1) Colonial Era Columbian Exchange _____________________________________________________ ________ Jamestown Problems poor location many settlers were gentlemen (dont

(dont work or hunt) others refused to work food shortages John Smith took control (said no work, no eat) The starving time 1609-10 Indian Relations werent good until John Rolfe married Pocahontas (he also introduced tobacco) Founded by Virginia company Riverbank where Virginia colony settlers planted the first permanent English colony Is a joint stock colony Mayflower Compact Majority rule _____________________________________________________ ____ Puritans Purify the Church of England of Catholic Influences Puritan Beliefs All powerful, all good God Man corrupted by original sin Predestination visible saints- only elect cold be church members dominant religious group in Massachusetts Bay Development of the colonies including regional differences _______________________________________________ __ Bacons Rebellion Causes: Fewer indentured servants received land Forced former servants to go west leads to conflict with natives

Nathaniel Bacon rallied farmers to rebel against Berkleys govt Results: Highlighted class differences b/w planters and landless whites Beginning of colonial resistance to royal control Convinced planters of need to use more slaves Pitted backcountry frontiersmen against the haughty gentry of the tidewater plantations Great Awakening Causes: Religious feelings began to decline Arminianism challenged colonist beliefs Johnathan Edwards Sinners in the hands of an angry God George Whitefield Ordinary people could understand the Bible without depending on ministers Old light-not with emotions and passion; new lightall about emotions and passion Impact: Emphasis on individuals role Denominational splits Five lasting impacts of the Great Awakening 1) Increased competitiveness of American churches 2) Encouraged a fresh wave of missionary work 3) founding of a new light centers of higher learning 4) ****First spontaneous mass movement*** 5) Americans had of themselves as a single people, united by common history and shared experiences Mercantilism Nations strength in wealth and trade Colonies were to provide raw materials and enrich the mother country Salutary Neglect _____________________________________________________ __ Navigation Acts Trade to and from colonies could only be carried by English or colonial-built ships Certain goods could only be exported to England Helped the colonies

New England shipbuilding prospered Tobacco had a monopoly in England English military prevented attacks by French and Spanish Hurt the colonies Colonial manufacturing severely limited Farmers received low prices Colonists had to pay high prices for manufactured goods Resentment developed toward England Smuggling was common French and Indian War (Seven Years War in Europe) Conflict over the Ohio Valley French built forts along Ohio River Valley Albany Plan of Union 1754 ***Provided for inter-colonial govt*** System of recruiting troops and collecting taxes Foundation for future colonial cooperation Early setbacks and victories in Canada (Brits invade Canada) Peace of Paris 1763 Effects: Britain Gained French Canada and Spanish Florida Britain supreme in North America; doubled the size of British territory in North America Dominant naval power in the world France Seceded Louisiana to Spain so lost all land on the continent Spain Gained Louisiana, but lost Florida Natives could no loner play the Europeans against each other Proclamation of 1763 Prohibited colonists from settling west of Appalachians (Brits tried to protect colonists because they couldnt stretch their army that far and colonists saw this as being restricted.) Stamp Act Direct tax on all paper/ anything imported into the colonies colonists mad set up Sons of Liberty to

intimidate the tax collectors by feathering and set up the Stamp Act Congress non-importation agreements To get out of debt and this was already happening in Britain Quartering Acts Wasnt intended to punish colonies Extended the Quebec border where French and Indians were, so colonists saw this as a threat Housing soldiers that were protecting the colonists Boston Massacre Crowd was harassing British soldiers fired into the crowd One of the first times propaganda was used Tea Act British East India Company is about to fall to bankruptcy prices of tea were less then what the colonists were used to colonists thought it was a trick (less of a cost but more of a tax) Intolerable Acts Passed as a punishment for the colonists (mainly Boston, MA) Closed the harbor, more quartering, etc. The first Continental Congress was called on rejected the Acts and called for an immediate repeal First Continental Congress Purposes and Goals Determine how colonists should react to Intolerable Acts Protest incursion on their rights Most did not want independence but a restoration of the relationship before the French and Indian War Delegates Radicals Patrick Henry, Samuel, and John Adams Pat Hen- give liberty or death Force British to accede to demands or declare independence Moderates George Washington Relationship could be saved Conservatives John Jay Mild protest (NY was a loyal colony) Actions

