Caesar, Tales of The Civil War

CAESAR
Tales of tKe
CIVIL
WAR
C.H.KEENE M.A.
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TALES OF THE CIVIL
WAR
CAESAR'S COMMENTARIES.
ADAPTED FOR THE USE OF BEGINNERS

Witti Vocabulary, Notes,
and Exercises
CHARLES HAINES
IvEENE, M.A.
CONTENTS.
Introduction,
.
vii
1
Text,
Abbreviations,
32 33
Vocabulary,
Notes,
Exercises,
.03
71
Index,
89
Illustrations
Columns at Brindisi marking the End of the Frontispiece Via Appia,

Bust of Caesar,
.,..
..
To face
.
31
Maps
Italy,
.......
,
p. 1
Spain,
7
15
!}
Africa,
Greece,
..,,.....
INTRODUCTION".
The War
three books of the Commentaries on the Ci\il
contain an account by Caesar himself of the
contest between
in the
him and Pompey

state.
for the chief place

B.C.,
Eoman
In the year 49
Pompey
and Caesar were the two leading men of their time, and there was no independent authority competent to curb their rivalry. As neither could brook the superiority of the other, a conflict was inevitable,
and their struggle for power involved their country
in civil war.
Caesar begins his narrative by referring to a letter which he sent to the senate by the hands of Curio, In this letter it was proposed in January, 49 B.C.
that both
Pompey and Caesar should
resign their
provinces and disband their armies, and that Caesar
should then go to
Rome
to stand for the consulship.
The
was read was moved upon it.

letter
in the senate,
but no resolution
general discussion on the
and finally a was passed ordering Caesar to disband his army by a fixed day, under pain of being declared
position of the state then took place,
resolution
viii
TALES OF THE CIVIL
WAR
Hereupon the magistrates were armed with dictatorial power and preparations for war commenced. On learning this Caesar advanced to Ariminum, thereby leaving his province and He practically declaring war against the senate. rapidly took possession of a large number of towns in Italy, and so great was the alarm at Rome that
a public enemy. the consuls fled to Capua.
Domitius made a brief

to
stand at Corfinium, but the town soon yielded to

Caesar.
Thereupon Pompey went
Brundisium,
whither he was followed by Caesar, who began to Pompey, however, succeeded block up the harbour.
in
embarking
his
troops
secretly,
and crossed
to
Greece.
to follow.
Caesar through want of ships was unable
He
accordingly, abandoning the pursuit
for the present,
proceeded to Eome, where he sum-
moned
the senate .and
made an
ineffectual attempt
to treat with
Pompey.
He
then went to Gaul and
afterwards to Spain to conduct operations there, and
he ultimately got the better of Pompey's supporters

in
both those countries.

In Africa, however, he was
less fortunate,
as his
lieutenant,
Sicily,
Curio, who had crossed was worsted and slain after
thither
from
an
energetic
campaign.
Caesar, during his absence from
Eome, had been

office
named
dictator,
and by virtue of that
on his
return in 48 B.C. he took steps to restore credit and
INTRODUCTION.
reestablish
ix
the
public
confidence
which had been

elec-
shaken by the war.

measures with
tions,
Having carried out various
this
view and presided over the
which he was himself chosen one of the consuls, he resigned the dictatorship, and proceeding to Brundisium thence crossed to Greece. In the latter country the war was carried on with varying success for several months, until at last on August 9 (June 6 of the Julian calendar), 48 B.C., the two
at
generals
decisive battle
met on the field was fought
of Pharsalus.
in
Here
which Pompey was

flight.
defeated and compelled to take to
He
first
escaped to Amphipolis and afterwards vainly sought

safety at various places in Asia
islands.
and the neighbouring
He
finally
determined to seek shelter in
Egypt, but on attempting to land in that country he was treacherously slain by Achillas and Septimius, the advisers of the young king Ptolemy.
The present selections end with this tragic event, which practically left Caesar master of the Roman world. The few remaining chapters of the Commentaries describe the pursuit of Pompey, Caesar's arrival in Egypt and the commencement of the Alexandrine war.
The Tales here given
original,
are
much abridged from

has
the
and
are
the
language
in
been
simplified,
especially
the
earlier
sections.
it
somewhat The
has
Exercises
based on the text,
and
not
TALES OF THE CIVIL WAR.

English-Latin
in as
been thought necessary to give an

Vocabulary,
most of the words used

case
of
each
Exercise occur in the corresponding section of the
some very common words and of a few others which are supplied within
text,
except in the
brackets in the several Exercises.
The Vocabulary
is
divided
into
sections
corre-
and each Latin word is explained in the Vocabulary on its first occurrence. When the same word recurs in a later part of the book its place in the Vocabulary may be found by means of the Index. The Notes .supplement the Vocabulary in the few
sponding with those of the
text,
cases
in a
where an explanation of the text is required form not suitable for a Vocabulary.
In preparing the Text and Notes I

three books of the Commentaries.
rived
am
chiefly
indebted to Kraner and Hofmann's edition of the

I have also desome assistance from Malcolm Montgomrey's
first
excellent edition of the
book.

1.
Letter
from Caesar
is
read in
the
Senate and
unfavourably received.
Litterae a C. Caesare consulibus redduntur.
Aegre impetratum
est ut in senatu recitarentur.

infinite.
Referunt consules de republica
L. Lentuliis consul senatui reique publicae se
non
defuturum
Dicit
pollicetur.
In eandem sententiam loquitur Scipio.
Pompeio esse in animo reipublicae non deesse. Haec Scipionis oratio, quod senatus in urbe habebatur Pompeiusque aberat, ex ipsius ore Pompei mitti
videbatur.
2.
Pompey prepares for War.
Missus est ad vesperum senatus.
Omnes, qui sunt eius ordinis, a Pompeio evocantur. Laudat eos Pompeius atque in posterum confirmat. Completur urbs tribunis, centurionibus, evocatis. Necessarii Pompei atque Caesaris inimici in senatum
coguntur.
TALES OF THE CIVIL AVAR.

Horum
vocibus et concursu terrentur infirmiores,
dubii confirmantur, plerisque vero libere decerneudi

potestas eripitur.
i/a.
The Senate arms the Magistrates with dictatorial jiowei The Tribunes escape to Caesar.
aveiterat et
redierat.
lam Pompeius totum se ab Caesaris amicitia cum communibus inimicis in gratiam

ad arma deduci studebat.
Eem
His de causis aguntur omnia raptira atque turbate.

Decurritur
ad
illud
extremum
atque
ultimum
senatusconsultum
Deiit
operam
consules, praetores, tribuni plebis, ne
quid respublica detrimenti capiat.

Profugiunt statim ex urbe tribuni plebis seseque
ad Caesarem conferunt.
Is eo
tempore erat Ravennae .exspectabatque
suis
lenissimis postulatis responsa.

^-4.
Troops are levied in Italy.
Caesar appeals
support him.
to his Soldiers,
who promise
to
Proximis diebus habetur extra urbem seuatus. Pompeius eadem ilia, quae per Scipionem ostenderat,
agit.
Tota
Italia
dilectus
habentur, arma imperantur,
2)ecuniae a municipiis exiguntur, e fanis tolluntur.
Quibus rebus cognitis Caesar apud milites contionatur.

Iniurias inimicorum in se
commemorat.
quae aderat,
sui
Conclamant legionis
niilites,
tertiae clecimae,
sese
paratos
esse
imperatoris
iniurias
defendere.
5.
Caesar leaves
his Province
and
enters Italy.
Cognita militum voluntate Caesar Ariminum

ea legione proficiscitur.
cum
Reliquas legiones ex hibernis evocat et subsequi

iubet.
Ab
Arimino M. Antonium cum cohortibus quinque

mittit.
Arretium
habere
Ipse Arimini
instituit.
cum duabus
subsistit ibique dilectum
Pisaurum,
occupat.
Fanum, Anconam
singulis
cohortibus
6.
Panic
at.
Rome.
The Consuls fly

nuntiatis
to
Capua.
Quibus rebus
Eomam
tantus
repente
terror invasit ut Lentulus consul ex urbe profugeret.
Hunc
Marcellus collega
et
plerique
magistratus
consecuti sunt.
Cn. Pornpeius pridie eius diei ex urbe profectus iter
ad legiones habebat, quas a Caesare acceptas in Apulia
hibernorum causa disposuerat. Nihil citra Capuam tutum esse omnibus videtur.
Capuae primum
sese confirmant et colligunt.
4
7.

Caesar occupies
A senium and
ndvances on Corfinium.
proficiscitur.
Interea Caesar
Asculum Picenum
Id oppidum Lentulus Spiuther decern cohortibus

tenebat.
Qui Caesaris adventu cognito profugit,

in
et iu itinere
Vibullium
Rufum missum
VibuUius milites
pervenit.
Pompeio incidit. ab eo accipit, ipsum dimittit

a
et
ad
Domitium Ahenobarbum Corfinium magnis
itineribus
Caesarem adesse cum legionibus duabus nuntiat.

Caesar ipse
unum diem
rei
frumentariae
causa
raoratus Corfinium contendit.
Eo cum
venisset ad
oppidum
constitit
iuxtaque
murum
8,
castra posuit.
Domitius
in vain seeks
H<Jpfrom Pompey.
Corjinium
sui-revders to Caesar.
Domitius ad Pompeium
in
Apuliam
peritos regio-
num cum
sibi
litteris
mittit,
qui petaut atque oreut, ut
subveniat.
Pompeius rescripsit, sese rem in summum periculum deducturum non esse. Domitium ad se cum omnil)us copiis venire iussit.
Id ne
fieri
posset, obsidione atque oppidi circum-
munitione
fiebat.
Domitius
arcano
cum
paucis
familiaribus
suis
colloquitur consiliumque fugae capere constituit.
TALES OF THE CIVIL

Divnlgato
Doraitii
consilio
WAE
milites
snae salutis
rationem habent.
Itaque legates ex suo numero ad Caesarcm mittunt:
sese paratos esse portas aperire et L. Dcraitium
vivum
in eius potestatem tradere.
Caesar
omnes
senatores
senatorumque
liberos,
tribunos militum equitesque

iubet.
Romanos ad
se pioduci
Hos omnes
iubet.
dimittit incolumes.
Milites Domitianos
sacranientum apud se
dicei'e
Eo
die castra
movet
et in
Apuliam
pervenit.
9.
Pompey
goes to
Brundisinm and thence

Greece.
secretly sails for
Pompeius
his rebus cognitis,
quae eiaut ad Cor-
finium gestae, Brundisium proficiscitur.
Cousules Dyrrhachium cum magua parte exercitus

profecti sunt.
Pompeius cum
manebat.
viginti
coliortibus
Brundisii
re-
Caesar Brundisium pervenit et exitus administrationesque Brundisini portus impedire instituit.
Pompeius, sive operibus Caesaris permotus sive

etiam quod ab initio Italia excedere constituerat,
milites
silentio
naves
conscendere
iubet,
et
sub
noctem naves
solvit.

Caesar, etsi ad
spem
conficiendi negotii
maxim
probabat coactis navibus mare transire et Pompeium

sequi,
tamen
eius rei
moram temporisque
longinqui-
tatem timebat, quod omnibus coactis navibus Pompeius praesentem facultatem insequendi sui ademerat.
Itaque in praesentia Pompei sequendi rationem
omittit, in
Hispaniam
proficisci constituit.
lO. Caesar asf<emhles (he Senate at Borne.

to treat ivith
ITnsiicceMfal
Attempt
Pompey.
;
Caesar milites in proxima municipia deducit
ipse
ad urbem
proficiscitur.
Coacto senatu iniurias inimicorum commemorat.

Patientiam
proponit
suam,
cum de
exercitibus
dimittendis ultro postulavisset.
Acerbitatem inimicorum docet, qui, quod ab altero

postularent, in se recusarent.
Dicit legatos ad
oportere.
Pompeium de compositione
mitti
Probat rem senatus de mittendis legatis; sed, qui

mitterentur,
non reperiebantur, maximeque timoris
causa pro se quisque id
munus
legationis recusabat.
Pompeius enim discedens ab urbe in senatu dixerat, eodem se habiturum loco, qui Romae remausissent et qui in castris Caesaris fuissent.
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Itaqne
Caesar frastra diebus aliquot consumptis

proficiscitur
ab
url)e
atque in ulteriorcm Galliam
pervenit.
11. Pompey's Lieutenants jjvppare to hnld Sjiain.-
C.
Fabium legatum cum
legionibus tribus in His-
paniam praemittit celeriterque saltus Pyrenaeos occiipari iubet, qui eo tempore ab L. Afranio legato
praesidiis tenebantur.
Afranius et Petreius et Varro legati Pompei erant.
Horum unus Hispaniam

duabus legionibus,
citeriorem tribus legioni-
bus, alter ulteriorem a saltu Castulonensi ad

tertius ab
Anam
Ana Vettonum agrum

Petreius ex Lusitania
Lusitaniamque pari numero legionum obtinebat.

Officia inter se partiuntur.
per Vettones
ficiscitur
;
cum omnibus copiis ad Afranium proVarro cum iis, quas habebat, legionibus
omnem
ulteriorem Hispaniam tuetur.

ajy2Jea7's
12. Caesar
before Ilerda
and
begins Operations.
Fabius
in
Sicori
flumine
pontes
efFecerat
duos
distantes inter se milia
passuum quattuor.
ad Ilerdam procollem, ubi
Eo Caesar cum
Postero die
ficiscitur et
equitibus nongentis pervenit.
triplici instructa acie
sub castris Afranii

et
consistit.
Inter
castra
oppidum Ilerdam
atque
proximum
Petreius
Afranius habebant,
tumulus
erat paiilo editior.

Hunc
si
occupavisset Caesar et communisset, ab
oppido et commeatu omni se interclusurum adversarios confidebat. 13. Skirmish for possession of a Hill.
Hoc
unius
sperans,
legionis
legiones
tres
ex
castris
educit
et
antesignanos
iubet.
procurrere
atque
eum
occu-
tumulum occupare
Afranii cohortes breviore itinere ad
eundem
in
pandum locum
mittuntur.
et,
Contenditur proelio
quod
pi-ius
tumulum
Afraniani venerant, uostri repelluntur atque terga

vertere seque ad signa legionum recipere coguntur.
Caesar cohortatus suos legionem

ducit
';
nonam
subsidio
hostem nostros insequentem supprimit rursusque terga vertere seque ad oppidum Ilerdam recipere
et
sub muro cousistere cogit. Haec eius diei praefertur

tenuissent,
opinio,
:
ut
se
utrique
superiores discessisse existimarent
Afraniani quod
tumulum
quae causa pugnandi fuerat, primo congressu terga vertere coegissent; nostri autem, quod iniquo loco congressi quinque
et nostros
horis
proelium
sustinuissent
et
adversarios
in op-
pidum compulissent.
14. Several Spanish Tribes join Caesar.
Afranius and
Petreius determine to retreat into Celtiberia.
Interim
Oscenses
legates
et
Calagurritani
mittunt
ad
Caesarem
seseque imperata
facturos
polli-

centur.
et
Hos Tarraconenses
post diebus
et lacetani et
Ausetani
fliiinen
paucis
Illurgavonenses, qui
Hiberum
attingunt, insequuntur.
Magna
celeriter
commutatio rerum; multae louginquiores
civitates ab
Afranio desciscunt et Caesaris amicitiam sequuntur.
Itaque constituimt Afranius Petreiusque in Celti-
beriam bellum
transferre.
magnaque auxilia exspectabant in hiemem ducere cogitabant.

toto flumine
Hie magnos equitatus et suis locis bellum
Hoc
inito consilio
et
Hibero naves conquirere
Octogesam
adduci iubent.
Id erat oppidum positum ad Hibe-
rum miliaque passuum a castris aberat triginta. Ad eum locum fluminis navibus iunctis pontem imperant
fieri
legionesque duas flumen Sicorim traducunt.
15. Caesars Cavalry cross the Sicoris
and
har-ass the
Retreating 1
Caesar,
qui
partem
aliquam
Sicoris
averterat
vadumque
ire,
in eo flumine eff"ecerat,
hue iam reduxerat

turn
rem, ut equites possent atque auderent flumen transpedites vero
cum
ad
altitudine aquae
etiam
rapiditate
fluminis
transeundum impedirentur.
Reliuqueljatur Caesari nihil, nisi uti equitatu
agmen
Itaque
adversariorum
equites ab
male
missi
haberet
et
carperet.
eo
flumen transeunt, et cum de
tertia vigilia
Petreius atque Afranius castra movissese ad
sent, repente
novissimum agmen ostendunt
et iter
impedire incipiunt.
10
I

16. Next
day
his Infantry also cross the Hirer.
Prima luce
tatus.
certior factus est Caesar, paratos esse
milites ea transire flumen
qua traductus
esset equi-
Etsi
timebat
tantae
magnitudini
fluminis
exercitum obicere, conaudum tamen atque experien-
dum
iudicat.
Itaque infirmiores milites ex omnibus
centuriis deligi iubet,
videbantur sustinere non posse.
quorum aut animus aut vires Hos cum legione

;
una praesidio
peditas
castris relinquit
reliquas legiones exin
educit
magnoque numero iumentorum
flumine supra atque infra constitute traducit exerci-
tum.
17. Caesar overtakes the Enemy.
Both Sides encamp and
send out Reconnoitring Parties.
Quos ubi Afranius conspexit,

consistit
locis
superioribus
aciemque
progredi
instruit.
Caesar in campis exerrursus

Illi
citum
reficit,
ne defessum proelio obiciat;

insequitur
et
conantes
necessario
moratur.
maturius,
quam
in
constituerant,
castra
ponunt.
ponit.
Caesar
quoque
nocte
proximo
certior
colle
castra
Media
cognito
circiter
fit
Caesar,
duces
adversariorum silentio copias castris educere.
Quo
more
signum dari iubet

Illi
et
vasa
militari
veriti,
conclamari.
exaudito clamore
ne noctu
impediti sub onere confligere cogerentur, iter suppri-
munt
copiasque in castris continent.

