more quickly than we hear the sound resulting from that movement, for sound comes to us at only 1,100 feet a second as against the 186,000 miles a second of light. Let us say that I live half a mile from a big (9) manufacturing plant, so that the sounds which come to me from the plant reach me about two and a half seconds after the sounds were in fact made. Let us say also that you live another half a mile down the road, away from the plant. You would hear the same sounds two and a half seconds after I heard them, that is five seconds after they were made so. (10)

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Transcription :

32

33

Exercise : 1 Ladies and Gentlemen,

10 Minutes

First of all, I would like to thank the Organisers of the seminar for inviting me to this function and having given me an opportunity to express my views about environmental pollution. There is an increasing emphasis on protecting environment from pollution in these days of advanced technology. Industrial growth, no doubt, is good for the economy. But, at the same time, its side effects like air and water pollution are harmful. Pollution (1) through risky industries may affect the entire environment. We have examples of the gas leakage evils of two big cities with us. The pressure of growing population has also added largely to the problem of pollution. Human beings have become more and more separate from nature. The area covered by forests is being reduced and many plants have vanished for ever thereby natures balance is affected. Ganga, which is supposed (2) to be holy river of India now needs cleaning as its water is polluted and is considered to be not fit for either bathing or drinking. Ganga is polluted because a number of big or small industries have come up on its banks. Industries are not only polluting water by letting off their wastes into the river but they are polluting air by their lead and dangerous wastes. Industries cause (3) air pollution, water pollution and noise pollution. With all these, environment suffers. Many of the industries in urban areas are situated in the midst of most populated areas, thereby mankind gets affected. Air is polluted by big chemical industries. The pollution problem is not limited to a particular country or region, but is a world problem. The air pollution is mainly due to the discharge of industrial wastes and discharge (4) of motor vehicle smoke. Motor industry is a major source of wastes. Besides dangerous gases the industries will also add lead to air. This causes health danger and the outcome of diseases like cold. The air that an Indian takes in is polluted. The growth in industrialization and emissions of motor vehicles is adding smog to the atmosphere. In addition to plant damage and possible health problems, smog also causes (5) other severe problems. Further, it may have to be noted that the present day agricultural practices have upset the natures balance causing major changes in the natures system. Air is polluted by bacteria and inserts. Wrong use of fertilizers and introduction of high

34

yielding varieties have made the matter still worse.

Human waste is another

important cause of natures pollution. The particular health dangers of wrong waste disposal are soil (6) pollution, water pollution etc. Environment is getting more polluted by bad public toilet facilities in almost all cities of India. Thus problem of pollution is reaching dangerous levels. Rivers have been carrying all the towns wastes and discharges. States river is the best example for this. The major industries that are causing pollution include cement as well as consumer goods. Environment protection has become necessary for peoples existence and safe (7) living. A knowledge has to be created among people about this. It is to be noted that economic development should not be at the cost of environment. In India, the department of environment has set up a Research Committee to look into the problem. Pollution control standards are to be necessarily followed. Every one of us should think and act in this regard. Dear Mr. Raman, This is with reference (8) to your fire Insurance Policy on your property located near Race Course Road, Bangalore. In continuation of my earlier letter, I would like to remind you that your policy will expire on Twenty First August, this year. Since my company has carried the insurance on this property for the last Twenty Five years of your mothers life, I should like to renew it on the three year basis for which (9) it was earlier covered. You will appreciate that the present policy covers Rupees Twelve Lakhs on the house, Rupees One Lakh on garage and Rupees Two Lakhs on the furniture. I hope that without any further doubt you will like to increase the valuation. I am asking for the privilege of renewing this policy. Assuring you of our best service always. Yours very truly, (10)

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CHAPTER 7
Transcription Drills @ 80 WPM Example : 1 10 Minutes

It is my privilege to be with you this morning. I wanted to be here with you for a longer time but unfortunately I cannot remain here for long because of other work. I did not know that four sessions will be held today and I have to discharge certain formalities everywhere. I have not come here just to take part in this formality but to draw your attention to the responsibility that you owe to the nation and to (1) society. All of us are important persons dealing with the most vital sector of our society. The biggest asset of our nation is manpower, not treasury, not industry, not wealth. It is manpower that matters in a country like India. The people of this country can do wonders provided we are able to motivate them. This power cannot come till we give them confidence and trust about their future. The masses should have the confidence that whatever they generate in (2) the form of wealth will not be used for the pleasure of a chosen few but for building a new future for their children. Whatever wealth we have is all created not because of the hard work of the scientists or because of the managing capacity of the industrialists but because of the hard work of the masses in fields and factories. This is the only way to create wealth. Nature has bestowed something upon us and whenever human beings (3) make use of it, wealth is created for the benefit of mankind. But it is unfortunate that all over the world, and more so in our society, those who create wealth are not allowed to get its benefits. The masses, the poorer sections of society remain exploited and are oppressed even today. This has been the cause of social tensions in many areas. Poverty itself is a curse, but poverty also becomes an irritating factor, because people can tolerate absolute (4) poverty but not relative poverty. Those who work hard do not get the basic minimum needs of their life and those who do not work get all the benefits of society. Hence there are growing social tensions in society. If we see the tribal areas of India, there is unrest. We have to decide whether we are going to change our attitude in dealing with those problems with understanding, compassion and sympathy and try to change our policy according to (5) the urges and aspirations of these masses. Are we going to silence them by using the coercive power of the state?

