SSH-302

PAKISTAN STUDIES

ASSIGNMENT NO. 1

DR. ABDUL QADEER KHAN-THE LEGEND

SUBMITTED BY
ALVEENA BATOOL AYESHA TARIQ FARHEEN AKHTER MARYAM TABASAM SANA ARSHAD 09-ARID-878 09-ARID-887 09-ARID-894 09-ARID-917 09-ARID-951

SUBMITTED TO
MAM SALMA

DATED: MAY 17, 2010.

DR. ABDUL QADEER KHAN- THE LEGEND

TABLE OF CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................................ 3 EARLY EDUCATION .......................................................................................................................... 4 WORK AND SERVICES...................................................................................................................... 5
STAY & WORK IN THE NETHERLANDS ............................................................................................................ 5 SERVICES OF A.Q. KHAN AFTER 18 MAY 1974................................................................................................. 5 WORK BEGINS ON NUCLEAR WEAPONS IN 1976 ............................................................................................ 5 1998-TEST OF PAKISTAN ATOMIC WEAPON .................................................................................................. 6 RELATIONSHIPS WITH THE PAKISTAN ARMED FORCES................................................................................ 7 LEADING KAHUTA RESEARCH LABORATARIES .............................................................................................. 7 HIS SERVICES IN PAKISTAN'S SPACE PROGRAM ............................................................................................. 7 CONTROVERSY OF WESTERN GOVERNMENTS ............................................................................................... 8 CONTROVERSY OF NUCLEAR PROLIFERATION .............................................................................................. 8 INVESTIGATION OF NUCLEAR PROLIFERATION ............................................................................................ 9 2003 REVELATION FROM IRAN AND LIBIA AND INVOLVEMENT OF A.Q. KHAN ............................................ 9 INVESTIGATION OF PROLIFERATION ........................................................................................................... 10 FORCED CONFESSION .................................................................................................................................... 10 RESULTS OF INVESTIGATION ABOUT A.Q. KHAN .......................................................................................... 11

ROLE OF PAKISTAN`S PARLIAMENT ......................................................................................... 11 LACK OF FURTHER ACTION ......................................................................................................... 11 HEALTH PROBLEMS ...................................................................................................................... 12 RELEASE FROM HOUSE ARREST................................................................................................. 12
ACCUSITION OF PROLIFIRATION ON PAK ARMY .......................................................................................... 12

CONTRIBUTION TOWARDS EDUCATION ................................................................................. 13

WRITING COLUMENS..................................................................................................................................... 13 CONTRIBUTION TO METALLURGICAL EDUCATION IN PAKISTAN........................................................... 13

HONORS AND RECOGNITIONS..................................................................................................... 14

HONORARY DEGREES .................................................................................................................................... 14

INSTITUTES NAMED AFTER KHAN ............................................................................................ 15 PERCEPTION OF MEDIA AND GENERAL PUBLIC TOWARDS A.Q. KHAN S ACQUISITION ............................................................................................................................................................. 16
A.Q.KHAN ADMITS PAK HELPED N.KOREA IN ITS NUCLEAR WEAPONS PROGRAMME ............................. 16

REFERENCES .................................................................................................................................... 18

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INTRODUCTION

Abdul Qadeer Khan was born in April 27, 1936, known as A. Q. Khan, is a Pakistani nuclear
scientist and metallurgical engineer, widely regarded as the founder of gas-centrifuge enrichment technology for nuclear program. Undoubtedly he is the hero of Pakistan and called The father of Islamic bomb A.Q. Khan is perhaps better known in much of the world for involvement in acquiring nuclear technology designs and using them to build Pakistan's gas-centrifuge program.

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In 1990, Pakistan President Ghulam Ishaq Khan, lauded A.Q. Khan's contributions to the nuclear field and declared: "The name of Dr. Abdul Qadeer Khan will be inscribed in golden letters in the annals of the national history of Pakistan." And even Prime Minister Benazir Bhutto has acknowledged his "invaluable contribution not only in the nuclear field but also in other fields including defense production." In interviews from May through July 2008, A.Q. Khan confessed his involvement with Iran and North Korea. He said President Pervez Musharraf forced him to be a "scapegoat" for the "national interest." He accused the President Musharraf of proliferating nuclear arms. He said centrifuges were sent from Pakistan in a North Korean plane loaded under the supervision of Pakistani security officials. He also said that he had traveled to North Korea in 1999 with a Pakistani Army general to buy shoulder-launched missiles from the government there. Islamabad High Court on February 6, 2009 declared Khan as a free citizen of Pakistan with freedom of movement inside the country. The verdict was rendered by Chief Justice Sardar Muhammad Aslam. But in September 2009 U.S. warren about his activities and showed concern about the decision of Lahore High Court.