 Rejected Intolerable Acts and called for immediate repealed Urged boycotts and military preparations Creation of the Association for economic sanctions Declaration of Right and Grievances Urged king to address and restore colonial rights second meeting if rights were not recognized 2) American Revolution Second Continental Congress Still not interested in independence but wanted to redress grievances in the olive branch petition Raised 6 companies of riflemen and appointed Washington as commander of army Olive Branch Petition begged the King to prevent further hostilities. King George declared colonists to be in rebellion and called on the loyal colonists to bring the traitors to justice Declaration of Independence Most Americans did not want independence; proud to be British citizens Governor of Virginia promised freedom to slaves who would fight for Britain Persuaded southerners to join the war so that they dont lose their slaves Thomas Paines Common Sense Effective propaganda MI Brit policies inconsistent independence only option NA was bigger than England (small shouldnt control big) King George III was a brute Am had moral mission: set up independence, dem republic Advantages and disadvantages held by each side in the Revolution Brit Adv. Best navy 20,000 slaves joined them N.A. sided with them (thought it would allow them to keep land from colonists) Large prof army Enlisted loyalists

 Dis Am Adv

Long dist from England Am was too large Brit generals were poor leaders Fr waiting for revenge helped colonies Govt was ineffective Great leadership Econ aid from Fr Defensive milt tactics Ag self sustaining Good shot Moral advantage because had a cause to believe in

Dis Poorly organized/Lacked unity Who should be in charge? Econ difficulties/Milt challenges Only a minority helped the cause Major battles of the American Revolution Battle of Bunker Hill Viewed as Am victory b/c of Brit heavy loss Bloodiest battle of war Battle of Saratoga Most important Am victory leads to support from other countries (Fr) Revived colonial cause Winter at Valley Forge Demonstrated Am resolve Battle of Yorktown Surrounded the Brits and they surrendered War continued in south still since word didnt spread quickly Last major battle of war Terms of the Treaty of Paris and unresolved issues Brits Recognize Am independence Granted US huge boundaries Returned slaves Am Loyalists couldnt be persecuted Am states had to pay back Brit creditors US didnt follow much of this Fr approved these terms

 Am alone gained form war 3) Constitution Articles of Confederation Created a weak central government Couldnt directly impose obligations on individuals or enforce 13 separate states without national unity Unicameral legislature with limited powers 1 vote per state 2/3 majority for important laws Amendments must be unanimous Power to wage war, make treaties, borrow money No executive, national court system, provision for uniform currency, power to tax or regulate interstate commerce, etc. Gave the national government power to declare war make peace & sign treaties establish postal service deal with Native Americans Shays Rebellion and its significance Massachusetts farmers revolt Daniel Shays Believes high taxes caused debt (he was a war veteran in debt) Didnt like the rich and poor distinction Shays Rebellion caused many to believe that the central government was too weak most important rebellion in US history Republicanism citizens rule through elected representatives Federalism power is divided between the national and state governments Virginia Plan bicameral legislature with membership based on population New Jersey Plan unicameral legislature with one vote per state Great Compromise bicameral legislature with equal representation in upper house (Senate) & proportional representation in lower house (House of Representatives) Compromises at the Constitutional Convention related to slavery decided to form new government instead of fixing AOC