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So far, the tendency has been to use the coercive power of the State to silence the demands of the masses mercilessly. productive measure. sometimes even proves to be suicidal. Societies which do not change themselves in tune (6) with the wishes and urges of the masses, ultimately get destroyed. Societies are not changed by changes in the constitution. Societies are not changed through laws of parliament. Societies sometimes change when those people who are the arbiters of the destiny of the poorer sections do not respond to their urges. This is why I said in the very beginning that you are dealing with a very vital sector of this country. Vital, because labour is the strength of today. (7) Dear Sir, I understand that you wish to have a reliable representative in this city having a good reputation in the export trade, willing to act as agent for your productions. If this is correct, I shall be happy to offer you my services in this capacity. You may possibly know I do a large business in all branches of your class of goods, and as I have been in this trade for nearly twenty years, I have many valuable (8) customers. For the past four years I have been an agent for a firm engaged in keen competition with you. This firm has recently decided to open up their own branch in Bombay. I have, therefore, had a wide experience in selling the kind of goods you produce and my efforts to compete with your goods in the past should result in my being able to push them to greater advantage in the near future. I believe you are aware (9) what is possible for production against rival manufactures in certain quarters. In any case I am quite confident I can do a large business for you, as I have been doing all along for the firm mentioned above. I shall be happy to know if my offer meets your needs in any way and if so, will you let me know the terms and conditions upon which you would be willing to enter into an agreement with me. Yours faithfully. (10) In a democratic society this is a counter And if I can say so, it is a self defeating attitude which

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Transcription :

38

39

Exercise : 1

10 Minutes

Let me now share with you some thoughts on how we look at science and technology. Let me assure you of our deep commitment to science. Keeping in view the overall economic and industrial policies, we would like an enhanced stress on application and industrially oriented research. In that long run, this will help the scientific community itself because the main source of funding in the developed world is industry whereas in India less than about thirteen percent of overall national expenditure on research and development is derived form the private sector industry. We are committed to local technology development. That is the reason why we are wanting scientists and industrialists to join together to take major projects of commercial significance and importance. I am happy to note that the response is positive. I cannot see how India can develop into a global player in the international market place unless our technologies are indigenous. If we do not brace ourselves to the challenge of indigenous technology development, I am afraid that our scientists and technical personnel would turn into no more than a labour force of the industries of the other nations. We do not have accept that eventuality at all. We do not be deterred by the ocean of the market place if only we can manage the technologies which are like the streams that flew into the ocean. And where do these rivers come from ? The basic scientific efforts constitute the springs from which arise the technological rivers. And this is where my hope arises from. We are all aware of the excellent track record of Indian scientists and their sustained world class achievements in basic research in several fields like mathematics, physics, chemistry, life sciences and engineering sciences. In addition, a number of studies were taken up by different researchers in varied subjects in different parts of the country. Our science has been internally competitive and naturally therefore our technologies can also be. But they are not at the moment. Let us face it. This is the basis for my hope of the future of our technological growth. I realize that signal achievement have been registered despite severe constraints in infrastructure like power supply, supply, instrumentation or other facilities. I know that, often, water it is only the

excitement of science that has kept a large number of our scientists extraordinarily motivated. I am also aware that rapid achievements in the world scene. We will try to do all we can do to promote basic research in a way that the assets that we have come to possess over the years become sources of ever growing capital, that our science 40

truly functions like the springs from which emerge new technologies and thereby marketable products and processes. The chain has to be connected and strengthened. There is much to be done in the sphere of establishing connections. We have on the one hand the scientific department, scientific agencies and the scientific institutions in the academic system. On the other, there are the socio economic ministries and public sector industry laboratories. The technological goals of the socio economic sector and the scientific expertise of the Science and Technology sector need to be closely connected. This we have been saying for a long time. We have said this when we made the New Education Policy. Dear Sir, The cheque dated 1st October, 92 issued by you for ten thousand rupees in favour of Sri Prasad, Office Secretary of Nehru Co-operative House Building Society has been presented for payment today. But the outstanding balance in your savings bank account with us is only five thousand five hundred rupees. You may remember that it is not the first time for you to present cheques for higher amounts than the amount available for payment from your account. On more than one occasion in the past, we have honoured your cheques presented for higher amounts than the amounts available at the credit of your account. We have been accommodating you because of your social standing and your stable financial position. But, we regret to inform you that repetition of drawing cheques for amounts not available at credit is not well taken by our higher authorities. When this position was brought to your notice, of course, you immediately deposited some amounts into your account covering the deficit. You remember you have also promised to keep always sufficient balance in your account to meet the requirements of payments through cheques. In spite of the assurance given another cheque has been presented today to our surprise. We have also to inform you that the cheque issued in your favour for Rs. 5000/- by the Universal Traders and presented for collection has not yet been collected and credited. Yours faithfully, (10)

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CHAPTER 8 PRACTICE OF LITHOGRAPHS A : Transcription from Shorthand to Longhand

(200 Words Passages)