EARLY EDUCATION
A.Q. Khan is basically Pathan born in Bhopal, India in 1936. His father`s name was Abdul Ghafoor Khan was an educationist, retired from Education Department in 1935 and settled permanently in Bhopal. In 1947, the family, emigrated from India to Pakistan. A.Q. Khan got his early education in St. Anthony's High School and then studied in D. J. Science College of Karachi, where he studied physics and mathematics under the supervision of solar physicist dr. Bashir Syed. He obtained his B.Sc. degree in 1960 from the University of Karachi, specialized in physical metallurgy. After it, he worked as an inspector of weight and measures in Karachi. In 1961, he resigned from this job and went to West Germany to study metallurgical engineering in a technical university. He obtained an engineer's degree in 1967 from Delft University of Technology in the Netherlands, and the Doctor of Engineering degree in metallurgical engineering under the supervision of Martin Brabers from the Catholic University of Leuven in Belgium, just outside of Brussels, in 1972.He lived in Germany for long time so he is very fluent in German and he wrote his thesis in German rather than using English.

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WORK AND SERVICES

STAY & WORK IN THE NETHERLANDS
In 1972, the year he received his D. Eng., Khan joined the staff of the Physical Dynamics Research Laboratory (FDO) in Amsterdam, the Netherlands on the recommendation of his old professor, Martin Brabers. FDO was a subcontractor for URENCO, the uranium enrichment facility at Almelo in the Netherlands, which had been established in 1970 by the UK, West Germany, and the Netherlands to manufacture top-quality centrifuges that can be used to produce highly-enriched uranium for use in power plants and nuclear weapons. The technical details of these centrifuge systems are regulated as secret information by export controls because they could be used for the purposes of nuclear proliferation.

SERVICES OF A.Q. KHAN AFTER 18 MAY 1974

Khan did have a good relationship with the Prime Minister Zulfiqqar Ali Bhutto. In May 1974, India carried out its first nuclear test, the great alarm of the Government of Pakistan. Around this time, India's surprise nuclear test and the subsequent Pakistani scramble to establish a deterrent caused great alarm to the Pakistani government as well as the Pakistani diaspora including individuals like Khan. A. Q. Khan believed that it will be result in the Pakistan`s death.He, at this time working in a centrifuge production facility in the Netherlands, begins to approach Pakistani government representatives to offer help with Pakistans nuclear program. Khan wrote to Pakistani President Zulfiqqar Ali Bhutto. He wrote his experience and encourages Bhutto to make a nuclear bomb using uranium, rather than plutonium. On December, 1974, Khan came back to Pakistan to meet Prime Minister Bhutto and PAEC Chairman Munir Ahmad Khan to convince them to use uranium route. Bhutto did not agree to halt the plutonium route but decided on the spot to place Khan in charge of the uranium program. Later that evening, Bhutto met with his close friend and PAEC Chairman Mr. Munir Ahmad Khan in his house, where he told him that "He(Abdul Qadeer Khan) seems to make sense."

WORK BEGINS ON NUCLEAR WEAPONS IN 1976

In 1976, Khan and Lieutenant-General Zahid Ali Akbar Khan were put in charge of Pakistan's uranium enrichment program with the support of the Prime Minister of Pakistan, Zulfiqqar Ali Bhutto. Pakistans Project 706, an effort to build nuclear weapons headed by Pakistani nuclear