Southern states wanted slaves included in population counts Northern states did not want slaves counted at all Three-Fifths Compromise allowed for 3/5 of slaves to be counted South worried that Congress would stop slave trade Compromise allowed trade to continue for 20 years Delegates compromised equality and liberty for political purposes: preserving unity won out over abolishing slavery Federalists Supporters of the Constitution Favored stronger national government Supporters tended to be merchants, skilled workers, laborers, urban, from small states Anti-Federalists Opponents of the Constitution Feared strong central government It would favor the wealthy minority It couldnt work in such a large country It wouldnt protect peoples individual rights Supporters were in large states & rural areas Bill of Rights believed Constitution needed to guarantee specific rights Federalists believed it already protected those rights but agreed to add Bill of Rights in first congress if it was ratified 3 Branches of government and their functions Legislative: Makes laws-Congress Executive: Carries out laws-president Judicial: Interprets the laws-court system Purpose of checks and balances and how branches can check each other

 Due process ___________________________________________________________ __________ 4) The New Nation Washingtons Presidency ___________________________________________________________ ___________

Whiskey Rebellion Whiskey boys challenged the federal government and the excise tax. Federal government showed it could ensure domestic tranquility. Development of political parties _____________________________________________________ _______

 Louisiana Purchase Napoleon offered to sell all of Louisiana Jefferson forced to violate strict constructionist policies He did not have the power to negotiate the treaties Doubled the size of the U.S. (3 cents per acre) Paved way for westward expansion Lewis and Clark expedition Scientific discoveries Geographic information New knowledge of Native Americans Conflicts with Native Americans before and during the War of 1812 Iroquois forced onto reservations in NY & PA Other natives in NW & SW were increasingly hostile. Natives forced further westward. War of 1812 Causes Violation of neutral trading rights Problems on the western frontier War hawks are angry with Britain and want war U.S. unprepared for war & failed in attempt to take Canada British blockaded the eastern seacoast British burned White House & Capitol Treaty of Ghent ended fighting without resolution of problems Results Death of the Federalist party & decreased sectionalism More respect abroad Increased American manufacturing due to blockades Acceptance of Canada as a British neighbor Strong feeling of nationalism Missouri Compromise MO admitted as slave state Main admitted as free state No slavery north of 36 30 line Monroe Doctrine Euro countries attempting to regain empires and crush new republics in Latin Am Brit suggest joint declaration but Quincy wants US to stand alone Monre issues warning to Euro powers No more colonization No intervening in affairs of Western Hemisphere

 Statement of nationalism and isolationism Jacksonian democracy Reforms Am politics govt run directly by people Emphasis on voting masses Increased manhood suffrage Spoils system on large scale Precedent for clean sweeps of pres cabinet Sought to reduce role of Fed govt Nullification Crisis of 1832 Jackson wanted to lower tariff of 1828 Sc nullified tariff and threatened to secedeJackson sent troops to SC __________________________________________ Indian Removal Act Am Indian tried surrounded by white settlements Jackson saw them as uncivilized Proposed removal of Indians to new Indian Terr beyond Miss R Some may remain if adopt white ways (not true) Trail of Tears Cherokees forcibly removed from homes march to Indian territory many died along the way others moved too 5) Reform Movements, Immigration, and Industrial Revolution Railroad and Canal Development Railroads most significant aspect of revolution Faster, cheaper, more reliable transportation Canal linked Great Lakes and Hudson R Second Great Awakening Fostered new reform movements Appealed to common man Emphasis on emotion Split many denominations, new ones, Mormonism, etc. Transcendentalism Emerson was the greatest Advocated self reliance/improvement, optimism, and freedom Thoreau was a follower Prison Reform movement/purpose of prisons Increased access to religious services More about rehabilitation than punishment Imprisoning debtors reduced Very unsuccessful crowded, brutal, inadequate training of ppl