Example : 1

Read, copy & Transcribe

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Transcription :
Teaching is one of the oldest and noblest professions. The teacher is a friend, philosopher and guide to a student. (For) A teacher to be successful it is not only enough if he or she delivers his or her goods properly. it. A teacher should understand the temperament of a student. A sound knowledge of Educational Psychology is essential for Educational Psychology is a branch of psychology that helps to understand the developmental characteristics of a learner. It varies according to the age of the learner. The relation between the teacher and the learner is very important for a teacher to be successful. Hence it becomes necessary for a teacher to have some knowledge on educational psychology. A teacher might gain this knowledge by experience but for a young teacher it becomes necessary to undergo some student psychology courses or seminars. As the job of teacher is to produce good citizens for the country every institution should organize such courses or seminars. This will greatly help a teacher to read the mind of a student and to identify a student of less mental power and guide him in the right path. Such a guidance will help the student to improve in all ways and be a better citizen which is the real success of a teacher.

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Example : 2

Read, Copy & Transcribe

44

Transcription : Last year a grand exhibition was held in our town. My friends and I went to see it one evening. Our first expression on entering the grounds was that the whole thing looked like a fairy-land. The vast space was decorated in magnificent, bright and gay colours and lilt up with countless lights. Men and women in their best holiday clothes were moving from corner to corner admiring the beauty of all kinds of stalls set up. These stalls were like small shops and they had for show or for sale such goods as cloth, both ordinary and fancy, household furniture, various types of machinery, musical instruments and numerous articles for daily use, all showing labels Made in India. While the stalls made a very interesting sight, what attracted us most was the childrens corner in the exhibition which was crowded with boys and girls. All types of amusements could be seen here, such as merry-go-round, giant wheel, railway train and other things. In each of these, children and some grown-ups even were seated and were having a most thrilling and exciting time. I too had my share of fun with my friends and returned home after enjoying a most delightful evening.

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Example 3

Read, Copy and Transcribe

46

Transcription : I have great pleasure in welcoming you all to this Annual General Meeting of your Company. It is a matter of great regret that for the first time in the history of our company, we had to postpone the Annual General Meeting on account of some labour problems. It is not unusual to have labour disputes in an industrial society. However, our relations with labour all these long years have been extremely cordial. It is in this context that I feel personally very unhappy over the fact of having to postpone the meeting. Your directors report as well as the audited statement of accounts are already in your hands. The profits of the company as a whole are somewhat lower than that of last year. This is explained mostly by the trouble we had in our textile operations due to the severe power crisis and also labour trouble particularly in the textile units. The working in other units has been satisfactory. In my address to you in October last I had outlined the problems and opportunities facing the nation. A large nation like India will always have quite a few problems.

EXERCISE 1 (Read, Copy & Transcribe)

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EXERCISE 2 (Read, Copy & Transcribe)

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B : Transcription from English to Shorthand

(Passage of 200 Words)

Example 1
Write the following passages in Shorthand :
I consider it a great honour to be invited to speak to you all on the occasion of the tenth Anniversary of this great institution. I consider the occasion more important because it tallies with the Silver Jubilee celebrations of this institution. I was a witness to the starting of this institution which has now grown so much that it would be difficult to recognise to recognise its beginning, and it will be agreed by all that the starting and strengthening of this institution have been mainly due to the hard work of my friend. Of course, I do not want to give less attention for those who assisted him in this great work. I have no doubt in my mind that this institution would not have come into being, had it not been for the great interest taken by the Chairman. I congratulate all the students who have been awarded with the diplomas and certificates. I hope that the learning they have acquired in this institution will be properly used. The advice given at the end of the giving of the diplomas and certificates has been very appropriate. The persons have undertaken to act up to that advice. Transcription : Read & Practice

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Example 2 Write the following passage in Shorthand :

It is agreed by all that among all the tastes, the taste for reading is the best and the highest. It is not that everyone possesses this taste. The few that have cultivated this taste for reading make the best of their life. The taste for reading requires books for its satisfaction. These books can be had in a library, either private or public. It is not possible for anyone to keep a private library and to buy all the books that he wishes to read. The public library is the only place for him. It is the resort of scholars, an asylum where they forget themselves and the world in the joy of reading. The taste for reading is not a gift of nature. It is to be inculcated in early years and cultivated as one grows up. This is the work of the parents at home, the work of the teachers at school. The proper atmosphere is necessary which prompts one to read. Advice may not succeed, but the influence of the atmosphere will be an urge for reading. Books should be arranged in an attractive way. All the illustrated periodicals should be displayed in a tempting manner. Transcription : Read & Practice

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Example 3 Write the following passage in Shorthand.

A suggestion has been made that the expenditure incurred in the purchase of equipments should be paid by the insurance company. The question remains whether such an approach is the real solution for the problem and would it help growth of industry based on indigenous technologies. Formation of a separate public sector to evaluate all the indigenous technologies relevant to the small scale industry and offer them as total packages including demand status, project reports, up scaling, pilot plant back up, engineering procurement and a solution to the problems of small scale industrialists taking indigenous technologies. In making this suggestion, the magnitude and variety of receipt and despatch programme does not seem to have been considered. Would it be possible for one public sector may seem more to build all the expertise required for such a massive task? It has been the experience that some existing public sector enterprises with their experience and infrastructure attempted to do this exercise in the past, but, were not quite successful. There is also feeling that a single window project would solve all the problems of small scale industries. None seems to be in favour of forming a high powered apex body which would evaluate all the technologies.