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scientist A. Q. Khan, begins work on a facility in Kahuta, about 20 miles southeast of Islamabad. The uranium enrichment program was announced in 1972 and the work itself began in 1974 by the Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission (PAEC) under the guidance of Munir Ahmad Khan. In July of that year, he took over the project from PAEC and re-named the enrichment project as the Engineering Research Laboratories (ERL) at Kahuta, Rawalpindi, subsequently, renamed the Khan Research Laboratories (KRL). Khan initially worked under Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission (PAEC), headed by Munir Ahmad Khan, for a short period. But the pair fell out, and in July 1976, Prime Minister Bhutto gave Khan complete control of the uranium enrichment project, reporting directly to the Prime Minister's office, which the arrangement has continued since Khan founded the Engineering Research Laboratories (ERL) on 31 July 1976, with the exclusive task of indigenous development of Uranium Enrichment Plant. According to Khan in a 1998 interview, the first enrichment was done at Kahuta on 4 April 1978. The plant was made operational in 1979 and by 1981 was producing substantial quantities of uranium. Within the next five years the target would be achieved. In 1980`s Pakistan produces enough highly enriched uranium (HEU) for a nuclear weapons.KRL continued work on enrichment and is tasked with research and development of missile delivery system. In early 1980s, the Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission was developing the solid-fuelled Shaheen ballistic missile. In competition with the Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission, A.Q. Khan's Kahuta Lab. sought develop the liquid-fuelled Ghauri ballistic missile.

1998-TEST OF PAKISTAN ATOMIC WEAPON

India tested its nuclear bombs, Pokhran-II on 11 to 13 May 1998. India's second nuclear test caused a great alarm in Pakistan but the situation in Pakistan became more critical when thenPrime Minister of Pakistan, Nawaz Sharif came into intense public pressure from Pakistani society to reply to India by conducting its own nuclear tests. Abdul Qadeer Khan repeatedly met with Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif in which he tried to get Prime Minister's permission to test Pakistan's nuclear weapons in Chagai. Despite his efforts, Nawaz Sharif instead granted permission to PAEC, under Dr. Ishfaq Ahmad to test country's first nuclear test. Nawaz Sharif asked A.Q. Khan to provide KRL's enriched uranium to the PAEC to test Pakistan's first nuclear tests in 1998. Nawaz Sharif also urged both KRL and PAEC to work together in the national interest of country. It was the enriched uranium in KRL that ultimately led to the successful detonation of Pakistan's first nuclear device on 28 May 1998. Two days later, on May 30, 1998, PAEC tested a Plutonium-based nuclear device, according to a Pakistani defense analyst, the plutonium-based device was much more powerful than the Uranium device.

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RELATIONSHIPS WITH THE PAKISTAN ARMED FORCES

A.Q. Khan had an extremely close relationship with President General Mohammad Zia ul-Haq and the Military of Pakistan. Khan Research Laboratories, occupied a unique role in Pakistan Defense Industry, reporting directly to the office of the Prime Minister of Pakistan and having extremely close relations with the Military of Pakistan. President Zia-ul-Haq death, Khan sought to develop a close and friendly relationship with Pakistan's Chief of Army Staff (Pakistan) General (r) Mirza Aslam Baig. Khan has praised President Zia ul-Haq in his columns and numerous conferences. In an interview with Jang Group of Newspapers, Khan paid a tribute to General Zia-ul-Haq, in which he said "President General Zia-ul-Haq (late) is responsible in helping Pakistan acquire sensitive nuclear technology. He did not have friendly relations with General Pervaiz Musharraf due to controversy of proliferation of nuclear weapons.

LEADING KAHUTA RESEARCH LABORATARIES

Pakistan's establishment of its own uranium enrichment capability was so rapid that international suspicion was raised as to whether there was outside assistance to this program. In 1983, Khan was sentenced in absentia to four years in prison by an Amsterdam court for attempted espionage; the sentence was later overturned at an appeal on a legal technicality. Khan rejected any suggestion that Pakistan had illicitly acquired nuclear expertise: "All the research work [at Kahuta] was the result of our innovation and struggle," he told a group of Pakistani librarians in 1990. "We did not receive any technical know-how from abroad, but we cannot reject the use of books, magazines, and research papers in this connection."

HIS SERVICES IN PAKISTAN'S SPACE PROGRAM

After his active role in Pakistan's nuclear program Khan sought to re-organize the Pakistani's national space agency, SUPARCO. In the late of 1990s, Khan was actively involved in Pakistan's space program, especially the Satellite Launch Vehicle (SLV) and Pakistan's first Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle (PSLV) project. He also worked closely with SUPARCO's scientists in development of Pakistan's first space port, Tilla Satellite Launch Center at Tilla District. In 1999, Khan met with then-chief executive of Pakistan General Pervez Mushrraf with his indigenously self-designed Low Earth Orbit (LEO) satellite. He briefed chief executive of Pakistan Pervez Musharraf.