Postero
die Petreius occulte
11
ad exploranda loca
castris
proficiscitiir.
Hoc idem
Decidius
fit
ex
Caesaris
per-
mittitur L.
spiciat.
Saxa, qui loci natiiram

suis reuuntiat
:
Uterque idem
loca
quinqiie milia
passiium proxima iutercedere itineris campestris, inde

excipere
aspera et montuosa
qui
prior
has
angustias occupaverit, ab hoc hostem prohiberi nihil

esse negotii.
IS. Caesar males

off from
a Detour over
rough
ground and
by
securing a Defile leading to the Ebro cuts the

the River.
Enemy
Caesar
omnes
copias
castris
educit
magnoque
circuitu nullo
certo itinere exercitum ducit.
Nam
quae itinera ad Hiberum atque Octogesam pertinebant, castris hostium oppositis tenebantur. Ac primo
Afraniani
milites
visendi
causa
laeti
ex
castris
procurrebant contumeliosisque vocibus prosequebantur nostros.
Erat enim
iter a
iri
proposito diversum,
contrariamque in partem
videbatur.
Sed ubi paulatim retorqueri agmen ad dextram conspexerunt iamque primes superare regionem
castrorum
animum
adverterunt, conclamatur ad arma,
atque omnes copiae

itinere contendunt.
exeunt rectoque ad Hiberum

Erat in celeritate omne positum
certamen, utri prius angustias montesque occupareut.

Confecit prior iter Caesar atque ex magnis rupibus
nactus planitiem in hac contra hostem aciem instruit.
12
Afranius,

cum
ante se hostem videret, collem queiulam
nactus ibi constitit.

19. Afraniua aiirrenders ofror mal-ivfi an
to
Unsncce.-i'<j\d
Attempt
return to Ilerda.
rei.
Erat occasio bene gerendae
Sed Caesar
in earn
spem venerat, se sine pugna et sine vulnere suoum rem conficere posse, quod re frumentaria adversaries interclusisset. Premebantur Afraniani pabulatione, aquabantur aegre. Itaque magnus eorum cotidie numerus ad Caesarem perfugiebat. In his erat
angustiis
explicitius
res.
Sed ex propositis
Ilerdam
consiliis
videbatur
reverti,
duobus quod ibi
paulum frumenti reliqixerant. Tarraco longius aberat; quo spatio plures rem posse casus recipere intellegebant.
Caesar
Hoc probato consilio ex castris profieiscuntui'. cum legionibus subsequitur. Pugnatur acriter
ad novissimum agnien, compluresque milites interfieiTurn vero consistunt necessario et procul ab v;ntur.
aqua
et natura iniquo loco castra ponunt.

obsessi,
Tandem
frumenti
exercitu
omnibus rebus
aquae,
lignorum,
inopia colloquium petunt.
Venitur in eum locum

utroque
quem Caesar
loquitur
delegit.
;
Audiente
Se
perpessos
Afranius
;
omnium rerum
inopiam
nunc vero neque corpore dolorem neque itaque se victos animo ignominiam ferre posse
;
coufiteri.
Ad
ea
Caesar
respondit
Se
nemini
TALES OF THE CIVIL

nncitamra.
mittere
20.
iiissit.
WAR
13
di
Provinciis
excedere
exercitumqne
]'arro at frst warer-<i, hut Jincdly sides ivith
Pompey.
M. Vario
in ulterior e
Hispania
initio cognitis iis
rebus, quae sunt in Italia gestae, diffidens Pompeianis
rebus, aniicissime de Caesare loquebatur neque se in
ullam partem movebat.
Postea vero, cum Caesarem
ad Massiliam detineri cognovit, copias Petrei cum

exercitu Afranii esse coniunctas,
venisse,
magna
auxilia con-
atque haec ad
eum
latius
atque inflatius
Afranius perscribebat, se quoque ad motus fortunae
movere
coepit.
Dilectum habuit tota provincia

Ratio autem haec erat
belli,
et
bellum parabat.
ut se
cum duabus legionibus Gades conferret, naves frumentumque omne ibi contineret. Progresso ei paulo
longius litterae Gadibus redduntur, consensisse Gadi-
tanos principes
ibi
cum
tribunis cohortium, quae essent
in
praesidio, ut
urbem insulamque Caesari
ser-
varent.
21.
He
is
deserted hy one of his Legions
and surrenders
to
Caesar.
Caesar arrives at Marseilles and learns that he
has been
named
Dictator:
His cognitis rebus altera ex duabus legionibus ex

castris Varronis,
adstante et inspectante ipso, signa
sustulit seseque
Hispalim recepit.
Quibus rebus per-
territus
Varro,
cum
itinere
converso sese Italicam
14
veiiturum
TALES OF THE CIVIE WAR.

praemisisset,
ccrtior
ab
suis
factus
est
praeclusas esse portas.

itinere
Turn vero omni interclnsns ad Caesarem mittit, paratum .se esse legionem,
Ille
cui iusserit, tradere.
ad eum Sextum Caesarem
mittit atque huic tradi iubet.
Caesar, qui magistratus principesque
omnium
civi-
tatum
ratus
sibi
esse
praesto
iusserat,
contione
habita
omnibus gratias agit, biduumque Cordubae commoGades proficiscitur. Provinciae Q. Cassium praeficit. Ipse Tarraconem et inde Narbonem atque Massiliam pervenit. Ibi legem de dictatore latam seseque dictatorem dictum a M. Lepido praetore
cognoscit.
22. Surrender of Marseilles.
Dum
legatus,
erat,
haec in
qui
Hispania geruntur,
C.
Trebonius
relictus
ad
oppugnationem Massiliae
instituit.
duabus ex partibus aggerem, vineas turresque
ad oppidum agere
quitus in oppido
Sed
tanti erant anti-
omnium rerum ad bellum apparatus
tantaque multitudo tormentorum, ut eorum vim nuUae contextae viminibus vineae sustinere posseut. Tandem autem Massilienses omnibus defessi malis,
rei
frumentariae ad
navali
summam
inopiam adducti,
eruptionibus
bis
fusi,
proelio
superati,
crebris
gravi etiam pestilentia confiictati, sese dedere constituunt.
nita Massiliensium voluntate
Sed paucis ante diebus L. Domitius cognaves tres comparav-
:,^m^^r

erat.
15
Ex
quibus
unam
conscendit et nactus turlndam

est auxilioque tempestatis
tempestatem profectus
conspectu
abiit.
ex
Massilienses
arma
tormentaque
ipse
ex oppido proferunt, pecuniam ex publico tradunt.

Caesar duas
ibi
legiones
praesidio
reliiiquit
ad urbem
proficiscitur.
23. Curio's Campaign in Africa.
Isdem temporibns C. Curio

ex
nire
belli
in
Africam profectus
qui
appellatur
Sicilia
appellit
ad
eum
locum,
Auquillaria.
instituit.
Obsidere Uticam valloque circummu-
Erat in oppido multitudo insolens
Itaque de deditione omnes otii. iam palam loquebantur. Haec cum agerentur, nuntii praemissi ab rege luba venerunt, qui eum adesse
diuturnitate
cum magnis
intercedebat,
copiis dicerent et de custodia ac defen-
Huic simultas cum Curione quod tribunus plebis legem promulregnum lubae publicaverat. Ex perfugis quibusdam audit Curio lubam revocatum finitimo bello restitisse in regno, Saburram, eius praefectum, cum mediocribus copiis missum
sione urbis hortarentur.
gaverat, qua lege
Uticae appropinquare.
proelio
His auctoribus temere credens

constituit.
rem committere
Equitatum omEquites missi
nem prima
nocte ad castra hostium mittit ad flumen
Bagradam, quibus praeerat Saburra.

nocte imprudentes atque inopinantes
Numidas
aggre-
diuntur et
magaum eorum numerum
interliciunt.
IG

24. Battle at
the
Ulcer Bagrada.
Curio
cum omnibus
copiis quarta vigilia exierat.
Progressus milia passuum sex equites convenit, rem
gestam cognovit.
accelerat.
Equites sequi iubet sese iterque

illi
At
itinere
totius
alii
noctis
confecti
subsequi non poterant, atque
alio loco resistebant.
luba certior factus a Saburra de nocturno proelio duo milia equitum, et peditum eam partem, cui maxirae
confidebat,
Saburrae submittit
ipse
cum
reliquis
copiis elephantisque sexaginta lentius siibsequitur.
Saburra copias equitum peditumque instruit atque

his imperat, ut simulatione timoris paulatim
cedant
ac
pedem
referant.
Curio hostes fugere arbitratus
copias ex locis superioribus in

suis
campum
constituit
deducit.
et
Dat
signum Saburra, aciem

atque hortari
circumire
ordines
iucipit.
Non
deest negotio
Curio suosque hortatur.

defessis,
Ne
militibus
quidem ut
sed
hi
neque
equitibus, ut paucis et labore confectis,

;
studium ad pugnandum virtusque deerat

erant
numero
ducenti, reliqui in itinere substiterant.
25. Defea^t and Death of Curio.

to Sicily.
The
rest surrender,
few of his Troo]ts e.-<eape of u-hom many are imt to
death hy Juha.
Hostium copiae submissis ab rege

augebantur
simul
ii,
;
auxiliis crebro
nostros
vires
lassitudine
deficiebant,
qui vulnera acceperant, neque acie excedere

referri
neque in locum tutum
poterant, quod tota
TALES OF THE CIVIL WAE.

acies equitatu
17
hostium circumdata tenebatur.
Horta-
tur Curionem Cn. Domitius, praefectus equitum, ut
fuga salutem petat atque in castra contendat.
At
Curio
numquam
se
amisso
exercitu
in
Caesaris
conspectum reversurum confirmat atque

interficitur.
ita proelians
Equites ex proelio perpauci se recipiunt.

interficiuntur.
castris
Milites ad
unum omnes
His rebus cognitis Marcius Rufus quaestor in

relictus a
Illi
Curione cohortatur suos, ne animo
deficiant.
orant atque obsecrant, ut in Siciliam
navibus
reportentur.
Pauci lenunculi ad officium imperiumque
conveniebant.
contentio,
Sed
tanta erat
completis litoribus
qui
potissimum ex magno numero conmultitudine
scenderent,
ut
atque
onere
nonnulli
deprimerentur, reliqui hoc tiraore propius adire tardarentur.
Quibus rebus accidit ut pauci milites in
Siciliam incolumes pervenirent.
Eeliquae copiae missis ad
Varum
noctu legatorum
numero centurionibus
conspicatus
sese ei dediderunt.
Quarum
cohortium milites postero die ante oppidum luba
suam
esse praedicans
praedam magnam
partem eorum
remisit.
interfici iussit,
paucos electos in regnum
Ipse diebus post paucis se in

copiis recepit.
regnum cum
omnibus
26. Caesaris First Dictatorship.
Dictator habet comitia Caesar, consules creantur

lulius Caesar et P. Servilius.
Cum
fides tota Italia
18

neque creditae pecuniae solverentur,
per
arbitros
fierent
esset angustior
constituit,
ut
aestimationes
possessiouum et rerum, quanti quaeqiie earum ante
bellum
fuisset,
atque eae creditoribus traderentur.
Hoc et ad timorem novarum tabularum tollendum minuendumque, qui fere bella et civiles dissensiones sequi consuevit, et ad debitorum tuendam existimationem
esse
aptissimum
existimavit.
lege
nonnuUos
peius
et
ambitus
in
Pompeia
integrum
comitiisque
Itemque damnatos illis
temporibus, quibus in urbe praesidia legionum

habuerat,
restituit.
Pom-
His rebus
perficiendis
feriis
Latinis
omnibus
se
undecim
dies tribuit dictaturaque
abdicat et ab
urbe proficiscitur Brundisiumque

27. Caeaar
crosses to Greece with
pervenit.
apart of his
Troops.
Eg
legiones
duodecim, equitatum
legionariorum
omnem
venire
iusserat.
Sed tantum navium

mih'a
repperit, ut anguste
quindeeim
celeiitatem
militnm,
sexcenti
equites transportari possent.

conficiendi
belli
Hoc unum
defuit.
Caesari ad
Pompeius
nactus,
annuum spatium ad
quod
fuerat,
comparandas
atque
copias
vacuum
bello
ab
hoste
otiosum
civium
magnam classem coegerat, legiones efFecerat Romanorum novem, frumenti vim maxiraam
Hiemare
Dyrrhachii,
comparaverat.
Apolloniae
causa omni
oranibusque oppidis maritimis constituerat, ut mare

transire Caesarem prohiberet, eiusque
rei

ora
19 ut
con-
maritima
classem
clisposuerat.
Caesar,
milites,
Brundisium
venit,
contionatus
apud
clamantibus omnibus, quodcumqne imperavisset, se
aequo animo esse facturos, naves

terram
attigit
solvit.
Postridie
Cerauniorum saxa inter et alia loca periculosa quietam nactus stationem, et ad eum locum, qui appellabatur Palaeste, omnibus navibus
ad
unam incolumibus
milites exposuit.
28. He sends back
his Ships for the rest of the Troops, hut
Bibulus meets and destroys
many
of them on the passage.
Expositis militibus naves
eadem nocte Brundisium

Sed
serius a terra pro-
a Caesare remittuntur, ut reliquae legiones equitatus-
que transportari possent.

offenderunt.
vectae naves neque usae nocturna aura in redeundo
Bibulus enim Corcyrae certior factus

cir-
de adventu Caesaris inanibus occurrit, et nactus

citer triginta
omnes incendit eodemque igne nautas dominosque navium interfecit. Hoc confecto negotio litora omnia longe lateque classibus occupavit.
29. Unsuccessftd Attempt of Ocfavius
Ponvpey.
to seize
Salonae for
pervenit
M. Octavius cum iis, quas habebat, navibus Salonas Est autem oppidum oppugnare instituit. oppidum et loci natura et colle munitum. Sed cives Romani, cum essent infirmi ad resistendum propter paucitatem hominum, ad extremum auxilium descen:
20
TALES OF THE CIVIL
WAR
Oc-
derunt servosque omnes puberes liberaverunt.

tavius quinis castris
oppidum circumdedit atque uno

et
tempore obsidione
coepit,
Illi
oppugnationibus eos premere

et Octavium in lamque hiems appro-
nacti occasionem meridiani temporis in
proxima Octavii castra irruperunt

naves confugere coegerunt.
pinquabat
et
Octavius desperata oppugnatione oppidi

sese ad
Dyrrhachium
Pompeium
recepit.
30, Caesar again attempts
to treat icith
Pompey.
Oricvm
and Apollonia open

L. Vibullium
beneficiis
their Gates to Caesar.
Caesar
mandatis
ad
Rufum, Pompei praefectum, pro suis idoneum iudicaverat, quem ci:m Cn. Pompeium mitteret, eundemquc
intellegebat.
apud Cn. Pompeium auctoritatem habere

Vibullius ad
nuntiaret.
Pompeium contendit, ut adesse Caesarem Pompeius erat eo tempore in Candavia iterque ex Macedonia in hiberna Apolloniam DyrSed re nova perturbatus rhachiumque habebat. maioribus itineribus Apolloniam petere coepit, ne
Caesar orae maritimae civitates occuparet.
expositis militibus
At
ille
eodem
die
Oricum
proficiscitur.
Quo cum
venisset, L. Torquatus, qui iussu
Pompei
oppido praeerat, portas aperuit et se atque oppidum Recepto Caesar Orico nulla interCaesari dedidit.
posita
mora Apolloniam
Apolloniatcs
proficiscitur.
Eius adventu
audito
ad Caesarem
legatos
mittunt
oppidoque recipiunt.

31. Caesar and
21
Pompey
encamj) on opposite sides of the
River Ajmis.
At Pompeius
cognitis his rebus, quae erant Orici
60 nocturnisque itineribus contendit.
atque Apolloniae gestae, Dyrrhachio timens, diuniis Siinul Caesar
appropinquare dicebatur.
Sed cum prope Dyrrhacb-
ium Pompeius
constitisset castraque metari iussisset,
Caesar praeoccupato itinera ad Dyrrliachium finem properaudi facit castraque ad flumen Apsum ponit
in
finibus
Apollonatium.
Ibi reliquarum
et
ex Italia flumen
legionum adventum exspectare

constituit.
sub pellibus hiemare

fecit et trans
Hoc idem Pompeius

castris
Apsum
positis
eo
copias
omnes auxiliaque
conduxit.
32. Beinfbrcements from Italy land at
Nymphaeum and
sticceed in joining Caesar.
Multi iam menses erant et hiems praecipitaverat,
neque
Brundisio
naves
legionesque
ad
Caesarem
veniebant.
Ac
nonnullae eius rei praetermissae oc-
casiones Caesari videbantur.
Quibus rebus permotus
Caesar Brundisium ad suos severius scripsit, nacti idoneum ventum ne occasionem navigandi dimitterent.
Uli
administrantibus
M. Antonio
et
Fufio Caleno
nacti
austrum naves solvunt atque altero die Apolloniam praetervehuntur. Nacti portum, qui appellatur
Nymphaeum,
eo naves introduxerunt.
; :
22

Haec eodem
fere
tempore Caesar atque Pompeius

sibi
cognoscunt.
Caesar, ut
Diversa
quam primum
se
ambo consilia capiunt cum Antonio coniungeret

si
Pompeius, ut venientibus in itinere se opponeret,
imprudentes ex
insidiis adoriri
posset.
Eodem
die
uterque eorum ex castris stativis a flumine Apso
exercitum educunt, Pompeius clam et noctu, Caesar
Pompeius idoneum locum omnes castris continuit ignesque fieri prohibuit, quo occultior esset eius adventus. Haec ad Antonium statim per Graecos deferuntur. Ille missis ad Caesarem nuntiis unum diem sese castris tenuit altero die ad eum pervenit Caesar. Cuius adventu cognito Pompeius, ne duobus circumcluderetur exercitibus, ex eo loco discedit omnibusque copiis ad Asparagium pervenit atque ibi
palam atque
nactus, ibi
interdiu.
copias
collocavit suosque
idoneo loco castra ponit.