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Transcription :

Read & Practice

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EXERCISE - 1

Write the following passage in Shorthand :

It may be five or six years ago that I last came here to this annual function and I am grateful to you for inviting me again and giving me this opportunity of meeting you and from you what you have in your minds. Not only I, but my colleagues in the Central Government as well as this government (as well as this Government) are always eager to meet and discuss such matters as affect you and us in the Government. My colleagues, the Finance Minister and the Minister for Commerce and Industry, who perhaps have more to deal with you than some other ministers in the Government of India, I am sure will always welcome these opportunities. I say this because in the course of your address, Sir, you somehow appeared to feel that you were not given as many opportunities for consultation as perhaps you wished to have. It may be occasionally that this has not been possible or easy but we accept entirely the principle of consultation in as a large measure as possible. But you must remember that there is an essential difference in the working of the present government and the governments prior to independence in this country. EXERCISE - 2

Write the following passage in Shorthand :

The common understanding of the concept of teaching is causing to learn. Teaching is a process through which a teacher puts his best efforts to help his students become what he wants them to be. To teach in simple words, is to help or guide ones learning. In the process of teach-learn, to teach is to pass on information, to develop a zest for lifelong and to help the pupils become students. Teaching as a skill is a multi-dimensional act or behaviour of a teacher in the teaching-learning situation. The teaching skill is therefore a set of teachers behaviour which are specially effective and important in bringing out desired changes in the learner. It enables pupils learning directly or indirectly. Teaching in general answers through questions relating to teacher behaviour in the process of teaching-learning. They are: How do teachers behave, why do they behave as they do, and what are the effects. This clarifies the concept of teaching and should apply to all teachers, to all students, to all subject matter, to all situations, both in and out of the classroom in which teaching may take place and learning occurs.

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CHAPTER - 9
PRECIS WRITING The word precis (pronounced pressee) is derived from the french word. precis writing is also called epitomisation. Precis means a brief summary of the given passage, the length of the summary should be one third the length of the original passage. Nowadays for VIPs and Business Executives time is precious and Time management is equally important for them. They may not find time to go through pages and pages, hence they depend on Personal Secretaries for a brief presentation of what is submitted. Prcis writing is an art of condensation. It insists on economy of words. Guidelines for effective prcis writing : Read the passage carefully and note down the numbers of words. Make a list of important points and attempt a rough draft. Rough draft enables the candidate to make additions and omissions. Avoid : Repetition of ideas, examples, illustrations, quotations, figures of speech, etc., One should not use too many clauses and phrases from the original passage. The prcis should be ones own. Use indirect speech, even if the original passage is in the direct speech or first person. Dont add your own comments. This is not an essay. Suggest a suitable title to the passage. The title should be brief. The length of the prcis should be checked up. Ten words more or less than the required numbers in not a serious lapse. Write the main draft.

EXAMPLE : 1 - ATTEMPT A PRECIS OF THE FOLLOWING PASSAGE The students opportunities for learning can be increased and enhanced by using a wide range of instructional aids. All the available resources for instruction including the teacher can work together to create favourable conditions for maximum effective learning. Television as an instructional aid can play a useful role in accomplishing the goals of effective teaching and systematic learning. To grasp the full significance of these possibilities we must think of television, a useful teaching aid to take its place

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alongside to the others we have. We must think of it as a possible basic device around which the areas of the curriculum might be built. fantastic as it might appear. Television could cover history in the making with up-to-the minute subject in image and sound depicted and heard simultaneously by pupils. Televised broadcasts can be filmed and thus other films can be telecast repeatedly and at will. By means of live programmes pupils can know the great personalities of the day in a much more intimate way. Expressions of face and eyes can be exactly noted. This sensation of immediacy and actuality causes the pupils receiving the programme to realize that they are seeing and hearing life in the making. Much subject matter can be lifted for the average pupil from that which is abstract and dull to that which is concrete and challenging. All of these possibilities however imply that teachers should be prepared to use television more extensively along with other learning aids. An increasing number of youngsters in Indian schools are in classrooms where the teaching is far below the minimum professional standards. Many thousands of others are in classes that are over sized. This rising tide of neglected youngsters combined with the persistently increasing educational costs is going to bring great pressure from all sides for some kind of action in the years to come. If we consider the extensive potential of the television medium against the growing crisis in the Indian schools it seems quite obvious that educators generally must explore the educational potentials of this amazing new medium. If limited experiment shows that through television the influence of outstanding teachers can be extended into classrooms where there is mediocre or downright poor teaching then, it will be difficult for educators to resist the application of this new medium in the classroom. Teachers must face the inevitable fact that as the problem of classroom and teacher shortage grow in intensity there will be increased pressure to try methods and adopt new procedures and techniques. If television is as effective as it seems to be then we cannot expect the teachers to accept continuous postponement of its use in basic educational horizons. Sometimes when one uses the television medium extensively he comes to realize that an approach to education is not as

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ROUGH DRAFT : Instructional aids and resources favourable learning conditions to the students