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In March 2001, Khan announced that Pakistani scientists were in the process of building the country's first Satellite Launch Vehicle (SLV) and that the project had been assigned to SUPARCO. On December 10, 2001, despite his efforts, Pakistan launched its second Low Earth orbit (LEO) satellite from Baikonur Cosmodrome, Kazakhstan.

CONTROVERSIES

CONTROVERSY OF WESTERN GOVERNMENTS

During the 1980s and 1990s, the Western governments became increasingly convinced that covert nuclear and ballistic missile collaboration was taking place between China, Pakistan, and North Korea. According to the Washington Post, "U.S. intelligence operatives secretly rifled A.Q. [Khan's] luggage ... during an overseas trip in the early 1980s to find the first concrete evidence of Chinese collaboration with Pakistan's nuclear bomb effort: a drawing of a crude, but highly reliable, Hiroshima-sized nuclear weapon that must have come directly from Beijing, according to the U.S. officials." In October 1990, the activities of KRL led to the United States terminating economic and military aid to Pakistan, following this, the Government of Pakistan agreed to a freeze in its nuclear weapons development program. But Khan, in a July 1996 interview with the Pakistani weekly Friday Times, said that "at no stage was the program of producing nuclear weapons-grade enriched uranium ever stopped". All Western countries including Israel are not only the enemies of Pakistan but in fact of Islam.

CONTROVERSY OF NUCLEAR PROLIFERATION

In 1995, the U.S. Government learned that KRL had bought 5,000 specialized magnets from a Chinese Government-owned company, for use in the uranium enrichment equipment. More worryingly, it was reported that the Pakistani nuclear weapons technology was being exported to other states aspirant of nuclear weapons, notably, North Korea. In May 1998, Newsweek magazine published an article alleging that Khan had offered to sell nuclear know-how to Iraq, an allegation that he denied. A few weeks later, both India and Pakistan conducted nuclear tests (Pokhran-II and Chagai-I, respectively) that confirmed both countries' development of nuclear weapons. The tests were greeted with jubilation in both countries; in Pakistan, Khan was feted as a national hero. The President of Pakistan, Muhammad Rafiq Tarar, awarded a Nishan-e-Imtiaz second time to him for his role in masterminding the Pakistani nuclear weapons development programme. The United States immediately imposed sanctions on both India and Pakistan and publicly blamed China for assisting Pakistan.

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INVESTIGATION OF NUCLEAR PROLIFERATION

The United States government became increasingly convinced that Pakistan was trading nuclear weapons technology to North Korea in exchange for ballistic missile technology. In the face of strong U.S. criticism, the Pakistani government announced in March 2001 that Khan was to be dismissed from his post as Chairman of Kahuta Research Laboratories. Perhaps in response to this, the Government of Pakistan appointed Khan to the post of Special Science and Technology Adviser to the President, with the status of federal minister. While this could be regarded as a promotion for Khan, it removed him from hands-on management of KRL and gave the government an opportunity to keep a closer eye on his activities. On international level it became a suspicious act and proved that Khan was involved in proliferation. Khan came under renewed scrutiny following the September 11, 2001 attacks in the U.S. and the subsequent US invasion of Afghanistan to oust the fundamentalist Taliban regime in Afghanistan. It emerged that al-Qaeda had made repeated efforts to obtain nuclear weapons materials to build either a radiological bomb or a crude nuclear bomb. In late October 2001, the Pakistani government arrested three Pakistani chief nuclear scientists, all with close ties to Khan, for their suspected connections with the Taliban. In December 2002 that U.S. intelligence officials had found evidence that an unidentified agent, supposedly acting on Khan's behalf, had offered nuclear weapons expertise to Iraq in the mid1990s, though Khan strongly denied this allegation and the Pakistani government declared the evidence to be "fraudulent". The United States responded by imposing sanctions on KRL, citing concerns about ballistic missile technology transfers.

2003 REVELATION FROM IRAN AND LIBIA AND INVOLVEMENT OF A.Q. KHAN
In 2003, Libya gave up nuclear weapons-related material including these centrifuges that were acquired from Pakistan's AQ Khan nuclear "black market". In August 2003, reports emerged of dealings with Iran; it was claimed that Khan had offered to sell nuclear weapons technology. The Iranian government came under intense pressure from the United States and the European Union to make a full disclosure of its nuclear programme and, finally, agreed in October 2003 to accept tougher investigations from the International Atomic Energy Agency. The IAEA reported that Iran had established a large uranium enrichment facility using gas centrifuges based on the "stolen" URENCO designs, which had been obtained "from a foreign intermediary in 1987." The intermediary was not named but many diplomats and analysts pointed to Pakistan and, specifically, to Khan, who was said to have visited Iran in 1986.

