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6, 2011
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Technological University, Lonere, Raigad, Maharashtra State, India atul.saraf001@gmail.com
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Technological University, Lonere, Raigad, Maharashtra State, India msadaiah@dbatu.ac.in
Abstract
This paper presents the machining of SS304 using Photochemical Machining (PCM). Twenty-seven experimental runs base on full factorial (33) Design of Experiments (DoE) technique were performed. The control parameters considered were the etchant concentration, etching temperature and etching time. The response parameter was Undercut (Uc). The effect of control parameters on undercut was analyzed using Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) technique and their optimal conditions were evaluated. The minimum undercut (Uc) was observed at the etching temperature of 60 c, etching concentration of 600 gm/litre and 30 minutes etching time. It was found that etchant temperature and etching time are the most significant factors for undercut.
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Cakir (2008) found that FeCl3 as very suitable etchant for aluminum etching. The chemical reaction is simple, that makes the process easy to control. Cakir (2006) studied that copper etching with CuCl2 etchant and a suitable regeneration process of waste etchant simultaneously. This would make the overall manufacturing cost low and environmentally friendly etching process. David et al. (2004) studied Characterization of aqueous ferric chloride etchants used in industrial photochemical machining. Fecl3 most commonly used as etchants but there is wide variety in grades of Fecl3. Rajkumar et al. (2004) investigated the cost model for PCM which defines standards for industrial etchants and methods to analyze and monitor them. David et al. (1983) studied manufacturing of stainless steel edge filters: an application of electrolytic Photo polishing and stated the two methods for manufacturing of edge filter. Also the surface textures and process characteristics of the electrolytic photoetching of annealed AlSl 304 stainless steel in hydrochloric acid was studded. Jonathan et al. (1995) studied direct printing of etch masks under computer control in which all the stages of photoprocessing and mask making. It found from past literature, that no statistical study has been reported to analyze the interaction effects of process parameters on etching process of copper. It depends only on experience of operator and an optimal set of parameter required for process is not calculated, it is taken only by experience. The study is necessary to investigate the performance in different ranges, and to find the global optimum parameters. It is necessary to find out single optimum process parameters setting to satisfy the requirements of excellent etching quality. In this paper attempt is made to finalize optimum process parameters by using Full Factorial design method and ANOVA technique.
2. Undercut
Undercut means etching takes place along vertical face of work piece and after etching a bigger slot than that of requirement is produced (Fig. 2). There is a requirement of consideration of undercut.
A Photoresist
Workpiece
Fig. 1 Undercut = (B-A). before etching for getting accurate dimension [1].
3. Design of experiments
In this study, experiments were designed on the basis of the experimental design technique which refers to the planning of experiments, collection and analysis of data with near-optimum use of available resource. It is an experimental method designed and developed for evaluating the effects of process parameters on performance characteristics. It determines the process parameter conditions for optimum response variables. During experimentation, a large number of experiments have to be carried out as the number of machining parameters increases. Design of experiments involves proper selection of variables (input factors) and their interactions. The use of statistically derived full factorial design gives the number of experimental runs to be carried out without affecting the quality of the analysis. Therefore, the full factorial design method was used to determine optimal machining parameters for minimum undercut. The 3k full factorial design consists of all combinations of the k factors taking on
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three levels. These are high, medium and low levels of factors. Accordingly to 3k full factorial design, 27 experiments were planned as per the selected design with one replication. The present investigation studied the results of the effects of Concentration, Time and Temperature on the undercut during the PCM process of SS304. Input parameters and their levels are shown in Table 1. Table 1. Design matrix. Test 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 Temperature(0C) 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 Concentration(gm/liter) 1 1 1 2 2 2 3 3 3 1 1 1 2 2 2 3 3 3 1 1 1 2 2 2 3 3 3 Time(minute) 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3
4. Experimental work
In this work, Ferric Chloride (FeCl3) was used as an etchant for machining of OFHC copper. The chemical composition of OFHC Copper is shown in Table 2. The etchant, FeCl3 was prepared in 500,600, and 700 gm/litre respectively. For each experiment 5000 ml. of etchant was used. Table 2. Chemical composition of SS304. Element %age C 0.05487 Si 0.510 Mn 1.82 Cr 18.37 Mo 0.210 P 0.0244 S 0.01051 Ni 7.08
Etchant was poured into etching bath that is coated by insulator jacket to control chemical etching temperature and also partially air tight is shown in Fig. 1. Photochemical machining tests were carried
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out at 40 C, 50 C and 60 C. The temperature was maintained within a range of 1 C. Single-sided chemical etching process was used. The etching times were 30, 40 and 50 minutes.
