International Journal of Advances in Science and Technology, Vol. 3, No.

6, 2011

Coefficients Error Estimation of Phased Array Antenna

K.Ch. Sri Kavya1 and B. Sri Saila2, S.Vasu2, Y. N. Sandhya Devi2, G. Sudheer Kumar2, P. Bhanu Srinivas2
1

(Associate professor), Dept. of Electronics and Communication Engineering, K.L. University, Guntur, India srikavya_2002@yahoo.co.in

(Final yr, B. Tech Scholars), Dept. of Electronics and Communication Engineering, K.L. University, Guntur, India srisaila.badam@gmail.com

Abstract
This paper discusses about the performance of phased array antenna before degradation and after degradation. And it specifies how important it is to analyze the coefficients error. Otherwise they produce heavy losses where ever the antennas are employed. This analysis is done with the help of a new concept called dithering. Dithering is nothing but inserting some pseudo random noise into the coefficients and then analyzing the range of error.

Keywords: phased array antenna, dithering, coefficient correction 1. Introduction

A phased array antenna is an array of antennae n which the relative phases of the respective signals feeding the antennae are varied in such a way that the effective radiation pattern of the array is reinforced in a desired direction and suppressed n undesired direction.[1],[14],[15]Phased array antenna play a vital role in wireless communication, such as broadcasting, naval usage, space probe communication, weather research usage optics, radio-frequency detection, human machine interfaces(HMI), radar systems. Phased array antenna possess two distinct advantages over the single unit continuous aperture antennae: 1) the high speed scanning and tracking operations that allow many targets to be handled simultaneously, and 2) the antenna pattern characteristics, such as beam width, side lobe level and null locations, can be controlled by varying the relative and phases of the array elements. This antenna pattern is generally a function of the particular signal and noise conditions present. Once the desired antenna pattern is determined, one must calculate (synthesize) the amplitudes and phases of the array elements which will produce, as closely as possible, the desired antenna pattern [2]. So, the accuracy of antenna pattern is very important in the modeling and simulation of phased array radar. When accuracy is demanded every single move is counted and coefficient correction is very important and for coefficient correction error analysis is the heart. In this paper error analysis is done considering the Taylors plot as ideal. In this paper, we discuss a novel idea of correcting for the errors in the excitation coefficients of an array by dithering the magnitude and phase of the individual elements and observing the field at a near-zone probe. By dithering here is meant deliberately introducing pseudo-random fluctuations into the array coefficients and performing expectation of the observed signal. In digital picture [3] and audio technologies [4], a dither signal consisting of a high-frequency pseudo-random noise is added to the actual analog signal before it is quantized and then subtracted back after the quantizing operation. The result is that the non-linear ties caused by quantization are spread out over all amplitude scales, resulting in a much more pleasing video or audio perception.

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International Journal of Advances in Science and Technology, Vol. 3, No.6, 2011 Dithering and its effect on quantization noise have been studied in detail in [5] and [6]. The dithering process considered in [3], [4], [5] and [6] and the one considered here share a common feature in the sense that they all involve introducing pseudo-random noise to the signal (the array coefficients here) under consideration. However, the noise applied by us is neither additive nor subtractive and is utilized for the purpose of regularizing a matrix involved in the error minimization procedure. Furthermore, its use in the context of adaptively correcting the coefficients of an array deployed in field is novel and has not been considered before to the best of the authors knowledge.

2. Taylor Synthesis
Since the 1940s, numerous researchers have contributed varying approaches for synthesizing amplitude distributions for the purpose of side lobe reduction. For this discussion, we will use the Taylor distributions as they are arguably more commonly used for array antenna pattern synthesis the Taylor yields an optimum compromise between beam width and side lode level. The technique introduced by Taylor is used because the first few main lobes (closest to main lobe) are maintained at an equal level. The remaining side lobe levels monotonically decreases [9]. The details of the analytical formulation are complex. They are presented in the literature [8][10]. Taylor published his synthesis technique for linear/rectangular [8] and circular [7] apertures in 1955 and 1960, respectively. This method also presents the same directivity pattern as that of Figure in uniform case, except that a Taylor amplitude weighting has been employed to reduce the near-in side lobes. The parameter is used to define how many near-in side lobes are held constant at the desired amplitude level. For further detail on this parameter refer to Taylor [7-8]. The normalized line source which yields the desired pattern is given by I( z)= The coefficients SF (p, (1)

) represent samples for Taylor pattern and the can be obtained by

The Taylor space factor is given by SF (u, Where Where u= v = = = , represents the locations of the nulls. )= (2)

3. Theory and results

In the present work we will assume a log-normal distribution for the dithering magnitudes such that they are of the form , where is a normal random variable, and , depends on the RMS (root mean square) deviation. For small , our model reduces to that employed in [11]. We do not anticipate our technique to not work with other choices of the magnitude and phase fluctuations. Consider a linear array comprised of hertzian dipoles arranged along the z-axis with an inter-element spacing d of as shown in Figure. 1.