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The Iranians turned over the names of their suppliers and the international inspectors quickly identified the Iranian gas centrifuges as Pak-1's, the model of intense [HEU] that was indigenously developed by Khan in the early 1980s. In December 2003, two senior staff members at Khan Labs or KL were arrested on suspicion of having sold nuclear weapons technology to the Iranians. Also in December 2003, Libya made a surprise announcement that it had weapons of mass destruction programmes. Libyan government quoted as saying that Libya had bought nuclear components from various black market dealers, including Pakistani nuclear scientists. U.S. officials who visited the Libyan uranium enrichment plants shortly afterwards reported that the gas centrifuges used there were very similar to the Iranian ones. The IAEA officials also visited to the Libyan nuclear plant where they found the models of Paksat-1. The Interpol police also arrested three Swiss nuclear scientists, who were known to be Khan's close associate and friends.

INVESTIGATION OF PROLIFERATION
The Pakistani government investigated about Khan's activities. But critics noted that virtually all of Khan's overseas travels, to Iran, Libya, North Korea, Niger, Mali, and the Middle East, were on official Pakistan government aircraft which he commandeered at will, given the status he enjoyed in Pakistan. Often, he was accompanied by senior members of the Pakistan nuclear establishment. Although he was not arrested, Khan was summoned for "debriefing". On January 25, 2004, Pakistani investigators reported that Khan and Mohammed Farooq, a high-ranking manager at KRL, had provided unauthorised technical assistance to Iran's nuclear weapons program in the late 1980s and early 1990s, allegedly in exchange for tens of millions of dollars. On January 31, Khan was dismissed from his post as the Science Adviser to the President of Pakistan, ostensibly to "allow a fair investigation" of the nuclear weapons technology proliferation allegations.

FORCED CONFESSION
In early February 2004, the Government of Pakistan reported that Khan had signed a confession indicating that he had provided Iran, Libya, and North Korea with designs and technology to aid in nuclear weapons programs, and said that the government was not involved in the proliferation activities. On February 4, 2004, Khan appeared on national television and confessed to running a proliferation ring; he was pardoned the next day by Musharraf, the Pakistani president, but held under house arrest.

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RESULTS OF INVESTIGATION ABOUT A.Q. KHAN

The full scope of the Khan network is not fully known. Centrifuge components were apparently manufactured in Malaysia with the aid of South Asian and German middlemen. According to Western sources, Khan had three motivations for his proliferation: y y y A defiance of Western nations and an eagerness to pierce the "clouds of so-called secrecy," An eagerness to give nuclear technology to Muslim nations, and Money, acquiring wealth and real estate in his dealings.

The Khan investigation also revealed how many European companies were defying export restrictions and aiding the Khan network as well as the production of the Pakistani bomb. Dutch companies exported thousands of centrifuges to Pakistan as early as 1976, and a German company exported facilities for the production of tritium to the country. But remember that these all are the facts of western world all Pakistanis still give him a status of a real hero.

ROLE OF PAKISTAN`S PARLIAMENT

In May 2006, the U.S House of Representatives Subcommittee on International Terrorism and Nonproliferation held a hearing titled, "The A.Q. Khan Network: Case Closed?" Recommendations offered by legislators and experts at this hearing included demanding that Pakistan turn over Khan to the U.S. for questioning as well as that Pakistan make further efforts to curb future nuclear proliferation. In June 2006, the Senate of Pakistan, subcommittee hearing, issued a unanimous resolution criticizing the U.S committee, stating that it will not turn over Khan to U.S. authorities and defending its sovereignty and nuclear program.

LACK OF FURTHER ACTION

Khan have no yet to face any charges in Pakistan, where he remains an extremely popular figure. Khan is still seen as an outspoken nationalist for his belief that the West is inherently hostile to Islam. In December 2006, the Swedish Weapons of Mass Destruction Commission (SWMDC) headed by Hans Blix, a former chief of the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) and United Nations Monitoring, Verification and Inspection Commission (UNMOVIC); said in a report that Khan could not have acted alone "without the awareness of the Pakistani Government".