450x1/3=150 Words like the television and the teacher provide

. Our curriculum could be designed with the television as an important teaching aid. Television can play a useful role in fulfilling the objectives of effective teaching and systematic learning. With its image and sound effects. Live telecasts provide an opportunity of seeing and hearing directly. Much subject matter can be transferred from the abstract to the concrete. Pupils can come to know of great personalities and feel motivated. A lesson which cannot be easily explained, can be made easy through the television. Teachers who wish to improve their professional standards can watch lectures of outstanding teachers. The problem of oversized classes and educational costs could be solved by introducing this new medium of television. Educators should explore the potential of this new experiment. Teacher shortage can be solved through tele-education programmes. It will supplement mediocre teaching. Hence, the introduction of television cant be postponed any longer as it provides a chance to experiment with new techniques and technologies. (175 words)

MAIN DRAFT : Title : Tele Education Instructional aids and resources like the television and the teacher provide favourable learning conditions to the students. Our curriculum could be designed with the television as an important teaching aid. Television can play a useful role in teaching and systematic learning. Live telecasts provide an opportunity of seeing and hearing directly. Much subject matter can be transferred from the abstract to the concrete. Pupils can come to know of great personalities and feel motivated. A lesson which cannot be easily explained, can be made easy through the television. Teachers who wish to improve their

56

professional standards can watch lectures of outstanding teachers. The problem of oversized classes and costs could be solved by introducing this new medium of television. Teacher shortage can be solved through tele-education programmes. It will supplement mediocre teaching. Hence, the introduction of television cant be postponed any longer as it provides a chance to experiment with new techniques and technologies. (154 words) EXAMPLE : 2 ATTEMPT A PRECIS OF THE FOLLOWING PASSAGE The Universal Declaration of Human Rights proclaims that everyone has the right to education and that it shall be directed to the full development of the human personality. But the road from the proclamation to the achievement, is long and arduous and beset with many difficulties. All those concerned with education, educators, parents, authorities, in fact all those who have their countrys future at heart realize this and feel responsible for the success or failures of the education service because what is at stake is not only the fate of individual persons but the fate of society and the nation. We can not deny that tremendous progress has been made in education in India, despite the shortage of financial resources and the dearth of teachers. But laudable as these efforts may be the extension of education to the greatest possible number of young people inevitably results in quality becoming subordinate to quantity. In India today we have totally lost track of quality in almost every facet of national life and most of all in education. We have schools bursting at the seams, inflamed classes chain production teaching (one session in the morning, another in the afternoon) methods by which pupils are condemned to listen to assimilate, to imitate to learn, by heart and to recite. Prospective employers hesitate to take them in, frustrations set in, politics takes over and we have riotous scenes witnessed almost every day in one or another of our cities, of students out on the rampage, out to destroy everything, including themselves, regardless of morals or values of any kind. Is this education ? Of course, our educational system is largely to blame. We have inherited the British educational system and attempted to make it work for a tradition bound, culturally diverse society, when what is necessary is an educational curricula sensitive to geographical areas and cultures which will catalise this traditional society into a modern one. Short time of diploma course should be available at colleges or technical institutes for a variety of skills necessary for the myriad kinds of jobs and fields of work that are mushrooming, every day. These could include advertising journalism, beauty culture, dramatic arts, photography, occupational therapy, printing technology and book binding, tailoring and design, 57

clothing manufacture, laundry and dry cleaning, painting and decorating, pottery making and many more, where students could learn the skills and then join on as apprentices or be encouraged to set up their own enterprises. When learning is so directed, young people feel they have a goal to follow and effort and achievement come less painfully. Teaching too must be made more meaningful and qualitative, allowing for the varying aptitudes of the pupils. ROUGH DRAFT : education, but its achievement is beset with problems. All those concerned with education feel responsible for it, because it is concerned with the fate of society and the nation. Despite shortage of financial resources and teachers, there has been a tremendous progress made in education in India. Today, we have totally lost quality in education and many schools teach pupils to imitate and by heart. Students go on the rampage destroying everything regardless of morals and values. Prospective employers refuse to take them in. Short time courses should be available to sensitize students for various kinds of jobs such as journalism, dramatic arts etc., Students, who join as apprentices are to be encouraged to set up enterprises on their own. When there is a direction in learning young people feel motivated and the achievement comes on its own. Teaching should be meaningful and qualitative to accommodate aptitudes of pupils. (163 words) 450x1/3=150 Words

The Universal Declaration of Human Rights proclaim that every one has a right to

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MAIN DRAFT : Title : Quality Education The Universal Declaration of Human Rights proclaim that every one has a right to education, but its achievement is beset with problems. All those concerned with education feel responsible for it, because it is concerned with the fate of society. Despite shortage of financial resources and teachers, there has been a tremendous progress in education in India. Today, we have totally lost quality in education and many schools teach pupils to imitate and by heart. Students go on the rampage destroying everything regardless of morals and values. Prospective employers refuse to take them in. Short time courses should be available to sensitize students for various kinds of jobs such as journalism, dramatic arts, etc., Students, who join as apprentices are to be encouraged to set up enterprises on their own. When there is a direction in learning for young people the achievement comes on its own. Teaching should be meaningful and qualitative to accommodate aptitudes. (155 words) EXERCISE : 1