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Figure 1: A uniform linear array comprised of Hertzian dipoles with a near-field sensor. The axes of the dipoles are assumed to lie along the z-axis and the total number of elements is denoted by n. The normalized complex current excitation coefficient of the Th element is denoted by , where and are the magnitude and phase, respectively. If in the coefficient equation (1)). Then the plot is obtained as =0, assuming true coefficients and is made equal to normalized current (i. e-

Figure 2: Plot of true coefficients Now in order to represent the degraded performance of phased array antenna we perturb our true coefficients and now the perturbed coefficients are referred to as actual coefficients. In order to perturb the coefficients the noise is of the form log normal distribution and the equation is as mentioned above. And this is the perturb coefficients representation; we assume log-normal distribution with a standard deviation of dB for the magnitude and a uniform distribution with a maximum deviation of for the phase. Accordingly, we set the fluctuating magnitudes and phases of the true array as , db Where is a unit-variance, zero mean Gaussian random variable, and is a uniform random variable over [1, 1]. The log-normal distribution employed here will rightly yield positive values for the magnitudes, in contrast to the Gaussian-on-a linear scale model.

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Figure 3: Comparison of true curve and the perturbed (actual) curve

The two curves represented in the above plot Figure 3, represent the performance of antenna before degradation (fine curve) and the other after degradation (crooked curve). The two curves in Figure 3 are compared and the error is plotted, which is as shown in Figure 4.

Figure 4: Error calculated b/w true and actual curves

Now we dither the coefficients of the antenna in order to estimate the error and the dithered coefficients are represented as , Where and

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Figure 5: Comparison of original (true), perturbed (actual) and the dithered curve (true dithered).

Figure 6: Error calculated b/w true and true dithered curves.

Figure 7: Comparison of actual dither along with true and perturbed curves

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Figure 8: Error calculated b/w actual and actual dithered curves.

Figure 9: Error calculated b/w true dither and actual dither curves.

The series of Figures from Figure 5 to Figure 9 gives the calculation of the error in different forms as indicated. These error curves explain the effect of various parameters on the coefficients of the array antenna. Such errors majorly disturb the antenna performance and so the analysis is considered to be of major importance

4. Conclusion
The performance of an antenna which are usually given by its coefficients are perturbed in an idea that the coefficients of an antenna are altered due to various reasons (unpredictable). And also the original curve is also observed which is given by Taylors distribution. Now in a stretch to correct the errors dithering concept is used and the subsequent equations and plots are observed also. By taking the basis of all these above data various errors are analyzed and the results are as shown above. For future work the error introduced can be minimized using error optimization algorithms like least mean square algorithm and recursive least square algorithm.

5. Acknowledgement
We are very much thankful to Koneru Lakshmaiah University and also the Department of Electronics and Communications for extending their support in variable ways towards the completion of our paper.

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6. Refrences
[1] Ramakrishna Janaswamy, Fellow, IEEE, Dev V. Gupta, and Daniel H. Schaubert, Fellow, IEEE Adaptive Correction to Array Coefficients through Dithering and Near-Field Sensing [2] Dennis J. Gaushell, Synthesis of Linear Antenna Arrays Using Z-Transforms, IEEE trans on antenna and propagation, 1971 (1). [3] L. G. Roberts, Picture Coding Using Pseudo-Random Noise, ire trans.info. Theory, vol. 8, pp. 145154, Feb. 1962. [4] K. C. Pohlmann, Principles of Digital Audio. Indianapolis, in: Howard w. Sams & co., 1985. [5] L. Schuchman, Dither Signals And Their Effect On Quantization Noise,IEEE trans. Commun. Technology, pp. 162165, dec. 1964. [6] G. Zames and N. A. Shneydor, Dither In Nonlinear Systems, IEEE trans. Automat Control, vol. Ac-21, pp. 660667, oct. 1976. [7] T.T.Taylor , One Parameter Family Of Line Sources Producing Modified co.tech .mem .324,culver city, calif .,contract af 19(604)-262-f-14,september 4,1953. Paterns,Hughes Aircraft

[8] Taylor, T. T., Design Of Line-Source Antennas For Narrow Beam Width And Low Side Lobes, ire transactions on antennas and propagation, January, 1955, pp. 16-28. [9] Taylor, T. T., Design Of Circular Aperture For Narrow Beam Width And Low Side Lobes, Ire Transactions On Antennas And Propagation, January, 1960, pp. 17-22. [10] Raffoul, G. W., and J. L hilburn, radiation efficiency of an x-band waveguide array, IEEE transactions on antennas and propagation, March 1974, pp. 355-357. [11] R.S.Elloit, Design Of Line Source Antennas For Narrow Beam Width And Asymmetric Low Side Lobes, ieee trans. Antennas propagat.,vol.ap-23,no.1,pp.100-107,january 1975. [12] Hansen, r. C., Aperture Efficiency Of Villeneuve Vol Ap-33, no. 6, June 1985, pp. 666-669. Arrays, IEEE transactions on antennas and propagation,

[13] Constantine A. Balanis, Antenna Theory, Analysis And Design, Third Edition Wiley India Edition J. Ruze, Antenna Tolerance TheoryA Review, PROC. IEEE, VOL. 54, no. 4, pp. 633640, 1966. [14] K.Ch.Sri Kavya, Dr.Habibulla Khan, Ku band circular patch array antenna, International Journal of systems and technology - Vol. 3 No.2, 2010 [15] S.Sri Jayalakshmi, K.Ch.Sri Kavya, Dr.Habibulla Khan, Hyper beam forming technique using array antenna, International Journal of systems and technology - Vol. 3 No.2, 2010

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