33. Operations at Asparagium. Pompey is cut Dyrrhachium and encamps at Petra.
offfrom
Caesar,
cognovit,
postquam Pompeium ad Asparagium eodem cum exercitu profectus, tertio
esse
die
ad Pompeium pervenit juxtaque

postridie eductis
eum
castra posuit et
omnibus
aliud
copiis decernendi potesta-
tem Pompeio
fecit.
Ubi ilium
sibi
suis locis se tenere
animum
cili
advertit,
consilium
capiendum
est,
existimavit.
Itaque postero die
magno
circuitu difB-
angustoque itinere Dyrrhachium profectus
TALES OF THE CIVIL

sperans
^YAll.
23
Pompeium
aut Dyrrhachium compelli aut ab
eo intercludi posse,
tulisset.
quod omnem commeatum eo conPompeius per exploratores certior factus
postero die castra movit, breviore itinera se occurrere

ei
posse sperans.
Quod
fore suspicatus Caesar mili-
tesque adhortatus, ut aequo animo laborem ferrent,
parva parte noctis itinere intermisso mane Dyrrhach-
ium
venit,
cum primum agmen Pompei

ibi castra posuit.
procul cerne-
Pompeius interchisus Dyrrhachio, edito loco, qui appellatur Petra aditumque habet navibus mediocrem atque eas a quibusdam
retur,
atque
protegit ventis, castra communit.
34. Caesar changes his Plans and determines to effect a Junction Pompey hastens in the same ivith Domitius in Macedonia. Direction to support Scipio. Domitius narrowly escapes falling into Pompey' s hands and joins Caesar atAeginium.
Caesar a superioribus consih'is depulsus
omnem
sibi
commutandam
belli
rationem
existimavit.
Itaque
impedimenta omnia silentio prima nocte ex castris Apolloniam praemisit, ipse de quarta vigilia proficiscitur. Neque vero Pompeius moram ullam ad inCaesari ad saucios deponendos sequendum intulit.
ne adventu Pompei praeoccuparetur, ad
Sed timens Domitio, eum omni Pompeius celeritate et tudio incitatus ferebatur. quoque ad Scipionem properandum sibi existimabat
necesse erat adire Apolloniam.
si
Caesar iter
iilo
haberet,
ut
subsidium
Scipioni
24
ferret
;
TALES OF THE CIVIL

si
WAR
nollet,
ab ora maritiraa discedere

aggrederetur.
studebat.
quod
copiis
legiones ex Italia exspectaret, ipse ut
omnibus
Domitium
celeritati
His de causis uterque eorum
Caesarem Apollonia a Pompeius per Caudaviam Accessit iter in Macedoniam expeditum habebat. etiam ex improviso aliud incommodum, quod Domi-
Sed
directo itinera averterat;
tius,
cum
dies complures castris Scipionis castra col-
lata habuisset, rei frumentariae causa
ab eo discesserat
iter fecerat,
et Heracliam,
quae est subiecta Candaviae,

ilium
qui ad
obicere
ut ipsa
fortuna
Pompeio
videretur.
8eil Allobroges,
Pompeium
perfugerant, con-
spicati in itinere exploratores Domitii, Caesaris pro-
fectionem,
adventum Pompei docuerunt.
quibus
Domitius certior factus vix quattuor horarum spatio

antecedens hostium beneficio periculum vitavit et ad
Aegiuium, quod
venienti occurrit.
est
obiectum Thessaliae, Caesari
Metropolis and the other 35. Caesar takes Gomj^hi by storm. Cities of Thessaly except Larissa submit to him.
Coniuncto exercitu Caesar Gomphos pervenit, quod est oppidum primum Thessaliae venientibus ab Epiro. Eodem, quo venerat, die post horam nonam oppidum altissimis moenibus oppugnare aggres.sus ante solis
occasum expugnavit et ad diripiendum militibus concessit statimque ab oppido castra mo.vit et Metropolim

venit.
25
Metropolitae casu civitatis Gomphensis cog-
nito portas aperuerunt.

servatis,
Quibus diligentissime conMetropolituni

fuit
collata
fortuna
cum
casu
Gomphensium, nulla Thessaliae

tur,
civitas praeter
Larisaeos, qui magnis exercitibus Scipionis teneban-
quin Caesari parerent atque iraperata facerent.

ibi
lUe idoneum locum in agris nactus plenis frumentorum, quae prope iam matura erant,
exspectare
adventum
Pompei eoque omnem
belli
rationem con-
ferre constituit.
36. Pompey enters Thessaly.
His Party are confident
of Victory.
Pompeius paucis post diebus

contionatusque apud cunctum
in
Thessaliam pervenit exercitum suis agit
gratias, Scipionis milites cohortatur, receptisque
om-
nibus in una castra legionibus
honorem
partitur.
magnis exercitibus
suum cum Scipione Auctis copiis Pompei duobusque coniunctis pristina omnium conut,
si
firmatur opinio et spes victoriae augetur adeo
quando
faceret,
Pompeius tardius aut consideratius unius esse negotium diei, sed ilium delectari
quid
imperio et consulares praetoriosque servorum habere

iiumero dicerent.
suis aut
Postremo omnes aut de honoribus
de praemiis pecuniae agebant neque quibus
rationibus superare possent, sed

victoria deberent cogitabant.
quemadmodum
uti

37. Each
side tries to secure
Vantage Oround for a Battle.
Ee
frumentaria praeparata confirmatisque militibus

existimavit,
temptandum Caesar
propositi
aut
voluntatis
ad
quidnam Pompeius dimicandum liaberet.

habebat, ad
infimas
Itaque ex castris exercitum eduxit aciemque instruxit.
Pompeius, qui castra in

exspectans,
iniquis
colle
radices montis aciem instruebat, semper, ut videbatur,

si
locis
Caesar
se
subiceret.
Caesar nulla ratione ad

existimans, banc sibi
iudicavit, uti castra
pugnam elici posse Pompeium commodissimam belli rationem

et insolituni
ex eo loco moveret
ad laborem Pompei exercitum cotidianis itineribus His constitutis rebus, signo iam profecdefatigaret.
tionis dato
animum adversum
est extra
cotidianam
consuetudinem longius a vallo esse aciem Pompei

progressam, ut non iniquo loco posse dimicari videretur.
Tunc Caesar apud
suos,
'DifFerendum
de proelio
parati
:
est,'
inquit,
'iter in praesentia nobis et
cogi-
tandum.
facile
Animo simus ad dimicandum

'
non
occasionem postea reperiemus

3
confestimque
copias educit.
38. Battle of Pharsalia.
Inter duas acies tantum erat relictum spatii, ut

satis
esset
ad concursum utriusque exercitus.
Sed

Pompeius
suis praedixerat, ut Caesaris
27
ex-
impetum
ciperent neve se loco moverent aciemque eius distrahi

paterentur.
festis pilis
Sed nostri milites dato signo cum

procucurrissent atque
in-
animum
advertissent
non concurri a Pompeianis, usu
periti ac superioribus
pugnis exercitati sua sponte cursum represserunt et
ad medium fere spatium constiterunt^ ne consumptis

viribus appropinquarent, parvoque intermisso temporis
spatio ac rursus renovato cursu pila miserunt celeri-
terque, ut erat praeceptum a Caesare, gladios strinxerunt.
Nam
et tela
Neque vero Pompeiani huic rei defuerunt. missa exceperunt et impetum legionum
tuleruut.
39. Pompey^s Cavalry at first gain some Advantage, hut are General afterwards routed and driven to the Mountains.
Rout of Pompey's Forces.
Eodem tempore
universi
equites ab sinistro
Pompei cornu
noster
cessit,
procucurrerunt.
tulit,
Quorum impetum
equitatus non
sed paulatim loco motus
equitesque Pompei aciem nostram a latere aperto Quod ubi Caesar animum adcircumire coeperunt.
vertit,
quartae
aciei,
quam
instituerat sex cohortium,
dedit signum.
tisque
signis
Illae
celeriter procucurrerunt infes-
tanta vi in
Pompei
equites
fecerunt,
ut
eorum nemo
consisteret
impetum omnesque con-
28
versi
non solum loco excederent, sed protinus incitati fuga montes altissimos peterent. Eodem impetu coliortes sinistrum cornu pugnautibus etiam turn ac
resistentibus in acie Pompeianis circumierunt eosque
a tergo sunt adortae.
Eodem tempore
Ita
tertiam aciem
Caesar, quae quieta fuerat et se ad id tempus loco

tenuerat, procurrere iussit.
cum
recentes atque
integri defessis successissent, alii
rentur,
sustinere
autem a tergo adoriPompeiani non potueruut atque
universi terga verterunt.
40. Pompey Pompey,
retires to his
Camp.
to the
escapinrj with difficulty,
The Gamp is taken, and makes his tcay first to
Larissa and afterwards
Sea-shore ivhere he embarks
on board a Corn Ship.
Sed Pompeius, ut equitatum suum pulsum
vidit
atque earn partem, cui maxima confidebat, perterritam
animum
diffidens
advertit, aliis
quoque
diffisus
acie
excessit
rei
protinusque se in castra equo contulit,

et
summae
tamen eventum exspectans.
Castra a
coliortibus, quae ibi praesidio erant relictae, industrie
defendebantur.
stiterant,
Neque vero
diu,
qui in vallo con-
multitudinem telorum sustinere potuerunt,

usi centurionibus tribunisque
sed confecti vulneribus locum reliquerunt, protinusque
omnes ducibus
militum
in altissimos montes, qui ad castra pertinebant, con-

fugerunt.
29
nostri
Pompeius, iam
cum
se
intra vallum
versarentur,
peratoris
equum
nactus detractis insignibus im-
decumana porta
sed
ex
castris eiecit protin-
usque equo citato Larissam contendit.

constitit,
Neque
ibi
eadem
celeritate
paucos suos ex fuga
nactus nocturno itinere ad mare pervenit navemque
frumentariam conscendit.
41. Flight of Pomjiey.
Caesar omnibus rebus
relictis
persequendum
sibi
Pompeium
alias et
existimavit, ne rursus copias comparare
bellum renovare posset.

iuniores,
Erat edictum Pompei

uti
nomine Amphipoli propositum,

vinciae
omnes
eius pro-
Graeci
civesque
Romani, iurandi
causa convenirent.
causa
Sed utrum avertendae suspicionis

proposuisset,
Pompeius
ut
quam
diutissime
longioris fugae consilium occultaret, an novis dilectibus,

si
nemo
et
premeret, Macedoniam tenere conaretur,

Ipse ad ancoram una nocte
existimari non poterat.

constitit
vocatis
ad se Amphipoli hospitibus et
cognito
pecunia ad necessaries sumptus corrogata,

paucis diebus venit.
Caesaris adventu ex eo loco discessit et Mytilenas
Biduum tempestate
Ibi cognoscit consensu
retentus
navibusque
aliis
additis actuariis in Ciliciam atque in-
de Cyjirum pervenit.
omnium
nego-
Antiochensium civiumque Romanorum, qui
illic
30
tiarentur,

arcem captam esse excludendi sui causa dimissos ad eos, qui se ex fuga in
recepisse
nuntiosque
finitimas
civitates
dicerentur,
ne
Antio-
chiam adirent.
42. Po7npey arrives in Egypt and murdered.
/s
there treaclierotisly
Quibus cognitis rebus, Pompeius, deposito adeundae

Syriae consilio, aeris
magno pondere ad militarem

Ibi
usum
in
naves imposito duobusque milibus hominuni
armatis
Pelusium
pervenit.
casu
rex
erat
Ptolemaeus, puer aetate, magnis copiis

Cleopatra bellum gerens,
cum
sorore
quam
paucis ante mensibus
per suos propinquos atque amicos regno expulerat;

castraque Cleopatrae non longo spatio ab eius castris
distabant.
Ad eum Pompeius
misit, ut pro hospitio
atque amicitia patris Alexandria reciperetur atque

illius
opibus in calamitate tegeretur,
Sed amici
regis,
qui propter aetatem eius in procuratione erant regni,

sive timore adducti, ut postea praedicabant, sollicitato
exercitu
regio,
ne Pompeius Alexandriam Aegyptex amicis inimici existunt,

qui
umque umque
occuparet, sive despecta eius fortuna, ut plerin calamitate

iis,
erant ab
eo
missi,
palam
liberaliter
;
resi)onderunt
eumque ad regcm venire

inito Achillam,
iusserunt
ipsi
clam consilio
praefectum regium, singulari hoini-

nem
interficiendum
31
audacia, et L. Septimium, tribuiium militum, ad
Pompeium miserunt. Ab his liberaliter quadam notitia Septimii productus, quod bello praedonum apud eum ordinem duxerat, navicnlam parvulam conscendit cum paucis suis ibi
ipse appellatus et
:
ab Acliilla et Septimio
interficitur.
ABBREVIATIONS.
a., active.
lit.,
literallj\
abhrev., abbreviation,
ablative, abs., absolute, ace, accusative, adj., adjective, adv., adverb,
abl.
,
m., masculine. neuter. n. f., noun feminine.

n.,
n.
m., noun masculine.
n. n.,
noun neuter.
num., numeral.
part., participle. part.adj., participial adjective. pass., passive. perf., perfect. pers., person. pi., plural. poss., possessive.
com., common, comp., comparative, couj., conjunction,

contr., contraction, dat., dative, defect., defective,
dem., demonstrative,
distrib.
f.
,
distributive,
esp., especially,
feminine, freq. frequeutative.

,
,
prep., preposition. pres,, present. pron., pronoun.
pronom.
pronominal.
fut., future, gen., genitive, gov., governing,
reflex., reflexive.
rel., relative.
sing., singular.
imperat., imperative, impf., imperfect, impers. impersonal, incept., inceptive, indecl., indeclinable,
,
subj., subjunctive.
subst., substantive.
superl., superlative. trans., transitive.
indef., indefinite,
inf., infinitive,
usu., usually. V. a., verb active.

V. n.,
interrog. interrogative, irreg., irregular.

,
verb deponent. verb neuter. voc, vocative.

V. dep.,
VOCABULARY.
senat-us, -us, n. m., the senate, the council of elders or nobles at Rome. rScito, V. a. 1 read, read aloud.
,
litter-a, -ae, n.
f.
sing.,
letter
(of
the alphabet); Tp\.,aletter,

abl.,
epistle.
a or ab, prep. gov. from, atoay.
by,
C, abbrev.
for
Caius, n. m.,
a praenomen.
Caes-ar, -aris, n. m., Caesar, a
cognomen.
cons-Ill, -iilis, n. m., consid,
one
refgro, referre, rettttli, relatum, V. a. irreg., carr'y back, bear back, propose a motion; pedem referre, to retire, retreat. de, prep. gov. abl. , from, concerning, about, of the number of; his de causis, for these
of the two supreme magistrates at Rome,
reddo, reddidi, redditum, v.

.3,
a.
reasons; de tertia vigilia, in the third night-watch. respublica, reipublicae, n. f.,

the state, the
restore, deliver (a letter),
commonwealth.
aegre,
adv.,
difficulty;
siiperl.,
impetro,
asking).
scarcely, with comp., aegrius aegerrime. v. a. 1, obtain (by

;
infinite,
tion, in general
adv., without limitaterms (as con-
trasted with
L.
,
a motion on
some particular matter).

abbrev. for Lucius, a prp.euonien. Lentul-us, -i, n. m., a cognomen. -que, enclitic conj., and. sui (there is no nom.), dat. sibi ace. and abl. se or sese, pron. of 3rd pers. sing,
;
sum,
esse,
fui,
v.
n.
irreg.,
ut or uti, conj. with subj., that, so that, in order that ; adv. as, how, ivhen.
in,
prep, with ace, into, for, arjamst, to : with abl. in, on,
,
and pi.
at,
upon, among.
himself, herself, itself, themselves, he, she, it, they.