Attempt a pricis of the following passage in about one third of its length and suggest a suitable title:
India is facing the problem of unemployment in a big way. To make the situation worse there is paucity of capital resources and the unemployed cannot start their own industries. Small scale industry can provide the necessary solution. Small scale enterprises, according to the definition given by the Government, is an undertaking with a fixed capital investment in plant and machinery not more than Rs. 10 lakhs irrespective of the number of the persons employed. These are generally divided into two main types of small scale enterprises and cottage industries. In the latter there is the greater use of the manual process. Moreover cottage industries are considered to be almost entirely household enterprises deriving their raw materials from local sources and sell most of their products in the local markets. So these are rural, localized and technically backward. In the earlier stages these grew around main commercial centres, mainly producing consumers goods. The second World War caused a spurt in demand so more industries 59

to expand at present there are more than four lakh industries of this type showing a gross output of six thousand crores. The industries play an important role in the Indian economy. There are thirty industrial products which are produced only in the small scale industrial sector. And there are fifty four industrial products in which small scale sector accounts for fifty percent of the total industrial production. These industries have generated employment for nearly 70 lakh people. Still these industries have been a subject of controversy. The Industrial Policy Resolution, while emphasizing the role of cottage industries pointed out that they provide immediate large scale employment, they offer a method of ensuring a more equitable distribution of the national income and facilitate an effective mobilization of capital resources and still which might otherwise remain unutilized. It further pointed out that some of the problems that unplanned urbanization tends to create will be avoided by the establishment of small centres of industrial production all over the country. Small scale industries are considered to be labour-generating and create more employment per unit of capital employed. But some have challenged the validity of this arrangement. They say, employment should not be created for its own sake rather maximum and the most profitable use of the capital should be made. But if the productivity does not increase it is not possible to generate more employment. The income generated in a large numbers of small enterprises is dispersed more widely. On the other hand large scale industries encourage concentration of economic power. Apart from it as the small enterprises are proprietary or partnership concerns the relation between the workers and the employers are cordial. EXERCISE : 2

Attempt a pricis of the following passage in about one third of its length and suggest a suitable title:
At the sixty sixth Indian Economic Conference in December last Dr. A.M.

Khusro of the Planning Commission claimed that our anti poverty programmes have been rightly conceived and attributed shortfalls to faulty implementation. Before we examine this thesis in some depth, a couple of general considerations seem relevant. First, the way a job is done is determined by policy objectives as well as the manner of plan formulation and execution. Second, poverty alleviation would be automatic as a bypro-duct of self generating development; and properly speaking, there can be no

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development, except on the basis peculiar to each community to help themselves which poverty specific rhetoric and ad-hoc measures can never achieve. Why otherwise has our poverty grown ? Our economic policy ignored basic structural characteristics of our economy which is predominantly agrarian, the bulk of the poor being rural, with no or too little land for their own subsistence needs. The only remedy is to provide more land and more resources and a technology to increase mass productivity to meet basic needs. To support larger population and to provide rural solutions to urban problems. The urban bias in our planning was based on an unhistorical notion that a substantial increase in our capital stock was a necessary condition for economic advance (whereas these facilities are best built up as the economy expands). The concept was sought to be rationalized by saying that production goes before distribution-that is the exploitation of the poor is assumed to be necessary to increase production. It was hoped that the rural economy would advance by the trickledown effects of the growth process. This too could not have happened, because the Mahalanobis strategy implied the investment of the bulk of the incremental income from development in capital goods, rather than in raising the consumption levels of the poor. No one can deny that the urban bias set up the most significant competition for resources between the urban and rural economy, with a continuing self propelled bias to the former. This bias needs to be redressed not merely for redistribution with growth; indeed, it is hard to see how an economy can flourish if two thirds of the population have virtually no purchasing power beyond subsistence. To worsen the lot of the poor, high yielding variety we went in for, gave the rich farmer a commercial bias to agricultural development. In time, the elite urban rural acquired a vested interest in the continuation of poverty which is understandable as politicians and bureaucrats nearly always respond politically and seldom, initiate morally. The Mahalanobis strategy failed to relate agricultural development comprehensively to the entire economy and missed the primacy of a substantial increase in the production of basic wage goods which the poor consume.

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MODEL QUESTION PAPER - 1

PAPER II :
Time : 1 Hours Answer the following Questions : 1. Transcribe the following passage from Shorthand to Longhand (200 Words) : 15 Marks SHORTHAND (PRACTICALS) Max. Marks : 50

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2. Transcribe the following passage from English to Shorthand (200 Words) : 10 Marks Sometimes we think that a particular view is beneficial to the people. But there are people holding other views. In this matter we have to carry the people with us. We cannot ignore the views of others. We have to find a solution which is acceptable to all and it does not weaken our democratic structure or our national unity. The question of language generates emotion and anger. If a proper solution is found language can be a force for national unity and national progress. Two years ago our leaders put forward a proposal that education up to the University level should be in the mother tongue so that the benefits of education could reach everyone and the talents of the people could find a natural outlet. Can we achieve this? Even a good proposal sometimes contains the seeds of danger. It is feared that this proposal might encourage separatism. This proposal could definitely prove beneficial if there is a link language which can bind the people together and thus help maintain national unity. Similarly there is need to maintain links with the world. We cannot afford to leave in isolation in the present day world. It will prove harmful to our interests.