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HEALTH PROBLEMS
On August 22, 2006, the Pakistani government announced that Khan had been diagnosed with prostate cancer and was undergoing treatment. On September 9, 2006, Khan was operated at Agha Khan Hospital, in Karachi. According to doctors, the operation was successful, but on October 30 it was reported that his condition had deteriorated and he was suffering from deep vein thrombosis. On March 5, 2008, Khan was admitted to an Islamabad hospital with low blood pressure and fever, reportedly due to an infection. He was released four days.

RELEASE FROM HOUSE ARREST

In February 2009, two senior government officials told the Associated Press that restrictions on Khan has been removed and he is considered as a free citizen, and that Khan could meet friends and relatives either at his home or elsewhere in Pakistan.

ACCUSITION OF PROLIFIRATION ON PAK ARMY

On July 4, 2008, in an interview, he blamed President Musharraf and Pakistan Army for the transfer of nuclear technology, he claimed that Musharraf was aware of all the deals and he was the "Big Boss" for those deals. Khan said that Pakistan gave centrifuges to North Korea in a 2000 shipment supervised by the army. The uranium enrichment equipment was sent from Pakistan in a North Korean plane loaded under the supervision of Pakistani security officials. Khan sent journalist Simon Henderson a letter on December 10, 2003, saying that he was acting precisely under the orders of the Pakistani government when he sold the designs of nuclear weapons to North Korea, Iran and Libya.

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CONTRIBUTION TOWARDS EDUCATION

WRITING COLUMENS
On November 12, 2008, he started writing weekly columns in The News International and Daily Jang. His columns heavily emphasis on the education and engineering disciplines. He advocated for the importance of engineering disciplines and importance of education. Khan expressed his views on the environmental issues. Even though his columns heavily focused on the issues of education.

CONTRIBUTION TO METALLURGICAL EDUCATION IN PAKISTAN

y y Khan played an important role in the establishment of engineering universities in Pakistan. As both PAEC Chairman Munir Ahmad Khan and Ishfaq Ahmad established a nuclear physics and a nuclear engineering university, Pakistan Institute of Applied Sciences and Engineering. Khan established a metallurgy and material science institute in Ghulam Ishaq Khan Institute of Engineering Sciences and Technology, which is known as Dr. A. Q. Khan Department of Metallurgical Engineering and material sciences. He also served as its both executive member and director there. Khan played an important and key role in establishing the Dr. A. Q. Khan Institute of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering at Karachi University. Khan introduces metallurgical engineering courses in many newly-founded universities and sciences colleges in Pakistan.

y y

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HONORS AND RECOGNITIONS

y y y

On August 14, 1989, Khan, along with PAEC Chairman Munir Ahmad Khan, was awarded the high civilian award of "Hilal-e-Imtiaz" by former Prime Minister Benazir Bhutto. In August 14, 1996, he was awarded the highest civilian award "Nishan-e-Imtiaz" by former Prime Minister of Pakistan Nawaz Sharif. In March 12, 1999, he was twice awarded the highest civilian award "Nishan-e-Imtiaz" from President of Pakistan Muhammad Rafiq Tarar. Khan is the only Pakistani citizen who has been twice awarded the Nishan-e-Imtiaz.

HONORARY DEGREES
Khan has been awarded various honorary doctorates from many universities in Pakistan. y In 1989, Khan was awarded the honorary degree of Doctorate of Science by the University of Karachi.

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y y y y

In 1993, an honorary degree of Doctorate of Science by the Baqai Medical University, Karachi. In 1998, a D.Sc from the Hamdard University in Karachi. In 1999 he was awarded a D.Sc from Gomal University. In 2000, he was awarded an honorary degree of Doctorate of Science by the University of Engineering and Technology, Lahore Lahore.

INSTITUTES NAMED AFTER KHAN

There are many institutions which are named after A.Q.Khan.
y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y