,

non,
;.(lv.,
not.
ipse, ipsa,
desum, deesse, defui, v. n. with dat., fail, am irreg. ii-antiiKj ; defuturum (supply
,
ipsum, gen. ipsius, dem. pron. used both as subst.
and
adj.,
self,
myself, him-
self, etc.
esse), fut. inf. polliceor, pollicCri,
OS, oris, n. n.,
mouth.
pollicitus
sum,
V.
dep.
a.
and
n.
2,
ya-omi'O!.
idem, eadem, idem, pron., the

sententi-a, -ae,
piiri.ort.
mitto, misi, missum, v. a. 3, send, dismiss, utter, discharge, hurl, launch, send word. video, vidi, visum, v. a. 2, see ; pass., seem.
n.
f.,
opinion,
loquor, loqui, lucutus sum, v. dep. 3, n. and a., speak,

talk.
ad, prep. gov. ace,
to, at,
mar,
m.,
toivards, for. vesp-er, -6ns and eri,

eveiiing.
u.
Scipi-o, -unis, n. m., Scipio, a
coj^'nomen.
dico, dixi,
dictum, v. dictatorem dicere,

a
a. 3,
say;
to
name
sacramentum dirta/or ; dicere, to take the oath of

allc'ijianct.
omn-is, -e, adj., all, every. qui, quae, quod, gen. cuius, rel. pron., loho, tuhich, that. is, ea, id, gen. eius, dem. pron.,
he, she,
it,
that, this.
,
ord-o, -inis, n. m.
n.
;
line,
rank
of
Pompeius,
Pompei,
gentile
-a,
m.,
so\(\\ers,class,
order; ordinem
be
Roman
pei-us,
name
Pomof or
ducere, to
turion.
command a comofficer,
urn,
to
adj.,
pany, he an
evoco, v.
a.
cen-
heloiKjiiiij
Pompey, Pom-
peian.
1,
summon
forth,
anim-us,
hie,
this.
-i,
haec,
m., mind, spirit. lioc, dem. pron.,

n.
call out.
orati-o, -onis, n. f., speech. quod, conj., because, that. urbs, urbis, n. f., city, esp. the
citi/,
Rome..
habeo, habui, habitum, v. a. 2, have, hold ; senatum habere, to hold a meeting of the senate. absum, abesse, afui or abfui,
V.
n. irreg.,
am
absent,
am
laudo, V. a. 1, praise. atque, conj., and. post&r-us, -a, -um, adj., subsequent, next, ensuing ; in posterum (supply tempus), /ojthe future. ccnfirmo, v. a. 1, strengthen, encourage, reassure, assert, protest; se confixmare, to take courage. compleo, complevi, completum,
V. a.
distant.
2,/.
-i,
e or ex, prep. gov. abl.,/TO?, out of.
tribiln-us,
n.
m., tribune;
tribunus plebis, a tribune of
VOCABULARY.
one of ten annual magistrates, whose duty it was to defend the riglits of the plebeians tribunus militum, a inilitanj /riliuiie, an officer of high rank. Each legion had six of them. centurio, -unis, n. m., centhe pleb'i,
;
35
,
libere, adv.
freely.
v.
decerno, decrOvi, deci-etum,
a. 3, decide, decree, fight. potest-as, -atis, n. f., poiver. eripio, eripgre, eripui, ereptum, V. a. 3, snatch, take aivay.
turion, tlie commander of a centuria or company, occupying a station below the tribunus. evocatus, perf. part, of evoco, used as a subst. a soldier of the reserve. uecessari-us, -a, -um, adj., necessary, needful ; necessarius as a subst., ni. an in(imate friend, kinsvian. iiiimlc-us, i, n. m. a (personal)
, ,
ia,m,
adv.,
now,
already,
by
this time. tot-us, -a, -um, gen. totlus, dat. toti, adj., the tchole of, all, wholly. amiciti-a, -ae, n.L, friendship. averto, averti, aversum, v. a. turn aivay, divert ; se 3, avertere, to alienate oneself, be estranged.
cum,
prep.
gov.
abl.,
ivith
enemy.
cogo, coegi, coactum, v. a. 3, collect, assenihle (the regular w ord for calling together the senate), compel. vox, vocis, n. f., voice; in pi.,
cries,
exjjressions
(esp.
of
abuse).
et,conj. ,a?jrf; et ..e%,both...and.
concurs-us, -us, n. m., a rnnniwj together, rallying, encounter, onset. terreo, v. a. 2, alarm, frighten. infirm-US, -a, -um, adj., weak,
u:avering.
conj., tolien, since; cum ... turn, both ... and. -e, adj., shared together, common. grati-a, -ae, n. {., favour, gratitude ; in gratiam redire, to be reconciled ; in pi. , thanks; gratias agere, give thanks. redeo, redire, redivi or redii, reditu m, v. n. 4, go back, return. res, rei, n. f., thing, matter,
communis,
affair, property, effects. arm-a, -orum, n. n. pi., arms,
dubi-us,
-a,
-um, adj., doubtful,
weapo)is. dedtlco, deduxi, lead, a. 3,
deductum,
bring
v.
dovm
irresolute, undecided.
plerique, pleraeque, pleraque

(sing, rare), adj.,
mUites deducere, with in and ace, to guarier soldiers in a

place,
stiideo,
after.
v.
very many,
most. vero, adv., but, however, indeed, in truth.
a.
and
n.
2,
am
zealous, eager, attend to, strive
3G

I.,
caus-u, -ae, n.
cause, reason;
in abl. sing,
account
of,
with gen., on for the sake of,
confero, conferre, contuli, collatum, V. a. irreg. , hrivg together, collect, compare ; se conferre, to betake oneself,
ago, egi, actum, v. a. 3, do, act, unje, plead, discuss, push on,
temp-us,
-oris, n. n., time.
Ravenna,
-ae, n. f.,
a.
Kavenna.
await,
carry forward. raptim, adv., hastily.

turbate, adv., confusedly. decurro, decurri and decucurri,
to.
exspecto, v.
and
n, 1,
decursum,
v. n. 3,
run
down ; with
ille,
ad, have recourse
wait, expect, anticipate. su-us, -a, -um, poss. pron., his, her, its, their; sui (supply milites), his men, his troops. len-is, -e, adj., gentle, mild,
ilia,
illud,
it.
dem. pron.,
last,
that, he, she,
moderate. postulat-um, -i, respons-um, -i,

reply.
n. n., n. n.,
demand.
answer,
extrem-us,
hi)id)iwst.
-a,
-um, adj.,
,
4. ultimus, -a, -um, &&]. fnaJ,. consult um. -i, n. n., decree; proxim-us, -a, -um, supeii. senatus consultum, decree of adj., nearest, very near, next. the senate. dies, -ei, n. m., sometimes f. do, dare, dedi, datum, v. a. 1, in sing., day. (jive. extra, prep. gov. ace, outside 6p6r-a, -ae, n. f. ivork, service; of dare operam, to take heed, per, prep. gov. ace, through,
,
look to it. praet-or, -oris, n. m., praetor,
one of the higher magistrates

at Rome, plebs, plebis, n.
f. ,
by, by means of. ostendo, ostendi, ostensum and ostentum, v. a. 3, show, declare, express ; se ostendere,
to
thepopviace,
show
oneself,
f.,
appear.
Italy.
cotnmoHs.
ne, conj.,
Italia, -ae, u.
ne
quis,
that not; adv., quidem, not even. qua, quid, indef. pron.,
lest,
.
dilect-us, -us, n. m., conscrij)tion, levy (of troops).
any, anyone, anything. detriment-uni, -i, n. n., injury,

loss.
impero, v. a. and n. 1, order, command, levy (supplies). pecuni-a, -ae, n. f., money ; pi.,
capio,
cipere,
cepi,
captum,
sums of money. municipi-um, -i,
V. a. 3, take, receive, get.
profugio,
profugere, profugi, take to flight, escape. statlm, adv., immediately.

v. n. 3,
n. n., a free toion (particularly in Italy). exigo, exegi, exactum, v. a. 3,
demand,
fan-um,
-i,
exact.
n. n., shrine, temple.
VOCABULARY.
toUo, snstuli, sublatum, v. a. irreg. 3, take ivp, remove,
imperat-or, -oris, n. m., commander-in-chief, general.

v.
a.
defen-do, di, -sum, carry away. cognosco, cognovi, cognitum, defend, repel, avert. V. a. 3, know, learn, hear of. apud, prep. gov. ace, at, in
presence of, with. -itis, n. m., soldier. contionor, contionatus sum, v. dep. 1, make a speech to au
mll-es,
3,
volunt-as, -atis, n.
inclination.
f.,
ivish, v/dl,
Arimin-um,
-i,
n.
n.,
Ari-
minum, now Rimini, a town

in Umbria. proficiscor, proficisci, fectus sum, v. dep.
out.
-a,
assembly.
iniuri-a, -ae, n.
f.,
commemoro,
recount.
v.
a.
wrong. 1, mention,
n. 1,
pro3,
set
conclamo,
toi/efher
to
v. a.
and
shout reliqu-us,
-um, adj.
re-
vasa conclamare, maining. ; shout or give the signal, Mbern-a, -orum (supply castra), before breaking up, /or packn. n. pi., lointer-quarters. ing, to give the order for subsequor, subsequi, subsedtcainping, elliptical for, cutus, V. dep. 3, follow close conclamare ut vasa colliafter. gantur conclamare ad arma, iubeo, iussi, iussum, v. a. 2, to call to arms. order, command. legi-o, -onis, n. f. legion, a M. abbrev. for Marcus, a praedivision of the Roman armj', nomen. varying in number of men Antoni-us, -i, n. m., Antony.
; ,
,
In at different periods. Caesar's time the legion was usually 300U or 3600 strong, though it theoretically contained
-tis, n. f., cohort, one of the divisions of a legion, quinque, indecl. num. adj.,
C3hor-s,
nearly
of
-a,
tium, now Arezzo, a town in Etruria. third ; tertius decimus, thir- du-o, -ae, -o, num. adj., two. teenth. subsisto, substiti, v. n. 3, sto^j, declm-us, -a, -um, m;m. adj., stay behind. tenth. ibi, adv., there. adsum, adesse, adfui, v. n. instituo, institui, institutum, irreg., am present, am at V. a. set up, arrange, 3,
number
terti-us,
double men. -um, num.
fve. that Arreti-um,
-i,
n.
n.,
.4rre-
adj.,
parat-us,
hand. -a, -um, part, adj., prepared, ready.
form,
establish, begin.
Pisaur-um, -i, n. n., now Pesaro, a city of Umbria.
38
Fan-um,
:i

-i,
ii.
n.,
now
Faiio,
city in
Umbria.
n. f.,
citra, prep. gov. side of.
ace, on
this
Ancon-a,
city iu singul-i, adj., one apiece, one each. occiipo, V. a. 1, seize, occupy.
Ancona, a Capu-a, -ae, n. f., the chief city Picenum. of Campania, -ae, -a, distrib. num. tut-us, -a, -um, adj., safe.
-ae,
primum, adv., fir.'it ; quam primum, as soon as possible.

coUigo, coUegi, collectum, v. a. 3, collect, gather ; se colligere, to rally.
7.
interea, adv., meanwhile. Ascul-uni, -i, n. n., now Ascoli, the capital of Picenum. Picen-us, -a, -um, adj., Picene, of or belonging to Picenum.
Roma,
mch.
-ae, n. f.,
Rome.
nuntio, v. a. \,rej)ort, tant-us, -a, -um, adj., so great,

repente, adv., suddenly. terror, -oris, n. m., fright,
invade, invasi, invasiun,

',],
v.
a.
allark, full on.

-i,
oppid-um,
-i,
n. n., toivji.
Marcell-us,
lus.
n.
m.,
Murcd-
Spinth-er, -eris, n. m., a cog-
coUeg-a, -ae, n. m., colleague. adj., teii. magistrat-us, -us, n. m., magis- teneo,tenui,tentum,v.a.2,//o/(Z. trate. advent-us, -us, n. m., approach, consSoiuor,consecj[ui, consccQtus arrival. sum, V. dep. 3, follow. Vitaulli-us, -i, n. m., a Roman Cn. abbrev. for Cnaeus, a praegentile name. nomen. Ruf-us, -i, n. m., a cognomen. pridie, adv.^ on the day before: incido, incidi, v. n. 3, with in often followed by eius diei, and ace. fall in loith. on the day before this day, dimitto, diniisi, dimissum, v. disiiii^x, siikI away, the day hfore. a. 3, disband, hi ^lii>, a<ijhel. iter, itineris, n. n., road, journey, way, march ; iter habere, Domiti-us, -i, u. lu., a Roman to be on one's way. gentile name. accipio, accipere, accepi, ac- Ahenobarb us, -i, n. m. a cog,
nomen. decern, num.
ceptum,
V. a. 3, receive.
f.,
nomen.
Corfini-um,
-i,
Apuli-a, -ae, n.
a district in
n. n., chief
town
lower Italy.
dispone, djsposui, disp5situm,
V. a. 3, set in different j^laces, ftatiun.
of the Peligni.
magn-us,
large
;
-um, adj., great, a forced march; comp.,maior; supcrl.,

-a,
magnum iter,
nihil, n. n., indecl., nothing.
maximus.
VOCABULARY.
pervenio, perveni, perventum,
V. n. 4, mctl-e. one's
39
-a,
summ-us,
-um, superl. adj.,

n. u., pjeril, risk,
way, come
highest, utmost.
to, reach. im-us, -a, -uni, gen. unius,
num.
adj.,
pericul-um, danger.
pi.
flo,
,
-i,
adj., one.
copi-a, -ae, n.
-a,
f.,
supply, plenty
v.
frumentari-us,
bf/(i7i(jiii;/
-inu,
forces, troops.
com; res mentaria, com <njijihj,

to
fru-
fifiri^
factus sum,
used
pro-
as pass, of facio,
am
made,
v.
commissariat; navis effected, become. frumentaria, a p>~ovision ship, possum, posse, potui,
visions,
store-sliij).
n.
irreg.,
v.
am
able.
n.
f.,
moror, moifitus sum,

n.
dep.
otosidi-o,
-onis,
siege,
and
11.
a.
1,
delay.
hasten.
v.
blockade.
contendo, conteudi, contentum,

V.
3, strive, Jiijht, '
circummuniti-o,
-onis,
n.
f.,
line
of investment.
eo, adv., thither.'
arcano, adv., secretly.

n. 4,
venio, veni,
ventum,
pauc-i, -ae, -a (sing, very rare),

ad]., few. familiar-is, -e, adj., intimate; as subst. m. , intimate friend. colloquor, colloqui, collocutus
come.
consisto,
V. n. 3,
constiti,
constitum,
stand,
stand,
make a
om 'posted,
mur-us,
-i,
halt.
iuxta, prep. gov. ace, near.

n. ra., luall.
castr-a, -orum, n. n. pi., camp. pono, posui, positum, v. a. 3, place, pitch (a camp).
sum, V. dep. 3, with cum, converse with. consili-um, -i, n. n., advice, plan. fug-a, -ae, n. i., flight. constituo, constitui, constitutum,
V. a. 3, set, post,
draw
perit-us, -a, -uin, adj. with geu.,
up, ap2Mint, determine.
experienced
-unis, regi-o, disfnct.
in,
with, skilled in,

n.
acquainted divulgo, V. a. 1, make commonly known, publish. shilful.

f.,
region,
sal-us, -utis, n.
rati-o, -onis, n.
f.,
safety.
f.,
reason, plan,
peto, petivi
and
petii,
petitum,
V. a. 3, seek, beg, make (a place). oro, V. a. 1, pray, entreat. V. n. 4,
for
method ; rationem habere with gen., to take account of,

jyrovide for. itaque, couj., and so, therefore, accordingly. legat-us, -i, n. m., ambassador,
erivoy, lieutenant.
subvenio, subveni, subventum,
with
dat.,
aid,
help.
rescribo, rescripsi, rescriptum, V. a. 3, xvrite hack, answer.
numer-us,
rank.
-i,
n.
m., number,
to
TALKS OF THE CIVIL WAR.

-;ie,
ii.
porta,
aperio, ."vpciui, apci'tiun, 4, optn.
the Adriatic, and their regular point of departure for Greece. alivr. Djrrrliachium, -i, n. n., Dyradj., Ik 'HIrhachium, now Durazzo, a trado, tradidi, traditum, v. a. sea-coast town of lUyria, the chief landing-place of 3, hand over, deliver, nurreiuler. those coming from Italy to senat-or, -oris, n. ni., -senator, Greece. a member of the Roman pars, partis, n. f., part, portion, senate. party, sidr ; contrariam in
f., <jale.
v.
a.
liber-i,
eques,
pi., -oruni, n. m. children. horseequltis, n. m.

,
partem, in an opposite direction.
man, (Roman) knight; rnndry.
pi.,
exercit-us, -us, n. m. army. viginti, num. adj., twenty.