3. Attempt a pricis of the following passage in about one third of its length and suggest a suitable title (450 Words) : 15 Marks
Conservation and utilization of soil and water resources are closely inter-related. Soil conservation connotes not only protection of soil material against loss or damage, but also maintenance and improvement of its fertility and in general, its productivity for material welfare. Conservation of water and its judicious exploitation require systematic and organized effort. In this process, forests, vegetation in general, water-sheds and storage reservoirs play a vital role. Soil, water and vegetation interact each other, and are conditioned by climatic factors, nature of soil, topography and their management. Monsoons and their vagaries subject the land to floods and droughts with disastrous results. Kerala with cultivated undulating plains and irregular hill ranges, intersected by paddy area in the valleys, and traversed by rivers, today presents a glaring example of such deleterious results. The latest landslip in Wynaad is the recent one. Acute shortage of food grains, immediately after the Second Would War, caused by their non availability from neighbouring countries, forced the States to introduce food production schemes to meet their internal requirement. The Grow More Food Campaign, thus initiated in the former Travancore and Cochin States, created opportunities for 63

people to encroach into forest lands for cultivation purposes. The large influx of people, indiscriminate destruction of forest wealth, indifferent soil management practices for cultivation of paddy and tapioca along hill slopes, and intense precipitation during monsoons, accelerated soil erosion with all its fury. The campaign continued unabated for some years. Soil fertility was lost. Economic productivity diminished. Deep gullies were formed along hill slopes. Patent rocks were exposed. All these disasters went unnoticed. Soil survey to determine the physical, chemical and other relevant characters of soils as part of the landscape with a view to classifying them into categories, delineate their boundries on maps and to indicate their suitability for different types of land use, particularly the production of crops and response to cultural treatments has to be undertaken. Soil type is defined from consideration of the genesis of that soil. Basic soil survey; not only gives information on the characteristics of soils and their present land use, but also helps an understanding of the potentialities of improvement and how erosion hazards can be tackled. Results of treatment of a particular soil type, or its phase are applicable to all soils having the same characters. Additional information required for any specific purpose can be obtained to supplement the data of basic survey. Soil losses by runoff and water holding capacity of the soil are determined by its structure, texture, organic matter content, permeability at various depths, vegetative cover, intensity and distribution of rainfall, cultural practices and manner of disposal of runoff. A study of all these factors comprising soil survey are pertinent in planning for soil and water conservation and land use classification. 4. How is an Intervening dash vowel marked ? 5. State when the STR Loop is not employed initially. 6. Define dot H ? 7. Define halving principle ? 8. What is meant by Diphone ? 2 Marks 2 Marks 2 Marks 2 Marks 2 Marks

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MODEL QUESTION PAPER - 2

PAPER II
Time : 1 Hours Answer the following Questions : 1. Transcribe the following passage from Shorthand to Longhand (200 Words) : 15 Marks : SHORTHAND (PRACTICALS) Max. Marks : 50

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2. Transcribe the following passage from English to Shorthand (200 Words) :

10 Marks

I want to make certain concrete suggestions to the Government in the matter of control of inflation. In the first place, there have to be adequate releases through the public distribution system of rice and wheat. I must here also plead the case of Kerala and the need for increasing the rice allotted to Kerala. Sir, this is possible, the increase in the releases of rice and wheat and such articles through public distribution should be possible in view of the fact that we have the highest ever procurement of rice and wheat in the current year. We have to strengthen the public distribution system now by bringing more essential commodities in its purview. It is also necessary to make efforts to reduce the growth in many places. The Federation of Indian Chambers of Commerce and Industry has suggested that money expansion be restricted to 12 per cent per annum. They have suggested several strict fiscal disciplinary measures. But apart from them, there is a great necessity for strict financial discipline and an effort to reduce the growth or expansion in the money supply which is also playing great havoc. It is absolutely inevitable to augment the domestic supplies through even imports,

3. Attempt a pricis of the following passage in about one third of its length and suggest a suitable title (450 Words) : 15 Marks
From the point of view of teachers and universities, the necessity for delinking degrees from jobs is fairly clear. They have had enough of the futility of teaching thousands of crib hunters, tuition goers and certificate seekers. They do not want their potential to become atrophied and sterile. Their concern is knowledge, research and teaching and its relation to life in general, not necessarily in the sense of production of tangible goods. They would like their students to become devoted to the cause of learning as an end in itself. They expect to make their wards sound in understanding and judgment, shapely in thought and emotion and effective as citizens and leaders in an egalitarian democracy. The recipients of university education are sought to be made into decision making individuals and not mere efficient and informed instruments in the hands of some moneyed or politically powerful clever and coarse self-seekers. The Universityes would like their alumni to become uncompromising at the sight of evil even amidst adversity and temptations. The existing state of affairs and the practices of several university men must not make us cynical and discouraged, they must not blind us to these