 Utopianism Communities of a cooperative, communistic nature (New Harmony) Education reform Way to instill Protestant morality and republican values in children Catholic schools made to have own teachings Tax supported public edu Webster dict helped standardize Am English Womens Rights Movement Gender lines drawn sharply in 19th century b/c of Industrial Rev Second Great Awken: reinforced trad view of women Seneca Falls Convention to help with this (Mott and Stanton) Womens suffrage Property ownership in marriage Custody rights Temperance Not doing it as much Prohibition- not doing it at all Results: much less drinking among women and less per capita consumption of hard liquor Abolitionist Movement Dominant reform Immediate end to slavery William Lloyd Garrison- American Anti- Slavery, Liberator Frederick Douglass- more politically inclined to end this Labor Unions ______________________________________________________ Immigration of the 1840s ___________________________________________________________ _ Nativism _______________________________________________________ 6) Growing Sectional Conflict Slavery: development, conditions, expansion, rise of abolitionist movement

 ___________________________________________________________ _ Texas Independence and annexation _________________________ Manifest Destiny Belief that the U.S. had divine mission to extend power, civilization, and democracy across North America Drove the westward movement in the 1840s Combined desire for empire & liberty Mexican-American War Boundary dispute over Texas Polk tried to buy California & New Mexico for $25 million & tried to settle dispute over Texas border: Mexico refused to see Polks representative spot resolution Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo signed Mexico recognized Rio Grande as Texas border Mexican Cession- of Mexico lost U.S. would pay $15 million & assume $3.25 million in claims of Americans against Mexico Approved by the Senate, but opposed by many debate over slavery & increased tensions between North & South Wilmot Proviso Proposal to forbid slavery in territories acquired from Mexico; passed the House, but failed in the Senate Compromise of 1850 Terms that pleased North California admitted as a free state Slave trade abolished in D.C. Texas surrendered land (limited slavery) Utah & New Mexico can decide on slavery (popular sovereignty) Terms that pleased South New, stronger Fugitive Slave Law Slavery continues in D.C. Texas receives $10 million for land Popular sovereignty leaves possibility of more slave states Stephen A. Douglas broke bill down and each item passed separately Fugitive Slave Law

 Northerners continued to resist enforcing the Fugitive Slave Law They also passed personal liberty laws that forbid imprisoning runaway slaves & guaranteed them a jury trial Underground Railroad ________________________________________________

Uncle Toms Cabin portrayed slavery as a moral sin by showing its inhumanity Convinced many northerners to further resist enforcing the Fugitive Slave Law Harriet Beecher Stowe wrote it Kansas-Nebraska Act To gain southern support for his railroad, Douglas introduced bill to organize Kansas & Nebraska territories with popular sovereignty This land had been closed to slavery as a result of the Missouri Compromise in 1820, but new bill renewed the chance for slavery Dred Scott decision Slaves were not citizens & so they could not sue in federal court Congress could not deprive anyone of property Congress could not exclude slavery from any territory Missouri Compromise unconstitutional Scott says that he and his master had lived in a free state, so he should be free buthe was not a citizen and noncitizens couldnt sue in court This was a complete win for the South John Browns raid on Harpers Ferry reemerged to raid federal arsenal in hopes of starting a slave uprising He was captured & hung, becoming an abolitionist martyr South saw it as proof that north wanted to end slavery through rebellion Election of 1860 Stephen Douglas was leading Democratic contender, but not nominated until angry southern delegates walked out Platform based on popular sovereignty & enforcement of Fugitive Slave Law Southern Democrats nominated John C. Breckinridge Unrestricted extension of slavery & annexation of Cuba

 Republicans easily nominated Lincoln (Lincoln all for expansion, just not of slavery) Platform called for exclusion of slavery in territories Constitutional Union party formed to preserve union, nominated John Bell Lincoln easily got northern state votes Secession and formation of the Confederacy South Carolina convention voted unanimously to secede Florida, Georgia, Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana & Texas follow in next 6 weeks February 1861 representatives of 7 states meet in Montgomery, AL to create the Confederate States of America 7) Geography: Know the location of the following 50 U.S. states Appalachian Mountains Rocky Mountains Gulf of Mexico Atlantic Ocean Pacific Ocean Mississippi River