,
remaneo, remausi, remansum,

V.
Romanus, -a, -um, adj., of or ht/omjinfj to Borne, Roman.

produco, produxi, productum,
lead or bring out, lead forward, induce.
V.
a.
n.
2,
stay
behind,
re-
main.
exit-US, -us, n.
egress, outlet.
m., going out,

-onis,
n.
f.,
3,
administrati-o,
direction,
mcolum-is,
safe.
-e, adj.,
unharmed,
management,
the
ivorking (of a harbour).
Domitian-us, -a, or belonging to
-um, adj., of Brundisln-us, -a, -um, adj., Domitim. of or belonging to Brundisiuni.
sacrament-um, -i, n. n., n tary oath of allegiance. moveo, mov'i, motum, v. a more : castra movere,
break up camj).
port-us,
j)ort.
-fis,
n.
m.,
harbour,
to
imp6dio, impedivi or impedii,
impeditum,
v.
a.
4,
hinder,
obstruct^ ho/mper.
gero, gessi, gestum,
v.
a.
3,
sive, conj., or if; sive...sive, whether ... or.

pi.,
carry on, wage, administer j opus, operis, n. n., ivork;

in pass., hap/ten, take -place, be done; rem bene gerere, to fght with success, to strike a decisive blow. Brundisl-um, -i, n. n., Briindiiium, now Brindisi, a town
siege works, fortifications.
permoveo, permovi, permotum, V. a. 2, move greatly, alarm.

initi-um,
in Calabria, the cliief station of the Romans
etiam, conj., even, also. -i, n. n., beginning; the abl. initio is used as au naval adv., in the beginning, at
in
first.
VOCABULARY.
excedo,
n. 3,
excessum, v. with abl., go out from,

excessi,
i,
praesens,
pri'Stnt.
praesentis,
-atis,
adj.,
quit.
facult-as,
n. n., silence.
-is, n. f., vessel,
n.
f.,
power,
silenti-um,
nav-is,
opporlunUy.
insequor,
iusequi,
ship.
insecutus
conscendi, conscendo, scensum, v. a. and n. on hoard, embark on.
con3, go
sum, V. dep. 3,folloiv, pursue. adlmp, ademi, ademptum, v. a. 3, tcCke away.

the f., -ae, n. praesenti-a, present ; in praesentia, for the jwesent. omitto, omisi, omissum, v. a. 3, give up, abandon. Hispani-a, -ae, n. f., Spain.
sub, prep, with ace, up to, jnst hefore, toivards ; with abl., under, beloiv, near, at the time of. nox, iioctis, n. f., night.
solvo, solvi, solutum, v. a. 3, loosen, pay, discharge, jmi/ navem solvere, weigh off;
lO.
patienti-a, -ae, n. ance, endurance.
f.,
nnchor,
set sail.
forbear-
etsi, conj.,
although.
spes, spei, n. f., hope confic6re, conficio,
propone, propSsui, propositum,
confectum,
out,'
v. a. 3,
complete, finish,
wear
-i,
exhausted.
V. a. 3, set before (one), set confeci, forth, rcprese7it, projjose. make up, end, carry uitro, adv., to the further side, beyond expectation, actually, confectus, out; voluntarily.
negoti-um,
difficulty.
n.
n.,
business,
chiefly,
postiilo, V. a. 1,
demand.
maxime,
superl.
adj.,
most, especially.
proliO, V. a. 1, apjjrove. mare, maris, n. n., sea.
acerbit-as, -atis, n. f., bitterness, harshness, malignity. doceo, docui, doctum, v. a. 2, teach, instruct, set forth, tell
of
transeo,
transire,
transivi
transit, transitum, v. a. n. 4, cross, pass over,

sert.
and
de-
or alter, altera, alteram, adj., the other (of two), one (of two),
the second. recUso, V. a. 1, refuse. compositi-o, -onis, n. f., settlement, agreement. oportet, oportuit, impers. v. 2, becoming, it behooves, it is one ought.
sed, conj., but. reperio, repperi, repertum, a. 4:,fnd.
v.
sequor, sequi, secutus sum, v. dep. S, follow, pursue. tamen, conj., however, nevertheless, yet.
mor-a, -ae, n. f., delay. longlnquit-as, -atis,n. f., length, duration. timeo, V. a. and n. 2. fear.
42

salt-us,
-us,
n.
tim-or, -oris, n. m. ftar, alarm. pro, prep. gov. abl., he.fore, in front ,;/; on na-ount of, in Cdiisiil, raiioii pro se of; quisque, inch for himself. quisque, (juaeque, quodque, iiidef proii. each, every one. inun-us, -t-ris, n. n., duttj,
.
m., mountain-
pass.
Pyrenae-us, -a, -um, adj., of or hclonfjing to the Pyrenees,
Pyrenaean.
Afrani-us, -i, n. m., Afranius, a general of Pompey in Spain. praesidi-um, -i, n. n,, defence, garrison. Petreius, Petrei, n. m. , Petreius, a lieutenant of Pompey in the civil war. Varr-o, -onis, u. m., Varro, a lieutenant of Pompey in the
civil
office.
legati-o, -onis, n. sion, emhassi/.
f.,
commis-
enim, con j., for.

discedo,
V. n. 3,
discessi,
-i,
),
discessum,
off.
depart, come
locus,
n.m.
(pi.
loci,
m.
war,
and
famous
comp.
place, spot, position : loco habere, to hold in. the same esteem. frustra, adv. in vain. aliquot, indecl. num. adj.,
loca, u.
grammarian.
citeri-or, -us, gen. -oris,
eodem
several.
consumo, consumpsi, consumptum, V. a. 3, use up, consume,

spend.
ulteri-or, -us, gen. -oris, comp. adj , further : Gallia ulteri or,
. .
side; Hispania Hither Spain, a citerior. name applied at first to the part of Spain north the Plbro, but afterof wards extended to the
adj.,
on
this
Further (tliat is, Transalpine) Hispania ulterior. Gaul ; Further S/iain, that is, Spain beyond the Ebro.
Galli-a, -ae, n.
f.,
countiy as far south as the Saltus Castulonensis. Castulonens-is, -e, adj., of or helonging to Castulo, a town
in Hispania Tarraconensis, near the borders of Baetica, now the village of Cazlona saltus Castulonensis, </je range of Castulo, now the Sierra
Gaul.
11.
Fabi-us, -i, n. m., gentile name,
tres, tria,
Eoman
Anas,
Morena. Anae, n. m., the Anas (now the Guadiana), a river
in Spain. trium, tribus, num. Vetton-es, -um, n. m., pi., the adj., th7-ee. Vettones, a people of Lusipraemitto, praemisi, praemistania, in the modern Salasend fortoard, sum, V. a. 3, manca and Estremadura. send in advance, send word ager, agri, n. m., la,nd, terriheforehand.
celeriter, adv., quicl-hj.
tory.
VOCABULARY.
Lusitani-a, -ae, n.
what shorter than English) feet. the western part of Spain, corresponding to the modern quattuor, num. adj.,/o?(?'. Portugal and part of the nongent-i, -ae, -a, num. adj., 7iine hundred. Spanish provinces of Estretripl-ex, -icis, adj., threefold, madiira and Toledo.
f.,
Ludtania,
par, paris, adj., equal. obtineo, obtinui, obtentum, v.

a. 2,
in three lines. instruo, instruxi,

V. a. 3,
hold, occupt/.
-i,
instructum, draio up, marshal.

f.,
ofiBci-uni,
.n.
m.,
service,
hetiveeii,
aci-es, -ei, n.
line
of
battle,
duty.
inter, prep. gov.
battle-array,
army.
ace,
among.
partior, partltus sum, v. dep. 4, share, divide. tueor, tuitus sum, v. dep. 2, defend, iwoteet.
Ilerd-a, -ae, n. f., Ilerda, now Lerida, a city of Hispania Tarraconensis on the Sicoris.
12.
Sicor-is,
-is,
m., hill. when. tumul-us, -i, n. m., mound, hill. paulo, adv., by a little, somewhat, a little.
coll-is, -is, n.
ubi, adv., where,
Sicoris,
now
of
utary
m. the river edit-us, -a, -urn, part, adj., Segre, a triblofty, elevated. communivi the Iberus near commtoio,
n.
, ,
higli,
Ilerda. flum-en, -inis, n. n. river. pons, pontis, n. m., bridge. efficio, elEcgre, efFeci, effectum, V. a. 3, malce up, make, complete, conMrvA:t.
and communii, communitum, v.

a.
4:,
fortify.
-us,
commeat-us,
intercliido,
n.
m., j)rointer-
visions, supplies.
intercliisi,
clusum,
1,
disto, V. n. defect.
am
dis-
and
abl.
tant,
inter se, f mother.
shut off, stand apart; distantes distant from one adversari-us,
V. a. 3, with ace, with or without ab, separate, cut offfrom.

-a,
-um,
adj.,
mille, indecl. in sing., pi. milia, milium, milibus, num. adj.,
thousand; mille passus or mille passuum, or simply trust, confide, am confident. mille, a thousand paces, a 13. (Roman) mile, about 1618 yards, or 142 yards less than spero, v. a. 1, hope, hope for, an English mile. expect. pass-US, -us, n. m., pace, about educe, eduxi, eductum, v. a. 3, five (Roman, which are somelea<l out.
oiyposed to one; adversari-us, i, n. m., antagonist, adversary, enemy. confido, coufisus sum, v. n. 3,
44
TALES OF THE CIVIL
^YAPt.
antesignan-i (supply milites), -onnn, n. m., sokliers irlio fojKjhf hi'forr. the s/amlards, 'mm III fhejirsf line procurro, procucurri and pro-
supprimo, suppiessi, suppressum, V. a. 3, check.

rursus, adv., again. praefero, praeferre,
praetttli,
praelatum,
v.
a.
irreg.,
put
procursum, runforiuard.
curri,
v.
n.
3,
forward, express.
opini-o, -Onis, n. f., opinion. uterque, utrftque, ntrumqne, pron., both, each, either. superi-or, -us, g.en. -oris, comp. adj. , higher, superior, former.
brev-is, -e, adj., short.
proeli-um,
-i,
n. n., battle.
prius, comp. adv., 6e/bre, sooner,
jlM.
Afranian-us,
-a, -um, adj., of or existlmo, v. a. 1, consider, think, helimr/ing to Afranius ; Afrajudge. niani, n. in., soldiers of pugno, V. n. \,fght. prim-us, -a, -um, superl. adj., Afrnnius. nost-er, -ra, -rum, pronom.adj., frst, foremost. our ; nostri (supply milites), congress-us, -us, n. m. , meeting, encounter. our m''7i, our troops. repello, rcppuli, i-epulsum, v. autem, conj., hut, on the other hand, now, moreover. a. :^, drirc hc(rl\ n/,^/. -i, n. ii., /-rr,/-, rear iniqu-us, -a, -um, adj. uneven, terg-uin, a tergo,. /)'<//; I,, /liicl, in rear; unfair, unfavourable. terga vertere, to turn the congredior, congr6di, congreshark, take fojiight. sus sum, V. dep. 3, come together, meet in battle. verto, veiti, versum, v. a. 3, hor-a, -ae, n. f., ho^lr. sign inn, -i, n. n., standard, sustineo,, sustinui, susteutum, xl.pinl : signa tollere, sii/ii. V. a. 2, hold up, sîstain,
,
to In; Ilk
II
ji till
camp.
3,
recepi, rerjet back, 7-i'rnri'r, receive, sustain; se recipere, to retire, retreat, fall Jiark. cohortor, ooliortatus sum, v. dep. ], exhort.
recijjere,
V.
a.
recipio,
maintain, endure, withstand. compello, compuli, compulsum,

V. a. 3, drive, force.
ceptum.
14.
interim,
adv.,
meamohile, in
the meantime.
non-us, -a, -nm,num. adj.,?7t?//. subsidi-um, -i, n. n., support,

relief.
Oscens-es, -ium, n. m. pi., the inhabitants of Osca, now
Huesca
in
Aragon.
duco, duxi, ductum, v. a. lead, draw out, prolong. host-is, -is, com., enemy.
3,
Calagurritan-i, -orum, n. m. pi., the inhabitants of Callagurris, now Loarre, north of Osca.
VOCABULARY.
imperat-um,
order, command ; imperata facere, to execute orders, obey. facio, facere, feci, factum, v. a., do, make. Tarraconens-es, -ium, n. in. 1)1 .,the inhabitants of Tarraco,
-i,
45
n.
n.,
people of Middle Spain, who originated by a mingling of Celts with the original
Iberians. bell-um, -i, n. n,, war. transfero, transferre, transtttli, translj^tum, v. a. irreg., bring over, shift, transfer. hie, adv., here. equitat-us, -us, n. m., cavalry ; p]., troops of horse.
now Tarragona.
lacetan-i, -orum, n. m. pi., a people in nortliern Spain, at the foot of the Pyrenees, in what is now called Catalonia.
auxili-um,
-i,
n. n., help, n.
aid;
Ausetan-i, -orum, n. m. pi., a people of Hispania Tarraconensis, in what is now Catalonia. post, prep. gov. ace, after, behind ; adv. , aftenvards,
after.
pi., auxiliaries.
hiems, higmis,
f..
winter.
cogito, V. a. 1, think, p)lan, purpose. ineo, inire, inivi or inii, initum,

V.
a.
and
n., enter, enter on,
lUurgavonens-es, -ium, n. m. pi., a people of Hispania Tairaconensis, on the sea coast near the mouth of the Ebro. Hiber-us, -i, n. m., a river in Spain, now the Ebro. attingo, attigi, attactum, v. a. 3, touch, reach, harder on,
adopt. conquiro, conquislvi, conquisitum, V. a. 3, search for, hunt

lip.
Octoges-a, -ae, n. f., a town of Hispania Tarraconensis, at the spot where the Sicoris flows into the Hiberus, the
come
to.
,
commutati-o,-onis,n. f. change. mult-us, -a, -um, adj., much; pi., many; comp., plus,
pluris,
in pi. plures, plura, plurium ; superl. , plurimus.
-a,
modern Mequinenza, near La Granja. adduce, adduxi, adductum, v. a. 3, bring to, induce, prompt.
triginta,
thirty.
num.
adj.
indecl.,
longinqu-us,
distant.
-um,
f.,
adj.,
iungo, iunxi, iunctum, v. a. 3, join, fasten together. traduco, tradu.xi, traductum, a. 3, lead across, bring over.
.
civit-as, -atis, n.
state,
com15.
allqui,
munity.
descisco, descivi or descii, descitum, v. n., 3, revolt. Celtiberi-a, -ae, n. f., Celliheria, the land of the Celiiberi, a
aliqua, aliquod, indef.

shoal,
pronom. adj., some. vad-nm, -i, n. n., fo7'd,

shallow water.
46

obicio oblcere, obieci obiect u v. a. 3, expose, put in way of. Conor, confitus sum, v. dep. 1, make an attempt, attempt. experior, expertus sum, v. dep.
, ,
hue, adv., hither, to this point. reduco, reduxi, reductum, v. a. lead back, bring (to a .3,
state).
audeo, ausus sum, v.

2,
a.
and
n.
dare. ped-es, itis, n. m.,foot-iohlifr; pi., infantry. altitud-o, -Inis, n. f., depth. aqua, aijuae. u. f. water. turn, adv., then; cum ... turn,
,
4, try,
make
trial of.
}>oth
and.
rapidit-as, -atis, n. f., swiftness, speed. relinquo, rellqui, relictum, v.

a. 3, leave. nisi, conj., if not, unless.
iudico, V. &. 1, judge, consider. centuri-a, -ae, n. f., centiiry, compjany, theoretically consisting of one hundred men, but, for the most part, really little over half that number. dellgo, delegi, delectum, v. a. 3, pick out, choose. aut, conj., or ; aut ... 3M\,,either
vis, ace. vim, abl. vi, n. f., n. u. army on violence, quantity, force, number; pi., vires, virium, march, train, march. strength, power. male, adv. badly ; male hatoere, expedlt-us, -a, -um, part, adj., annoy, hamper. lightly equipped, in light carpo, carpsi, carptum, v. a. 3, harass. marching order, unimpeded,
agmen, agminis,
the
vigill-a, ae, n.
f.,
ivatch (of the
free, easy.
night).
iument-um,
-a,
-i,
n. n., beast
of
nov-us,
superl.,
-um, adj., new; novissimus, last,
burden. supra, adv., above.

infra, adv., beloiv.
hindmost; novissimum agmen, rear-guard.

incipio, incipere, incepi, inceptum, V, a. and n., begin.
17.
conspicio, conspicere, conspexi, conspectum, v. a. 3, catch sight of, descry. campus, -i, n. m., plain. ref icio,refic6re, refeci,refectum, V. a. 3, repair, refresh, recruit, rest.
16.
lux, lucis, n. f., light. cert-us, -a, -um, adj., certain,
fixed ; certiorem (aliquem) facere, to inform, tell. ea (supply via or parte), adv., by that rcay, there. qua, adv., lohere. magnitud-o, -inis, n. f., greatness, large rolume.
defess-us, -a, -um, part, (of defetiscor), tired, exhausted.
progredior,progr6di,progressus sum, V. dep. 3, go forth, advance.
VOCABULARY.
necessario,
47
adv., of necessity, unavoidably. mature, adv., soon, early;
comp. maturius superl., maturissime and maturrime.

;
quam, adv.,
medi-us,
than.
Sax-a, -ae, n. m., a surname of L. Decidius, a partisan of Caesar. nature, natiir-a, -ae, n. f., character. perspicio, perspic6re, perspexi,
quoque, conj., also, too. -a, -um, a,di.,7)iiddle
perspeotum,
look into. renuntio, v.
v. a. 3,
examine,
media nox, midnight.

circiter, adv., about.
a.
1,
bring back
inter-
ivord, rejwrt.
dux,
dOcis,
n.
m.,
leader,
intercede,
intercessi,
(jeneral.
vas, vasis, pi. vasa, vasorum,

n. n.,
utensil,
implement
bai/r/aije.
cessum, v. n. 3, intervene, come betK-een, exist between. campest-er, -ris, -re, adj., of or
belonging to a plain, level, flat. inde, adv., thence, after that. excipio, excipgre, excepi, exceptum, V. a. 3, catch, catch up, follow after, succeed, receive, await. asp-er, -6ra, -erum, adj., rough,
as a military term,
militar-is,
-e,
adj.,
of or belomj-
ing to a soldier, military. mos, mOris, n. m., custom, usage, manner. exaudio, exaudivi or exaixdii, exaudltum, v. a. 4, hear, overhear. clam-or, oris, n. m., shout, cry, shouting. vereor, veritiis sum, v. dep. a. and n. 2, fear. noctu, adv., by night. impedit-iis, -a, -um, pass. part.
(of impedio, 9), embarrassed, encumbered. onus, oneris, n. n., burden,
rugged. montfi6s-us,-a,-um, adj., mountainous.