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high ideals and every effort has to be made to keep them in the focus of our vision and endeavour. Applications of knowledge, technology, increasing and diversifying production, creation of and fitting people into jobs, assessing and paying for jobs, fixing scales of emoluments, devising promotional policies are necessary in the nature of an incidental fall out from the work of educational institutions and universities. The latter are not their sole determinant causes. Universities cannot be held responsible for the various ills and misfortunes of society such as unemployment and unemployability , lack of human and material resources, concentration of wealth and population etc. These problems have to be solved by the State, industry, agriculture and generally the people through their individual and corporate efforts. Universities can and will help them only from a distance and that too unobtrusively. Putting it briefly, the universities create an awareness of the needs and the necessary potentialities for accomplishing various developmental tasks and attempt to form and reform the outlook of men. Universities do not have at their focus, jobs and performing and designing of jobs. Instead, they have at their focus, the intellectual, moral and political values embodied in science, literature, philosophy and history. So it is preposterous to expect these institutions of learning to work at the level of particularities and train young men in the performance of this or that job. So the employers and in general, the people will be mistaken in expecting that the universities would directly enable people to undertake the tasks of production or administration. Students with certain basic mental and physical capacities will have to be trained over a period of time and sent on to produce and to administer. 4. Define a Vowel ? 5. What is a Triphone ? 6. What are the good qualities of a Phraseogram ? 7. How Prefixes & Suffixes are used in Logograms ? 8. What is a Contraction ? 2 Marks 2 Marks 2 Marks 2 Marks 2 Marks

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MODEL QUESTION PAPER - 3

PAPER II :
Time : 1 Hours Answer the following Questions : 1. Transcribe the following passage from Shorthand to Longhand (200 Words) : 15 Marks SHORTHAND (PRACTICALS) Max. Marks : 50

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2. Transcribe the following passage from English to Shorthand (200 Words) : 10 Marks The press exerts a great influence in our daily and national life. The source of its power lies in the very principles of democracy which guarantee freedom of press. In a parliamentary democracy everyone is free to express his own honest opinions through the press. The newspaper is the mouthpiece of public opinion and no popular government can afford to ignore it totally. The utility of the press is greater than that of any other national agency. It has almost conquered time and space. What happens in the capitals of the world is known in all parts of the world within a short time. Every reader of a newspaper will realise the great service rendered by it through its advertisement columns containing accommodation, market prices etc. The advertisement columns would be a contact between the exporter and the importer, buyer and seller, bride and the bridegroom. Last year events advertisements are often a great help. Information regarding the births and the marriages, deaths, weather management reports of the day is undoubtedly of immense personal value. The press is the main organ of propaganda of today. Every class must seek the assistance of the press to fight the differences of the public. It can enlist public sympathy in times of widespread distress and awaken the people to do whatever is possible to alleviate sufferings of their brothers. All progress in the social, political and moral life of the people can be helped by newspapers as long as people continue to be influenced and guided by the printed word and journals do their duty of bringing contra to the limelight the power of the press is guaranteed.

3. Attempt a pricis of the following passage in about one third of its length and suggest a suitable title (450 Words) : 15 Marks
Vico proclaimed that history is a regular alternation between progress and regress. Similarly, Saint Simon looked upon history as a series of oscillations between organic and creative periods. It is difficult to say whether the world is progressing or degenerating. Some nations are exploiting the resources of Nature and developing the potentialities of human resources but others are manufacturing nuclear weapons. We talk of international co-operation and affirm the concept of international community but peace has been dodging us and war has all the time been threatening the world. There are

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means to understand one another but international misunderstanding has brought us to a stage of war. So in the light of these considerations we will have to think whether India should manufacture nuclear weapons or not. We have been wedded to the policy of nonviolence. Arduous effort for peace is the only sensible practical politics. India has been trying to lay the foundations of peace with patience, persistence and good-will. We have been thinking of bringing order and raising human dignity to recreate a fine vision of the world. In order to make this dream a reality we have been working consistently without being deterred by the set backs. Moreover it is better to fail in a right cause than to succeed in a wrong cause. If this is the line of thinking, should we think of manufacturing nuclear weapons? In fact our democracy is on trial. It is threatened by the forces working within the country and without the country. We cannot establish international peace till some of the countries remain underdeveloped or continue fighting against one another. We must assist politically young and economically backward countries. Though we stand for the ideals of political freedom economic justice and international peace but some nations do not accept our ideals. Pakistan has always been trying to blackmail India by crippling our economy and by disfiguring our ideals. Similarly, China has always been casting greedy eyes upon India. The Chinese had been training Nagas and Mizos in order to create disruption in India. Naturally these two nations whenever they feel that their tactics do not succeed, wage a war against India. A war for a fortnight brings so much economic imbalance that we are unable to make our economy sound. So nuclear weapons will dampen their enthusiasm to do harm to us. It is not possible to make use of nuclear weapons in the event of any conflict because such an action world invite greater trouble and many big countries would jump into the arena. Still nuclear weapons would definitely make China and Pakistan less hostile. In the present day would there is a race for nuclear weapons. Every nation is trying its best, if it is within her capacity, to manufacture nuclear bombs. Naturally, if India manufactures these weapons she will get higher status among the community of nations. 4. When and how is abbreviated W expressed ? 5. How the N Hook is used to straight strokes ? 6. When Shun hook is not medially employed ? 7. How is suffix ly expressed ? 8. What is a special contraction ? 2 Marks 2 Marks 2 Marks 2 Marks 2 Marks

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