Dr. A. Q. Khan Institute of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering (KIBGE), University of Karachi Dr. A. Q Khan Audiotorium [federal Urdu university Karachi](www.fuuast.edu.pk) Dr. A. Q. Khan Institute of Computer Sciences, Multan Dr. A. Q. Khan Research Laboratories (KRL), Kahuta Dr. A. Q. Khan Institute of Technology (KIT), Mianwali Dr. A. Q. Khan Ophthalmic Research Center, Al-Shifa Trust Eye Hospital, Rawalpindi Dr. A. Q. Khan Girls College for Computer Science, Rawalpindi Dr. A. Q. Khan College for Science & Technology, Rawalpindi Dr. A. Q. Khan Academy of Science, Gulberg, Faisalabad Dr. A. Q. Khan Hall & Gymnasium, Pearl Valley Public School, Rawalakot, Azad Jammu & Kashmir Dr. A. Q. Khan Block, Al-Markaz Al-Islami, Islamabad Dr. A. Q. Khan Center for Software Engineering, Islamabad Dr. A .Q. Khan Institute of Computer Sciences & Information Technology, Kahuta Dr. A .Q. Khan Institute for Developing Engineering Technologies, Lahore Dr. A. Q. Khan Institute of Technology & Management, Islamabad Dr. A. Q. Khan Block, D.J. Sindh Government Science College, Karachi Dr A.Q Khan Laboratory, Physics Department, Cadet College Kohat Zuleikha - Quadeer Science Block, Fatima Jinnah Women University, Rawalpindi

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PERCEPTION OF MEDIA AND GENERAL PUBLIC TOWARDS A.Q. KHAN S ACQUISITION

As it is obvious that media plays a deciding role in any issue so in the case of Dr. Abdul Qadeer Khans issue. Pakistani Media altogether played and is still playing a positive role in this issue. Being a leading scientist and mohsin e Pakistan dr. Abdul Qadeer Khan deserves a great respect, tribute and honour from every Pakistani. Pakistani Media undoubtedly put positive efforts in restoring his honour and status which was mishandled by Pakistani government especially in Musharraf regime. America considering it a super power on financial grounds, does not want to see any country especially an Islamic country as an atomic power. She was greatly annoyed at our acquisition of atomic power so she once again used her media as destructive tool by creating a conspiracy against the great Pakistani scientist. One of the leading newspaper of America Washington post published controversial reports to damage Dr. A. Q. Khans highly esteemed status by saying that:

A.Q.KHAN ADMITS PAK HELPED N.KOREA IN ITS NUCLEAR WEAPONS PROGRAMME

Submitted by Karan Jakhad on Mon, 12/28/2009 - 08:46. Washington, Dec. 28: Pakistans disgraced nuclear scientist Abdul Qadeer Khan has revealed that the North Korean Government opened a second way to build nuclear weapons as early as the 1990s. According to the Washington Post, Khan claimed that Pyongyang might have been enriching uranium on a small scale by 2002, with "maybe 3,000 or even more" centrifuges, and that Pakistan helped the country with vital machinery, drawings and technical advice for at least six years.

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This is a planned controversy implemented by American media which was supported by the countries having same interests against Pakistan. But Pakistani media proved a pressurizing agent to the government to lift unjust restrictions on Khans movement and finally Pakistani court decided to set him free. Almost in every newspaper of the country columns were published in his support. Media highlighted his and his familys difficulties due to restrictions and shaped up a public opinion in his favor. Dr. Khan himself appreciated the efforts done by our media and said: Media is performing its duty with utter determination and devotion. And I am proud of it. (ARY news) Along with Pakistani media our public also stands by him in the time of crisis. Our youth considers himself as a role model and respects him as a great national hero. No one can bear to see him to be humiliated by American media and Musharraf government at any cost for any reason. Because he enabled us to communicate with India; the biggest threat to our defense; on equal level. Protests and processions were held by common public and many NGOs to show that Dr. Khan is not alone in his fight against the Pakistani government of that time which was openly guarding American interest in the region. The whole Pakistani nation pays glory, tribute and gratitude to Dr. Abdul Qadeer Khan for his amazing achievements and services. His name will be written in golden words in the Pakistani history. May he live long. (Ameen)

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REFERENCES
http://nuclearweaponarchive.org/Pakistan/AQKhan.html http://www.globalsecurity.org/wmd/world/pakistan/khan.htm http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdul_Qadeer_Khan http://www.pkcolumns.com/2010/05/10/pakistan%e2%80%99s-defective-education-by-dr-aqkhan http://www.historycommons.org/entity.jsp?entity=abdul_qadeer_khan A.Q. Khan Nuclear Chronology Vol. VIII. No. 8, September 7, 2005 Dr A.Q Khan's accusation of Pervez Musharraf being involved in transferring nuclear technology to North Korea, Dawn, 2008-07-05 "Pakistan nuclear scientist shifted to hospital on infection", IRNA, March 5, 2008 ARY News 25 April 2010 Washington post by Karan Jakhad 28 December 2009

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