-us, gen. -oris, comp. a.Ai., former, first (of two). angusti-ae, -arum, n. f. pi., narrow pass, defile, difficul-
pri-or,
ties.
prohibeo, prohibui, prohibitum, V. a. 2, keep in check, hinder,

forbid.
load. confligo,
conflictum, engage, fight. contineo, coutinui, contentum, V. a. 2, hold together, keep toconflixi,
V. n. 3,
18.
-lis, n. m., circuit, round, detour, ivay roimd, compass. null-US, -a, -um, adj. no, none, not any.
circiiit-us,
gether, confine, detain. occulte, adv., secretly.
exploro, V.
a.
1,
examine,
vieiv,
reconnoitre. Decidi-us, -i, n. m., a proper
nam, adv., /or.

pertineo,
pertinui,
v.
to.
n.
2,
name.
stretch out, extend

oppono, opp5sui, opp5sTtum,
a. 3, set
v.
celerit-as,
-atis,
n.
f.,
speed,
against, oppose,.
swiftness.
ac. conj.
and.
3, view,
certam-en,
,
-inis, n. n., contest.
primo, adv., at first. viso, visi, visum, v. a.

visit, see.
uter, utra, utrum, gen. utriua, pron. ivhirh of two.
mens, montis,
-um,
-a,
n.
m., mountain,
laet-us,
-a,
adj.,
glad,
hill.
j oilfid.
contumelios-us,
insulting.
-um, adj.,
rup-es, -is, n. f., rock, cliff. nanciscor, nancisci.nactussum, V. dep. 3, obtain, gain, reach,
prosequor, prosequi, prosecutus
sum, V. dep.
pursue
:
escort,
attend,
to
meet with. planiti-es, -ei, n.
f., j^lain.
,
voclbus prosequi,
-i,
shout after.
contra, prep. gov. a,cc. against. ante, prep. gov. ace. and adv.
befo7'e.
proposit-um,
n. n. ,
purpose,
intention, j)lan, design. divers-us, -a, -um, part, (of diverto), turned a different way, in a different direction, different, op2Wsite. contrari-us, -a, -um, adj., contrary, opposite.
60, ire, ivi or
ii,
quidam, quaedam,
pron.,
quoddam,
certain, somebody.
19.
occasi-o,-onis, n. i.,opportAtnily.
bene, adv., well. sine, prep. gov. abl., without.
itum,
little
v. n. 4,
little,
pugn
a, -ae, n. i., fight, battle,

-6ris,
go.
vulnus,
by
loss.
n.
n.,
wound,
v. a. 3,
paulatim, adv.,
gradually. retorqueo, retorsi, retortum, v. a. 2, bend back, turn back. dextr-a, -ae, n. f., right-hand. supero, V. a. and n. 1, go past, pass beyond, overcome, conquer.
premo,
pressi,
pressum,
press hard, distress. pabulati-o, -onis, n. f., /c

i7ig.
aquor,
v.
dep.
fetcJi tvater.
v.
cotidie, adv., daily.
perfugio, perfugere, perfugi,

n. 3, desert.
adverto, adverti, adversum, v. a. 3, turn to; anirnum advertere,

also
as
one word
to
animadvertere,
turn the
observe, notice. exeo, exire, exivi or exii, exitum, V. n. 4, go out, march

to, to
mind
explicit-US, -a, -um, part, adj, free from difficulties, easy. revertor, reverti, reversus sun V. dep. 3, return.
paul-um, -i, n. n., a frument-um, -i, n.

grain.
little.
n.,
com,
out.
rect-us,
-a,
-um,
part,
adj.,
.straight.
Tarrac-o, -onis, n. f., a town in Spain, now Tarragona.
: ;
VOCABULARY.
longe, adv., Jar ojf; comp., longius ; superl., longissime. spati-um, -i, n. n., space, distance, interval, period.
49
viaco, vici, victum, v. a. 3, conquer. conflteor, confessus sum, v. dep.

2, confess.
casus,
-us, n.
m.,/aU,
disaster,
minfort^me, accident, event; casu, by chance, as it chanced. intellego, intellexi, intellectum

V. a. 3, understand, perceive. acriter, adv., fiercely, eagerly,
respondeo,respondi,respousuni, v. a. 2, answer, reply. nemo, neminis (but in classical Latin nullius, from nullus, is used as the gen. and nuUo, nulla as the abl.), pi'on., no
noceo, nocui, nocitum, v. n. 2, with dat., harm, do hurt to. provinci-a, -ae, n. I. , provijice.
loith spirit.
complur-es, -a and -ia, gen. -ium, adj. or subst., several, very many.
interf icio, interficei-e, interfeci,
interfeetum, v. a. 3, kill. procul, adv. , far off, at a distance.
tandem, adv., at
a. 2, beset,
length, at last.
20. sum, with dat. distrust. Pompeian-us, -a, -um,

diffido, difFlsus
,
v.
n. 3,
adj.,
of
obsldeo, obsedi, obsessum, v.

besiege,
n. n.,
or
belonging
to
Fompty
hamper.
pi.,
lignum,
-i,
wood;
firewood.
inopi-a, -ae, n.
f.
,ioant, scarcity.
colloqui-um, i, u.n., conference, parley. audio, audivi or audii, audltum,

V. a. 4, hear.
-orum, n. m., the soldiers of Pompey, Pompey's party; Pompeianae res, PomjJey's cause or side. amice, adv., in a friendly manner; superl., amicissime.
vl]1-us, -a, -ixtn, ad].
,
Pompeian-i,
any any oyie.

,
perpetior,
perpeti,
sum, V. dep. 3, end, bear steadfastly, suffer. nunc, adv., now. neque or nee, conj., and not, nor ; neque neque, neither coniungo,coiiiunxi,coniunctuni,
.
. .
perpessus endure to the
postea, adv., afltnvards. Massili-a, -ae, n. f., a seaport town in Gallia Narbonensis, now Marseilles. detineo, detinui, detentum, v. a. 2, heeji back, detain.
V. a. 3, join, unite.
corp-us, -oris, n. n., body. dol-or, -oris, n. m., pain. ignomini-a, -ae, n. f., disgrace, igyiominy.
fero,
conv6nio, conveui, conventnm,

V. n. and a. 4, c07ne tofjethtr, assemble, muster, meet ivith.
late, adv., broadly, widely, in
ferre,
tuli,
latum,
v.
a.
an
exaggerated
,
manner
,
irreg., bear, carry, suffer, resist, propose (a law).
comp. latins
superl.
lat'-s-
50
inflate, adv.
,

hawjhtily, proudly,
;
pcmipoiidy
comp.
infiatius.
perscribo, perscripsi, perscriptum, V. a. 3, ivrite in full or

at length, detail.
mot-US,
fortun-a,
luck.
-us,
-ae,
n.
m.,
f.,
motion,
fortune,
movement, change.
n.
converto, converti, conversum, V. a. and n. 3, turn round, loheel about, chaiuje. Italic-a, -ae, n. f., a city in Hispania Baetica, near Seville, now Santiponce. praecludo, praeclusi, praeclu-
sum,
V.
a.
3,
sh^lt to,
close,
coepi, coepisse, V a. and n., defect, (properly the perf. of coepio, the imperfect tenses of which are not used by classical writers), begin.
.
shiU against one. Sext-us, -i, n. m.,
Roman
praenomen.
praesto, adv., at hand, ready, present; praesto esse, to be at hand, attend or wait upon,
aid. conti-o, -onis, n.
f.,
pare, v. a. 1, prepare. Gad-es, -luni, n. f., now Cadiz, a colony of the Phoenicians in Hispauia Baetica, on an island close to the shore. longius, see longe, 28. consentio, conseusi, consensum, V. agree, determine n. 4,
in
assembly,
contionem habere, tu a speech. bidu-um, -i, n. n., space of two

speech
;
deliver
common.
Gaditan-i, -orum, n. m., the inhabitants of Gades. princeps, principis, n. and adj., frst, chief, chief man,
insiil-a, -ae, n. f., island.
days. Cordiib-a, -ae, n. f., a town in mspania Baetica, on the river Baetis, now Cordova. eommoror, v. dep. 1, tarry, re-
main.
Q.,
abbrev. for Quintus, a Ro-
man
name.
praenomen
or
fore-
servo, V.
a. 1, jyreserve, keep.
21.
adsto, adstlti, v. n., stand near,
Cassi-us, -i, n. m., a Roman gentile name. praeficio, praeficere, praefeoi,
stand by.
inspecto, v.
a. 1 (classical
praefectum, ace. anddat.,

to the
v.
a.
3,
with
set over, appoint

of,
only
command
Hispal-is,
ville,
in pres. part.), look on, look at, observe. -is, n. f., a city of Hispania Baetica, now Se-
Narb-o, -onis, n. m., a city in Gaul, from which Gallia Narbonensis takes its name,
now Narbonne.
lex, legis, n.
f.,
law.
perterreo, perterrui, perterritum, V. a. 2, frighten or terrify thoroughly.
dictator, -oris, n. in., dictator, a chief magistrate appointed bv the Romans for six
VOCABULARY.
emergency, and armed with abin seasons of
51
months
solute authority. Lepid-us, -i, n. m., a
Roman
surname.
fudi, fusum, v. a. 3, overthroiv, rout. grav-is, -e, adj., heavy, severe, grievous. pestilenti-a,-ae, n. i., pestilence,
fundo,
plague.
22.
conflicto, V. a.
I,
afflict,
ruin,
dum,
conj., v:hile, whilst.
Treboni-us, -i, n. m., a Roman gentile name. C. Trebonius was a legate of Caesar in Gaul. oppugnati-o, -onis, n. f. agger, aggeris, n. m. vine-a, -ae, n. f., penthouse, shed, mantlet, built like an arbor for sheltering besiegers.
turr-is,
-is, n. f., toioer.
overwhelm. dedo, dedidi, deditum, v. a. 3, give up; se dedere, to surrender, capitulate. compare, v. a. 1, prepare, provide, make ready.
turbid-iis, -a, -um, adj., wild,
antiquitus, adv.,
times,
from
ancient
stormy. tempest-as, -atis, n. f., weather. conspect-us, -us, n. m., range or reach of sight, view. abeo, abire, ablvi or abii, abitum, V. n. 4, go away, dej)art.
of old.
apparat-us, -us, n. m., preparation, provision, equij)multitud-o,

-inis,
profero, proferre, protuli, prolatum, v. a. irreg. bring forth.

,
n. n.
f.,
multi-
public-um,
-i,
n.
n.,
ptMic
tude, number. torment-um, -i,
purse, pidAic treasury.

n.,
engine
for hurling missiles. contexo, contexui, contextum,

V. a. 3,
23.
Curi-o, -onis, n. m., a surname in the gens Scribonia. Afric-a, -ae, n. f., Africa.
Sicili-a, -ae, n. f., Sicily.
vim-en,
entwine, interleave. -inis, n. n., a pliant
twig, ivithe, osier.
Massiliens-es, -ium, n. m., inhabitants of Massilia. mal-um, -i, n. n., evil, misfortune, suffering.
bis,
appello, apptxli, appulsum, v.

a.
and
n.
3, jJttf in to shore,
naval-is,
shijjs,
adverbial num., twice. -e, of or belonging to

naval.
cre'b-er,-ra,-rum, adj., frequent, numerous, repeated. erupti-o, -onis, n. f., sally.
land. appello, v. a. 1, call Ly name, address, entitle, name. Anquillari-a, -ae, n. f a town on the Gulf of Carthage, to the south of the Promunturium Mercurii or Cape
.
Bon.

Utic-a,
-ae,
Africa,
ii. f., a town in north of Carthage,
resisto, stop,
restiti,
v.
n.
li,
halt,
stay
-ae,
behind,
n.
rtnuiin,
now Boushater.
vall-um,
-i,
u-ithstand, resist.
n.
n.,
stockade,
Saburr-a,
m., a lieu-
rampart. tenant of King Juba. circummunio, circunimunivi, praefect-us, -i, n. m., chief, circumniunitum, v. a. 4, wall commaiuler, prefect. up around, fortify, secure. mediocr-is, -e, adj., modeinsolens, insoleutis, adj., with rate. ucn., innirriis/ctutd to. appropinquo, v. n. 1, draxo
diuturnit as, -ati.s, n. f., lov(j duration. oti-um, -i, n. u., inactivity, ease,
repose, peace. dediti-o, -onis, n. capitulation.
,
f.,
surrender,
palam, adv. openly, publicly nunti-us, -i, n. m. messenger.

,
rex, regis, n. m.. Icing.
luba,
a Numidian joined the party of Pompey, gained a victory over Caesar's legate Curio,
-ae, n.
m.
king,
who
near, apjiroach. auct-or, -oris, n. m., one by lohose influence or advice anything is done, instigator, counsellor, adviser. tem6re,adv. , heedlessly, thoughtlessly, rashly. credo, credidi, credltum, v. a. 3, with dat. give as a loan, entrust, trust to, confide in, believe ; credita pecunia, a loan.
,
and put an end to his own life after the battle of Thapsus. custodi-a, -ae, n. f., g\iard, care, protection. defensi-o, -onis, n. f , defending, defence. hortor, v. dep. 1, encourage,
.
committo,commisi,commissuni, v. a. 3, entrust, commit.

Bagrad-a,
Africa,
-ae, n.
m., a river in
near Utica, now Medscherda. praesum, praeesse, praefui, v. n. irreg., with dat., am set
over, have command of. by night. imprudens, imprudentis, adj., not atiticipcUing, unaware, off one's guard.
cheer, exliort.
nocte, adv.
simult-as, -atis, n. f., disseu.sion, enmity, jealousy.
promulgo,
v.
a. 1,
promulgate,
publish, propose.
iuopinans,
regn-um,
-i,
n. n.,
kingdom.
publico, v. a. 1, confiscate. perfug-a, -ae, u. m., deserter. revoco, v. a. 1, 7-ecall. finitim-us, -a, -uni, adj., bordering upon, adjoining, neighbouring.
Numid-a, midian
inopinantis, adj., not expecting, unprepared. -ae, n. m., a Nu; the Numidians were a people of northern Africa,
between Mauretania and the
modern
territory of Carthage, in the Algiers.
VOCABULARY.
aggredior, aggredi, aggressua sum, V. dep. 3, attach, undertake, begin.
virtus,
-litis, n. f.,
ducent-i, -ae,
-a,
num.
courage. adj., iwc
hundred.
24.
quart-US, fourth.
-a,
25.
-uni,
num.
adj.,
crebro, adv., repeatedly, often.
augeo, auxi, auctum, v.
a. 2,
sex, num. adj. indecl., six. accelero, v. a. 1, hasten, accelerate.

at, conj., hut.
alius, -a, -ud, adj. and subst., another, other (of many) alii alio loco, some in one place and some in another. noctum-us, -a, -um, adj., of or beloiu/ing to ni'jhf, nocturnal, by night, in the night. sutomitto, submisi, submissum, V. a. 3, se7id secretly, despatch. elephant-US, -i, n. m., elephant. sexaginta, num. adj., sixty. lente, adv., slowly, leisurely;
increase, reinforce. lassitud-o, -mis, n. f., ivectriness, fatigue. deficio, deficere, defeci, defectum, V. a. and n.,fail. simul, adv. , at the same time.
circumdo, circumdare, circumdedi,
circumdatum,
surround.
v.
a.,
enclose,
numquam,
3, lose.
adv., Jiever. amitto, amisi, aniissum, v.
a.
ita, adv., thus, so.
proelior, v. dep.
battle, fight.
1,
engage in
comp., lentius.
simulati-o, -onis, n. i., pretence. cedo, cessi, ce^sum, v. n. 3, go,
ivithdraiv, retire, retreat. pes, pedis, n. m.,foof. fugio, fiigere, fugi, fiigitum, v. officer. n. ii, flee, fly, take to flight. obsecro, v. a. arbitror, v. dep. 1, am of reporto, v. a. opinion, believe, think. lenunciil-us,
perpauc-i, -ae, -a, adj., very few. Marci-us, -i, n. m., Roman gentile name, quaest-or, -oris, n. m., quaestor, a Eomau magistrate or
1,
1,
-i,
entreat, beg. carry back.

n.
m.,
,
bark,
circumeo, circumire, circumivi or circumii, circuitum, v. n. and a. 4, go round, surround, encompass. quidem, adv., indeed; ne ...
skiff:
imperi-um,
-i,
n. n.
command,
order, authority.
lit-us, -6ris, n. n., shore.
contenti-o, -onis, n.
contest.
f.,
struggle,
quidem, not even. lab-or, -oris, n. m. toil, labour,

,
potissimum, adv.,
exertion.
chiefly, in preference to all others, first.
studi-um,
ness.
-1,
n. n., zeal, eager-
nonnull-i, -ae, -a, adj., several, some.
.54
TALES OF THE CIVIL WAli

clepressi,
deprimo,
V. a. 3, j)re-ss
depressum, down, sink.
prope, prep, with ace, near; a,dv., ahiost ; comp. ,propius. adeo, adire, adii, aditnm, v. n. and a., approach, go to. tardo, V. a. 1, delay, hinder,
prevent. accido, accidi, v. n. 3, fall out, happen, occur. Var-us, -i, n. m., a Roman
angust-ua,-a,-nm, adj. narrow, contracted, weakened. arbiter, -ri, n. m., arbiter, umpire, judge. aestimati-o, -on is, n. f., valuation, appraisement.
,
possessi-o, -onis, n.
f.,
posses-
sion, property, estate. quant-US, -a, -um, adj., hoiv great ; quanti, gen. of price, hoiv dear, at vjhat price, of
surname.
conspicor, conspicatus sum, v. dep. 1, (jet sight of, see, perceive.
tvhat value.
creditor,
tabiil-a,
-oris, n.
m., creditor.
-ae,
tahlet ; pi.,
n. f., a writingahook of account:
praedico, v. a. 1, jiroclaim, declare, say. praed-a, -ae, n. f., booty, spoil.

elect-US,
-a,
novae tabulae, neio accounthooks, by substituting which for the old ones debts were
abolished, cancelling or abolition of debts.
-um, part,
adj.,
picked, selected. remitto, remisi, remissum, v.