Figure 2. Experimental set-up for etching. The DOE technique was used to design the experiments to know the interaction of process parameters. Each parameter was designed to have three levels namely low, medium and high respectively (Number of treatment conditions = 3k = 33 = 27) using a full factorial DoE technique. The experimental design matrix was a simplified method of putting together an experiment (Table 3). Table 3.Experimental Design matrix. T.C. Temperature(0C) Concentration(gm/lit er) 500 500 500 600 600 600 700 700 700 500 500 500 600 600 600 700 700 700 500 500 500 600 600 600 Time (minute) 30 40 50 30 40 50 30 40 50 30 40 50 30 40 50 30 40 50 30 40 50 30 40 50
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 60 60 60 60 60 60
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25 26 27
60 60 60
30 40 50
Factors
Degree of Freedom 2 2 2 8 26
Sum of Square
Mean of Square
Variance Relation F
F
critical at
Etching process if prolonged, undercut was always going to be more, as etching starts in sidewise with downward action also. The evaluation of undercut as a function of temperature, concentration and time is shown in Fig. 2.
Main Effects Plot for undercut
Data Means
temp 0.015 0.010 0.005 conc
Mean
50 time
60
500
600
700
40
50
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The main effects plots show that the response undercut was increased with increasing in etch time. But initially at lower level undercut was very small and it was very high at higher levels. The parameters that have greater influence on undercut in the decreasing order of importance are time, temperature and and concentration as shown in Fig. 3. The time has the most dominant effect amongst all the main parameters. Further, it is better to set the time at a lower level, concentration, at medium level and temperature at higher level. It is observed from the main effects plots (Fig. 3) that the optimum etching performance parameters for the undercut were observed at a temperature of 60 c, a concentration of 600 gm/litre and etching time of 30 minutes. Fig. 4 shows the interaction plot for undercuts, with each plot exhibits the interaction between two different machining parameters.
Interaction Plot (data means) for undercut
500 0.030 600 700
0.015
temp
temp 40 50 60
0.000 0.030
conc
0.015
0.000 0.030
0.015
time
time 30 40 50
0.000 40 50 60 30 40 50
6. Conclusions
From the experimental investigations based on full factorial method and the analysis of the results, the following conclusions are drawn. It is observed from the ANOVA, the input variables time and temperature both have statistically significant effects on the undercut. The above discussion confirmed the validity of the full factorial methodology for enhancing the etching performance and optimizing the etching parameters. The undercut is greatly improved by this approach. For minimum Undercut (Uc), the temperature was 60 c, etchant concentration 600 gm/litre and etching time 30 minutes. .
References
[1] David M. A., 2004, Photochemical Machining: From Manufacturings Best Kept secret to a $6 Billion per annum, Rapid Manufacturing Process, CIRP Journal of Manufacturing Systems, 53, 559-573. [2] O. Cakr, 2008, Chemical etching of aluminum, journal of materials processing technology, 199,3373400. [3] O. Cakr, 2006, Copper etching with cupric chloride and regeneration of waste etchant, journal of materials processing technology, 175, 6368.
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[4] David M. A., Heather, J.A. Heather J.A., 2004, Characterization of aqueous ferric chloride etchants used in industrial photochemical machining, Journal of Materials Processing Technology, 149, 238245. [5] David, M. A., Talib, T.N., 1983, Manufacture of stainless steel edge filters: an application of electrolytic photopolishing, precision engineering, 57-59. [6] David M. A., Talib, T.N., 1983, Surface textures and process characteristics of the electrolytic photoetching of annealed AlSl 304 stainless steel in hydrochloric acid precision engineering. [7] Davis, P.J., Overturf, G.E., 1986, Chemical machining as a precision material removal process, precision engineering , 67-71. [8] Douglas, C. M.,1997, Design and Analysis of Experiments. Fifth Edition, John wiley and sons, INC. [9] Jonathan, M.,George, M. A.,1995, Direct printing of etch masks under computer control, Int. J. Mach. Tools Manufacture.Vol.35, No.2, 333-337. [10] Rajkumar, R., Heather J.A., Oscar Zamora., 2004, Cost of photochemical machining, Journal of Materials Processing Technology, 149, 460465. [11] Atul R.Saraf, M.Sadaiah, 2011, Optimization of Photochemical Machining, International journal of Engineering Science and Technology (IJEST)
Authors Profile
Dr. M. Sadaiah received his M.E. from University College of Engineering/Osmania University, Hyderabad ,India in 1990 and Ph.D degree from PSG College of Technology, Coimbatore/Bharatiyar University, Coimbatore, India in 2003. He is currently working as a Assistant professor in Department of Mechanical Engineering, Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Technological University. He is having overall teaching experience of 19 years. His major research interests are Feature Extraction, CAPP, CAD/CAM/CIM, Micromachining, Machining of Advanced Materials, Tool Condition Monitoring/Nano-technology and Photochemical Machining. A life member of Indian Society for Technical Education, Indian Society of Mechanical Engineers.
Mr. Atul R. Saraf received his M.Tech degree from Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Technological University, India in 2011. He is having overall industrial experience of 2 years. His major research Interests are in Fuzzy logic, Artificial Intelligence and Advanced Machining Processes, Mfg Process Selection and Mfg Process Parameters Optimization and Photochemical Machining.
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