a. 3,
minuo, minui, minutum,

3, lessen,
v. a.
send hack.
diminish, abate.
fere, adv., nearly, almost,
26.
comiti-um, -i, n. n., the place for the assembling of the Eomans voting by the curiae; pi. the assembly of the Eomans for electing magistrates, etc., "the comitia comitia babere, to hold the
,
for
the
most part.
civll-is, -e, adj.,
of ov pertain-
ing to citizens, civil, civic. dissensi-o, -onis, n. f. disagreement, dissension, discord.
elections.
creo,
V.
a.
1,
create,
choose,
consuesco, consuevi, consuetum, V. n. 3., am accustomed, am wont. debit-or, -oris, n. m., debtor. existimati-o, -onis, n. f., repu^
fation, credit. -a, -um, part, adj., suited, adapted, fit. item, adv., likeivise, in like
elect.
luli-us,
-i,
n.
m.,
Roman
apt-us,
gentile name. abbrev. for P.,
Roman
Servili-us,
Publius, a forename. -i, n. m., a Roman
manner.
ambit-US, -us, n. m. , canvassing,
corruption, bribery.
gentile
name.
fid-es, -ei, n. i., faith, credit (a.s
damno,
ttnce.
v.
a.
1,
condemn, sen-
a commercial term).
VOCABULARY.
integ'-er, -ra,
(iifirr,
fiiiii.</,i/,
55
-a,
-rum, adj., whole, wi impaired, v.nex-
annu-us,
-um,
adj.,
of a
iiiiirninided; in inrestituere, to restore to (iforiiur co/idition or state. restituo, restitui, restitutum,
tegrum
year's duration. vacu-us, -a, -um, adj., empty, free from.

otios-us, -a, -um, adj., tranquil,
undisturbed.
class-is, -is, n.
civ-is, -is, n.
f., fleet.
V.
a.
3, 2n(t
back again, ref.
place, restore.
feri-ae,
com.,
citizen.
-arum, n.
pi.,
holi-
novem, num.
days, festival. Latin-US, -a, -um, adj., of or

helonrp'ng to
Latium, Latin;
adj., nine. liigmo, V. n. 1, ^jass the winter, keep in ivinter-quarters. Apolloni-a, -ae, n. f , a town in
.
feriae Latinae, the festival of lUyria. the allied Latins, which was marltim-us, -a, -um, adj., on the celebrated especially by offersea-coast, sea-. ings to Juppiter Latiaris on or-a, -ae, n. f. coast.
,
Mons Albauus.
perficio, perficeie, perfeci, perfectum, V. a. 3, complete,
quicumque, quaecumque, quodcumque, rel. pron., ivhotver,

-whatever.
-a, -um, adj., even, equal, fair; aequo animo, vnth equanimity, patiently. postridie, adv., the following day, next day.
accomplish.
aequ-us,
adj.
undecim,
eleven.
num.
indecl.,
a.
tribuo, tribui, tribfitum, v. 3, assign, allot, give.

dictatiir-a, -ae,
n.
1,
f.,
office
of
re-
terr-a, -ae, n.
dictator, dictatorship.
abdico,
v.
a.
disoivn,
office.
nounce;
se
abdicare, with
abl., to resign
an
f. land, earth. Cerauni-i,-orum(alsoCerauni-a, -orum), n. m., a ridge of mountains in Epirus on the borders of Illyria, Ceraunian promon fory, A croceraunia.
,
27. sax-um, -i, n. n., rock. duodecim, num. adj., twelve. periculos-us, -a, -um, adj., danang^ste, adv., within narrow gerous. limits, hardly. quiet-us, -a, -um, adj., quiet, quindecim, num. &([]., ffteen. calm. legionari-us, -a, -um, adj., of stati-o, -onis, n. f., anchorage,
or
belonging
to
legion,
roadstead.
Palaest-e, -es, n. in Epirus.
f.,
legionary. sexcent-i, -ae, six hundred.
a seaport
-a,
num.
1,
adj.,
expono,
a.
exposui,
3,
set
transporto, v.
carry a-
V.
a.
expositum, out, disem-
cross, transport.
bark.
, ,
56

28.
propter, prep. account of.
paucit-as,
ness.
-atis,
gov.
n.
ace.,
f.,
on
ser5, adv., late, too late; conip., serius.
few-
proveho, provexi, provectum, V. a. 3, can-y forwards; pass.

(JO,
homo,
to.
-inis, n.
m., man.
proceed,
-it't
sail.
utor, uti, usus sum, v. dep. 3, iirse, enjoy, take advantage of. aur-a, -ae, u. f., breeze. offendo, oQendi, offensiim, v. a. and n. 3, strike against, suffer
descendo, descendi, descensum, V. n. 3, descend, have recourse

-i, n. m., slave. pubes or puber, puberis, of ripe aqe, adtdt.
serv-us,
adj.
damage.
Bibul-us,
-i,
11.
111.,
a proper
name.
Corcyr-a, -ae, n. f. an island in the Ionian Sea, now Corfu,
,
iibgro, V. a. 1, set free. quin-i, -ae, -a, distrib. adj.,_î'e each, five.
num.
inan-is,
-e,
adj., empty.
occurro, oecurri, occursum, v. 11. 3, run to meet, meet, fall

in with.
meridian-us, -a, -um, adj., of or belonging to mid-day, midday. irrumpo, irrupi, irruptum, v.
n. 3, biirst in.
confugio, conftigere, confugi,

v.
v,
incendo, incendi, incensum,

a. 3, set fire to, set
n. ^, flee for refuge.
on fire.
ignis, -is, n. m.,fire. naut-a, -ae, n. m. sailor. domin-us, -i, n. ra., master, owner. longe, a,Av.,far,far off; longe lateque,ya7' and wide; comp.
,
despero, v. a. and n. 1, desjKiir, despair of, give up.
beneflci-um,
benefit.
-i,
n.
n.,
favour,
fit,
idone-us,
suitable.
-a,
-um,
-i,
,
adj.,
longius.
mandat-um,
n.
n., charge,
commission command.
auctorit-as,-atis, n.f. ,authority,
Octavi us,
gentile
-i,
n.
m.
Roman
influence.
name.
Salon ae, -arum, n. f., a maritime town in Dalmatia. Its ruins, still called Salona, lie near Spalato.
oppugno,
V. a. 1, attach, assault,
besiege.
miinio, muiiivi or munii, munituin, V. a. 4, fortify, defend.
Candavi-a, -ae, n. f. a moun tainous district in Illyria. Macedoni-a, -ae, n. f., Macedonia, Macedon, a country be tween Thessaly and Thrace. perturbo, v. a. disturb, 1, trouble, embarrass. Oric-um, i, n. n., a sea-port
,
town
of Illyria,
now
Ericho.
VOCABULARY.
quo, adv. , whither; with comp. in order that, so that. Torquat-us, n. m., a Eoman
57
severe, adv., severely, harshly; comp., severius.

scribo, scripsi, scriptum, v. a.
3, ivrite.
surname.
iuss-us, -us, n. m., order, com-
mand.
interpono, interp5sui, interposituni, V. n. 3, interpose, introduce. Apolloniat-es, -ium, n. m. pi., the inhabitaii/s of ApoUonia.
vent-us, -i, n. m., wind. navigo, V. n. 1, sail.
administro,
guide.
Fufl-i..,
i, .,
v.
a.
1,
manage,
a
1
... 11.
m.,
Roman
proper
gentile name. Caien-us, -i, n.

aust-er,
-ri,
31.
diurn-us, -a, -um, adj., by day, in the day. metor, nietatus sum, v. dep. 1, measure off, mark, lay oiU. praeocciipo, v. a. 1 seize upon,
,
n.
praetervghor, sum, V. dep.
m., south %oind. praetervectus

3, .sail
jmst.
Nympiae-um, -i, n. n., a promontory and seaport in Illyria, now Capo di Redeni.
introduco, introduxi, introductuni, v. a. 3, conduct into, bring in.
occupyhrforehand,jtreocciL2:)y.
fin-is, -is, n.
m., end;
1,
pi.,
hor
di rs, territory.
propero, v. n. Aps-us, -i, u.

Illyria.
pell-is,
-is,
hasten.
amb-o,
-ae, -o, adj., both.
m., a river of
f.,
-arum, n. f. plur., ambush, ambuscade. adorior, adortus sum, v. dep.,

insidi-ae,
4, assatdt, attack. stativ-us, -a, -um, adj., stand-
n.
shin,
hide,
tent
to
suto pellibus
Memare,
ivinter
under canvas, in
camp.
trans, prep, gov, ace, across,
ing
still,
stationary;
castra
stativa,
a stationary camp, a
beyond. conduce, conduxi, conductum, v.a. 3, draw together, assemble,

collect.
camp where an army âlts

for a long time. clam, adv., secretly. interdiu, adv. , by day. colloco, v .a. 1 place,station,post. occult-US, -a, -um, adj., hidden, concecded, secret. Graec-us, -i, n. m., a Greeh. defero, deferre, detuli, delatum, V. a. irreg., report, announce. circumcludo, circumclusi, circumolusiim, v. a. 3, shut in.
,
32.
mens-is, -is, n. m., month. praecipito, v. n. 1, co'me to an end, close. praetermitto, praetermisi,praetermissum, v. a. 3, let pass, omit, neglect.
'

Asparagi-uin,
of lUyria
sus,
-i,
n.
n.
town dep5no, deposui, depositum,

a. 3, put aside, get rid dispose of, give up. necesse, n. adj. necessary.
,
v.
now
on the river GenuIskarpar.
of,
incito,
V.
a.
1,
incite,
spur
postquam,aflv. ,after that, when.
eodem, adv.,
to the
same
q^lace.
si,
on. conj.,
if.
,
difflcil-is, -e, adj., difficult.
explorat-or, -oris, n. rn., scout, spy. suspicor, V. dep. 1, suspect, surmise, a2')prehend. adhortor, v, dep. 1, exhort, encourage, incite. parv-us, -a, -um, adj., small,
little.
illo, adv. thither, to that place. nolo, nolle, nolui, v. n. irreg. am unwilling. direct-US, -a, -um, part. adj. straight, direct. accedo, accessi, accessum, v,
n. 3, approach, am added. improvis-us, -a, -um, adj., unforeseen ; ex improviso,
intermitto, interniisi, intermis-
sum,
hreak
elapse.
V.
offi
a.
3,
discontinue.,
interrupt, suffer to
in the mornlnej. cerno, erSvi, cretum, v. a. 3, perceive, discern, see. Petr-a, -ae, n. f., a hill near
mane, adv.,
expectedly. -i, n. n., inconvenience, trouble. Heracli-a, -ae, n. f., a town of Macedonia, now Bitolia. sublcio, subieei, subiectum, v.
incommodum,
Dyrrhachium.
adit-US, -us, n. m., appiroach,
access.
n. 3, lay under, place near, expose to. Allobr6g-es,-um, n. m., a people of Gallia Narbonensis.
protego, protexi, protectum,

a. 3, iJTotect, shelter.
v.
profecti-o, -onis, n. f., setting out, departure. vix, adv., hardly, barely.
antecedo,
antecessi,
anteces-
depello, depuli, depulsum, v. a. 3, drive away, deter, divert.
commute, v. a. 1, change. impediment-um, -i, n. n.,

derance
;
V. n. 3, go before, get the start. vito, V. a. 1, avoid, evade. Aegini-um, -i, n. n., a fortress in Thessaly, now Kalabaka
sum,
hin-
pi.
baggage.
or Stagous. Thessali-a, -ae, n.
f.,
Thessaly.
infgro, iuferre, intuli, illatum, V. a. irreg., introduce, occasion, cause. sauci-us,-a, -um, adj., nmunded,
sick.
Gomph-i, -orum, n. m. a town of Tliessaly, not far from Trik,
kala.
; ,
VOCABULAEY.
Epir-iis,
a province in the north of Greece.

-i,
n. f
36.
cunct-us, -a, -um, adj., all in a body, the whole, all. hon-or, -oris, n. m., honour,
dignity. pristin-us,-a,.-um, ad]., former, early, original.
victori-a, -ae, n.
f.,
-um, part, adj., high. moeni-a, -um, n. n. pi., walU, ramparts. sol, solis, n. m., sun. occas-us, -us, n. m. going down, sMing. expugno, V. a. 1, take by assault,
alt-US, -a,
,
victory.
storm, capture.
diripio,
diripere,
v. a. 3,
diripui,
di
reptum,
concede,
V.
a.
plunder.
concessi, concessum, 3, grant, yield, give

-is,
over.
Metrop6l-is,
n.
f.,
a town
adeo, adv., so, so much. quando, adv., at any time, ever, chiefly after si, num, or ne. tarde, adv., slowly; comp., tardius superl. tardissime. considerate, adv., deliberately comp.,consideratius superl., consideratissime.
; , ;
of Thessaly, between
Gomphi
and Pharsalus. Metropolit-ae, -arum and -um, n. m., inhabitants of Metropolis.
Gomphens-is,
-e, adj., of or belonging to Gomphi; Gomphens-es, -ium, n. m., the inhabitants of Gomphi. adv. diligenter, carefully supeil. comp. diligentius diligentissime. conservo, v. a. I, preserve, save,
,
,
delecto, v. a. 1, delight, please, char7n. consular-is, -is, n. m., one who has been consul, an ex-consvl. praetori-us, -i, n. m., one who has been praetor, an ex-
praetor.
postremo, b.Ay., finally, at last. praemi-um, -i, n. n., reward,

recompense.
quemadmodum,
what maimer.
adv., how, in
2,
leave
unharmed.
,
debeo, debui, debitum, v. a. am botmd, ought, shotdd.
praeter, prep. gov. ace. besides,

except. Larisae-i, -orum, n. m., inhabit-
37.
praeparo, v. a. 1, make ready beforehand, prepar-e, provide.
ants of Larissa, Larissacans. quin, conj., that not, but that,

but.
tempto, v. a. 1, try, test. quisnani,quaenam,quidnam,intQVT(jg.^von.,who,which,what. dimico, v. n. \, fight, contend.

infer-us, -a, -um, adj., that is underneath, lower below, comp., inferior; superl.,
pareo, parui, paritum, v. n. 2, with dat., obey, submit to. plen-us, -a, -um, adj., with
gen., full
abounding
mattlr-us,
of, in.
filled
with,
ripe.
-a,
-um, adj.,
infimus.
60

concurro, concurn, concursum, v. n. 3, rush together, join
battle.
rad-ix, -Icis, n. f., root, foot of a mountain, semper, adv., always.

elicio, ellcere, elicui
and
elexi,
elicitum, v.
entice out.
a.
3,
draw
out,
commodus,
cnMompii.
cotidian-us,
-a,
-um, adj., //,
US-US, -us, n. m. use, experience. exercitat-us, -a,-um, part, adj., ivell exercised, practised, trained.
,
mitahle, jyroper. insolit-us, -a, -um, adj., unac-a,
-um,
sponte, an abl., in good prose always joined with mea, tua, sua sua sponte, of their own adj., of accord, of themselves.
;
every day, daily. defatigo, V. a. 1, weary

consuetud-o, -inis, n. tunc, adv., then.
f.,
out.
custom.
curs-us, -us, n. m. , runninr;, course, speed, charge. reprimo, repressi, repressum, V. a. 3, check, restrain.
difFero,difFerre,distiili,dilatum, V. a. irreg., ptU off, defer, pofftpone.
renovo, v. a. 1, reneio. praecipio, praecipere, praecepi,
praeceptum,
v.
a.
3,
ad,-
inquam, v. defect., say. nos, nostrum, nobis, pi. of ego,

facile, adv., easily.
monish, enjoin, order. gladi-us, -i, n. m., sword. stringo, strinxi, striatum, v.
3,
a.
drau\ unsheath.
-i,
confestim, adv., immediateli/. forthwith.
tel-um,
dart.
n.
n,,
missile,
39.
satis, adv., enourjh. praedico, praedixi,praedictum, V. a. say beforehand, 3,
sinist-er,
-ra,
left.
-rum, adj.,
left,
on the
corn-u, -us, u. n. , horn, wing (of
order.
Impet-us,
onset.
-us,
n.
m.,
attack,
an army), univers-us,
-a,
-um, adj.,
all
neve or neu, adv. and not, nor.

,
distraho, distraxi, distractum, V. a. 3, pidl asunder, separate, break up, disorder. patior, pati, passus sum, v. dep. 3, suffer, alloir. prrmit.
infest-us, -a, -um, adj., hos/i/r Infestis pilis, with jardhis
,
together. lat-us, -6ris, n. n., side, flank. apert-us, -a, -um, part, adj.,
open, exposed, unprotected.
solum, adv., alone, only.

protinus, adv., forthwith, immediately. recens, recentis, adj.,/re.s7i. succedo, successi, successum, V. n. 3, come into the jdace of,
relieve, replace.
poised or levelled. pil-um, -i, n. n., javelin.
VOCABULARY.
40.
pello, pepiili, pulsiim, v. a. S, rout, drive back, discomfit. equ-us, -i, n. m., horse. event-ns, -us, n. m., issue,
residt.
61
-i,
edict-um,
tion.
n. n.,
a proclama-
Industrie, adv., diligently, vigorously. diu, adv., long ; comp., diutius; super]. diutissime quam diutissime,.s- long a>i possible intra, prep. gov. ace, within.
, :
-Iiiis, n. n., name. -is, n. f., a city Macedonia, on the Strymon. iuven-is, adj., young; comp.
nom-en,
in
Amphip6l-is,
iunior. iuro, V. n. oath.
1,
siuear,
take
an
utrum
. .
an, whether ...or.

f.,
versor, v. dep. 1, move about in a place, am in. detraho, detraxi, detractum, V. a. 3, strip off, rcmore. insign-e, -is, u. )j., marl', badge,
decoration.
suspicion. long-US, -a, -um, adj., lo7ig. occulto, V. a. 1, hide, conceal.
suspici-o, -onis, n.
anc6r-a, -ae, n. f., anchor. voco, V. a. 1, call. hosp-es, -itis, n. m.., friend.
sumpt-ns,
-a,
;
-us, n.
a.
m., expense,
-um, adj., of porta decumana, the main entrance of a Roman camp, placed the farthest from the enemy, opposite the porta praetoria. It was so called because the tenth cohort of each legion was there encamped. eicio, eicgre, eieci, eiectum, V. a. 3, cast out, expel; se
the tenth cohort
decuman-US,
charge. corrogo, v.
1,
bring together
f.
by entreaty, collect. Mjrtilen-ae, -arum, n.

Mytilene, Lesbos.
pi.,
the
capital
of
v.
retmeo, retinui, retentum,
eicere, to hurst out, riish out, sally forth. citat-us, -a, -uni, part, adj., urged on, rapid ; equo citato, at JuU gallop. Laris-a, -ae, n. f., a city in
a. 3, hold hack, detain. addo, addidi, additum, v. a. 3, add. actuari-us, -a, -um, adj., sivift. Cilici-a, -ae, n. f., a province in the southern part of Asia
Minor.
Cypr-us, -i, n. f., an island off the coast of Asia Minor, consens-us, -us, n. m., agreement, consent. Antiocliens-es, -ium, n. m., the inhabitants of Autiochia. illic, adv., there. negotior, v. dep. 1, carry on
isiness, trade. arx, arcis, n. f., citadel.
Thessaly on the Peneus,

Larissa.
now
41.
persequor, persecutus or persequutus sum, v. dep. 3, jiursue, follow up.

excludo, exclusi, oxclnsum, v. a. 3, shut out, exr/nde. Antiochi-a, -ae, n. f., Antio'-h.
ops, opis. n.f., 7niijht, strenffth pi., wealth, resources, injlu-
Syri-a, -ae, n. f., Syria. aes, aeris, n. u. copjKr,

,
calamit-as, -atis, n. f., mis fortune, calamity, adversity. tego, texi, tectum, v. a. 3,
cover, shelter, protect.
monfy.
pond-US,
-eris, n. n., tvevjht.
procurati-o, -onis, n. administration.
f.,
charge,
impono,
V. a. 3,
imposui, impositum, put on hoard ship.

itith
sollicito, V. a. 1, agitate, rouse, incite.
armo, v. a. 1, furninh arm<. arm, equip.
regi-us,
-a,
-iim,
-i,
adj.,
of or
belonging to a king, royal.
Pelusi-um, -i, n. n., a city at the eastern mouth of the Nile, now Tineh. Ptolemae-us, -i, n. m., Ptolem;/, the son of Ptolemy Auletes.
his father's will he was reign jointly with his sister Cleopatra, with whom however he was now at war. pu-er, -eri, n. m., hoy.
Aegypt-us,
despicio,
n. f.,
Egypt.
despexi,
despicere,
v. a. 3,
despectum,
lookdoivn
upon, despise. plerumque, adv.
By
to
for the most part, commonly. existo, exstiti, exstltum, v. n.

,
3,
come forth, sprin/jfrom.

adv.,
courteously,
liberaliter,
graciou^sly.
aet-as, -atis, n. sor-or, -oris, n.
f.
age.
AcMll-as, -ae, n. m., Achillas.

singular-is,
-e,
f., .sister.
f.
,
adj., singular,
n.
f.,
Cleopatr-a, -ae, n.
Cleopatra,
remarkahle, matchless.
-ae,
queen of Egypt and daughter audaci-a, daring. of Ptolemy Auletes.

propinqu-us,
l-iiismaii.
-i,
boldnesx,
n. m.,relatirp,
amicus,
-i, u. m., friend. expello, expfili, expulsum, v. a. 3, drive out, expel. hospiti-um, -i, n.n., hospitality,
Septimi-us, -i, n. m., a Eoman gentile name. notiti-a, -ae, n. f. knowledge,

,
acquaintance with.
-onis, n. m., pirate, rohher. naviciil-a, -ae, n. f., a small ship, boat, skiff. parviil-us, -a, -um, adj., very small.
praed-o,
friendly relation.
pat-er, -ris, n. va.., father. Alesandri-a, -ae, n. f., a city of
Egypt.
NOTES.
lltterae.
commands
if
In tbis letter Caesar offered to lay Pompey would do the same.
down
all
his
consulibus.
in
The consuls were

to the
C. Claudius Marcellus
and
L. Cornelius Lentulus Crus.
eandem sententiam,
same pwyort.
Scipio. Q. Caecilius Metellus Pius Scipio, Cornelia, Pompej^ married in B.C. 52.
whose daughter,
Pompeio
is
dat.
that
it ii
Pompey's purpose.
2.
ad vesperum.
The Senate could not
legally continue to
deliberate after sunset.
The Senate was summoned to the Temple of evocantur. Bellona, outside the walls, to give audience to Pompey, who could not legally enter the city without laying clown his military command.
infirmiores,
comparative
is often used without parison to express someimat, rather,
The somewhat xoavering, inclined to waver. any direct idea of comtoo.
3.
rem ad arma
deduct, he
was eager
that the question should
he brought to the arbitrament o/ivar.
ne quid respublica detrimenti capiat, that the State sustain no injury. The gen. detrimenti depends on quid, anything,
aught of injury.
I,
at
Ravenna, locative case.

63
TALES OF Tim CIVIL WAR.

eadem,
etc.,
makes
the
same
irropofsah which he
had
nunicated through Scipio.

tota Italia, abl.
Ariminum, to Ariminum, ace. of motion to a place. To reach Ariminum Caesar had to cross the river Rubicon and This act was virtually a declaration of leave his province. Plutarch, Suetonius, and Lucan represent Caesar as war. pausing on the bank of the river, anxiously pondering on the probable results of the course he was about to take, and finally announcing his decision to cross in the words "The die is cast." Caesar himself mentions no such incident.
M. Antonium.
Arretium,
to
This was Shakespeare's
Mark Antony.
Arretium.
Arimini, at Arimhinm.
duatous, supply cohortiljus.
Romam,
lit.
to
news was brought nounced at Rome.
Borne, ace. of motion to a place, because the The English expression is, anto Rome.
city),
invasit, such a ])anic fell on (the verb being omitted.
the object of the
citra
Capuam,
o/i
this (that is,
on the Roman) side of Capua.
Capuae, at Capua.
7.
Asculum Picemim. Asndmn in Picenmn, to be distinguished from Asculum in Apulia. Picenum is here an adj.
decern cohortitous, instrumental ablative.
Corfinium, to Gorfinium.
unum
diem, during one day, ace. of duration of time,

in the
ad oppidum, near,
neighhourhood of the town.
NOTES.
65
qui petant, sends persons

sese
to heq, lit.,
,
who may
beg.
rem
in
summum,
etc.
that he ivould not bring malicrv
to a crisis.
sible
id ne fieri posset obsidione ... fiebat, this owing to the blockade, etc.
had become
imiios-
cum
paucis familiaribus, with a few who were his intimates.

se dicere, swear allegiance to him.
consilium fugae capere, make arrangements for flight.
sacramentum apud
Brundisium proficiscitur, motion to a place.

Brundisii, at Brundisium.
Italia, abl.,
sets
out for Briuidisimn, ace. of
depart /?-o?
the
Itahj.
ad spem, for
hope of fiuislung the business.

lO.
cum postulavisset, lus forbearance in voluntai ily demanding that the armies should be disbanded.
docet, he points out.
in se, in their
own
case.
mitti oportere, should be sent.

,
nt
Rome.
contenditur proelio, a
in battle.
battle, is
fought,
lit.
it is
contended
superiores discessisse, had come off with the advantage, had

got the best of the fight.
suis locis, in a region fncoarcd)le to themselves,
on.
their
own
ground.
positum, situated.
66

16.
luce, af dayhrcal:.
the,
prima
praesidio castris, double dat. ,/o)-
defence of the camp.
The beasts of burden were numero iumentorum, etc. stationed in the river to break the force of the current, and so make it safer for the foot soldiers to cross.
17.
nihil negotii. no trouble,
an eaay
task.
iri
videbatur, impers.
pass.,
translate,
they seemed to he
going.
superare regionem castrorum, wlien they perceived that the foremost men ivere passing beyond the line of the camp. The camp of Afranius lay between Caesar and the defile leading to the Ebro. By the detour over the rough ground Caesar brought his men to a point somewhat nearer the defile than that "occupied by Afranius, before the latter perceived the object of the manoeuvre.
conclamatur ad arma,
the cry, to
arms !
cliffs.
is raised.
ex magnis rupibus, after the great

19.
spem venerat, etc., had conceived the hope that, etc. premebantur pabulatione, suffered from the difficulty of
in earn
getting foi'age.
explicitius (consilium), the simpler (plan).
quo spatio,
etc.
and
in such
liable to
is
the undertaking
might be
a distance they perceived more mischances.
that
pugnatur
acriter, there
afercefght.
venitur, impers. pass., translate, they come.
20.
neque
'
se in
ullam partem movebat, and

at MarseiUfs.
yet did not take
ither side.
ad Massiliam,
NOTES.
se
67
to
ad motus fortunae movere coepit, he be<jan

ihcuKjes of foriime.
to
change
y-ith fJu
Gades,
Gades.
Gaditous,
from Gades.
21.
ipso,
Vano
himself.
Hispalim,
Italicam,
to Hispall't.
to Italic a.
Sextum Caesarem.
son of Caesar's uncle.
This was Sextus Julius Caesar, grand-
biduura, for two days, ace. of duration of time.
Cordubae, at Cordnha.
duabus ex partibus, on two ^dea.

23.
buic simultas cum Curione intercedebat, hrtirem him and Curio tiirniiy (xiste</.
quod tribunus plebis, hecaiise (Curio) ivhen prima nocte, at the hegiuning of the night.
24.
tribune, etc.
rem gestam
taken place.
cognovit,
hi
learned of the engagement that had
ut defessis, considering how iveary they were.
25.
This was Cn. Doniitius Calvinus, a supporter Cn. Domitius. He must not be of Caesar, who is also mentioned in 34. confounded with Caesai "s opponent L. Domitius Ahenobarbus, who is mentioned in 7, 8, 22.
in (Jêsaris conspectum, into Caesar's presence.
ad unum omnes, all to a man, without ad oflacium imperiumque, in obedience
excejition.
to
duty and orders.
68
TALES OF THE CIVIL
AVAR.
hoc timore, hy fear of this, lit., hy this fear. adire tardarentur, were hindered from approaching.
Varum. P. Attius Varus was a partisan was assisted by Juba in opposing Curio,
legatorum numero, as envoys.
26.
consules,
.
of
Pompey, and
etc.
59
B.C.,
and was
Caesar had been consul with Bibulus in therefoi'e again eligible in 48 c.C, after the
lapse of ten years,
angustior, someivhat weakened.
ambitus, gen. case.
tantum navium,
(only) so
many
ships, that
is,
so feio.
DyrrhacMi, at Byrrhachi'un. Apolloniae, at ApoUonia.

transire prohiberet, i>revent Caesar /rom crossimj the sea.
eius rei causa, for that purpose.
omnibus ad unam.
Compare, ad unuui omnes,

28.
in 2S.
offenderunt, came to grief.
Corcyrae, at Gorcyra.
inanibus, supply navibus, the tm})ty ships.
ad extremum auxilium descenderunt, had recourse

last resource.
to the
idoneum
...
quem
...
mitteret, a fit person for
him
to send.
31.
Dyxrhachio timens, fearing for Dyrrharhium.
NOTES.
32.
multi iam menses erant,
Brundisio,
many months from Brundisium.
luere
i>
Dyrrhachium compelli, he driven primum agmen, tite vatujuard.

34.
into
Dyrrhachium.
prima nocte, early in the night. de quarta vigilia, in the fourth night-watch.
castris Scipio.
Scipionis castra coUata, his

to the
camp
close to that
of
subiecta Candaviae, close

is,
border of f'andavia.
obiectum Thessaliae, lying opposite, facing, Thessaly, that

a froutier town of Thessaly.
venientibus, for persons coming, as one comes from Epirus.
coUata fortuna,
abl. abs.
tardius aut consideratius, somewhat sloivly or deliberately.
servorum numero habere,
treat or regard as slaves.
quidnam propositi aut
voluntatis, irhaf plan, or inclination.
extra cotidianam consuetudinem, departing custom.
from
the daily
It is to be observed that C'aesar makes no mention of Pharsalus or Pharsalia in connexion with the celebrated The title "Battle of Pharsalia" is battle here described. first found in the History of the Alexandrian War, commonly attributed to A. Hirtiiis, an officer of Caesar's.
70
tantum

spatii, so
much
-space.
neve se loco moverent, and not fitirfrom their podlion.
non concurri, imper.^. pass., not made by Pompey"s men.

exceperunt, they parried.
that
a rush
to the
encounter v:a
consumptis viribus, vith exhausted strength.
loco motus, driven

infestis signis,
irrcuj.
from thdr
position.
is,
with hostile standards, that
in fiijhtimj
se loco tenuerat,
had remained
in position.
40.
acie excessit, left the hattle-feld.
equo, on liorsehack.
sunuuae
rei diffidens, distritstfid
of the ultimate
issxie.
41.
ad ancoram
constitit, lay at anchor.
pro hospitio atque amicitia patris. It was partly through Pompey's influence tliat Ptolemy Auletes was restored by A. Gabiuius after his uxpulsiou by the Alexandrians.
EXERCISES.
1. 1.
Caesar's letter.
2.
3.
4.
.3.
To Lentulus the consul. Of the same opinion.
By the speech (abl.) Pompey did not fail

Caesar sent a
letter.
of Scipio.
the commonwealth.
6.
2.
1.
2. 3.
4.
5.
6.
The power of the senate. To all the enemies of Caesar. The cries of the centurions. The enemies of Pompey will be frightened. Pompey will praise his kinsmen.
He
collected the enemies of Caesar.

3.
1.
2.
The commonwealth will not sustain The tribune will take to flight.
injury.
3.
He
will be reconciled to his

will await
enemy.
4.
5. 6.
They The
an answer.
Caesar will send (mitto) moderate demands.

friendship of the consuls.
72

4.
1.
The general The The
will
make
a speech in the presence of
the senate.
2. 3.
thirteenth legion will be present.

soldiers repelled their wrongs.
4. 5.
Caesar learned these things.
On He
the next day

side the city.
Pompey
delivered a speech out-
6.
recounted the same things.
1.
The
legion set out for Ancona.
2.
He
ordered the rest of the soldiers to follow closely.

at
3.
The winter quarters were

Caesar set out with the
Pisaurum.
4.
5.
soldiers.
He He
occupied Arirainum and

each.
Fanum
with a legion
6.
learned the inclination of the soldiers them-
1.
2.
3.
At Rome terror suddenly The consuls fled from the

All things on this side of
fell
on (invado)
all.
city.
Marcellus followed his colleague.
4.
Capua seem
safe.
5.
6.
Pompey had received two (duo) legions from Cresar. He announced these things (neut. pi. of hie) at
Rome.
EXERCISES.
1.
The cohorts
of Lentulus held the town.
2. 3.
4.
He heard
of the arrival of Caesar.
5.
6.
The soldiers fell in with the cohort of Eufus. They came by forced marches to Asculum. The soldiers delayed ten days at Corfinium. Caesar will pitch his camp near the wall of the town.
8.
1.
Men
acquainted with the country Avere sent to
2. 3.
Pompey. They begged that he should help them. He ordered all the forces to come to him.
Domitius provided
for his
i.
5.
own
safety.
6.
The soldiers sent envoys from (e) the camp. They sent away the envoy unharmed.
9.
1.
The consul
will set out
with the army for Dyr-
rhachium.
2.
Twenty cohorts
will
remain
at Brindisi.
sail.
3. 4.
5.
6.
Pompej^'s soldiers embarked and set
Although he feared delay, he did not follow Pompey. He did not give up the plan of setting out for Spain. He collected ships and crossed the sea.
lO.
1.
The
soldiers
were quartered
tlie
in the free towns.
2.
Caesar assembled
senate.
74
3. 4.

Owing
to fear
envoys Avere not sent to Pompey.
Caesar spent the next days at
Rome
in vain.
5.
Those who approved the matter remained vohintarily at
Rome.
6.
The
soldiers
when departing
(use part.)
recounted
their wrongs.
1.
2.
Pompey's lieutenants were holding Spain. Of these lieutenants one was defending Hither Spain, the second Further Spain, and the third was in Lusitania.
Petreius had an equal
3.
number
of legions.
(qui)
4.
Varro sent forward the soldiers that

12.
he had.
2.
They made a bridge over the river. The cavalry of Caesar came thither.
Caesar cut
off
3.
Afranius from
all supplies.
4.
The town and the
river were
two miles distant
from one another.

13.
L The
2.
soldiers,
hoping for
this,
ran forward to the
same
hill.
Afranius sent a cohort by a short cut {say by a

shorter way).
3.
Those who came
first
to the hill
compelled the
enemy
to take to flight.
EXERCISES.
1.
75
off best in the hattle
Afranius thought he had come
because our
counter.
5.
men took
to flight in the first en-
Afterwards (postea) our

the city.
men drove
the
enemy
into
G.
He
ordered the soldiers of the ninth legion to halt
under the
wall.
1.
Many men
They
of Osca promised to carry out
(saij
to
do) his commands.

2.
transferred the seat of
war
(say simph/ the
Avar) to Celtiberia.
3.
Winter was now approaching (appropinquo), and

he led his army across the river Hiberus. They made two bridges of boats.
4. 5.
Those who bordered on the river revolted from

Afranius.
6.
The town was two miles

Sicoris.
distant from the river
1.
Caesar will
Sicoris.
make
a ford across
(sai/ in)
the river
2.
3.
He
was able to turn aside some part of the
river.
4.
The cavalry dared to cross the river. The depth of the water was so great that
ut) the infantry could not cross.
(tantus
76
f).

Accordingly the cavalry harassed the rear of the
army.
G.
The
soldiers
hampered the march
of their enemies.
1.
They informed Caesar

cross the river.
that the
army was ready
to
2. 3.
Many soldiers feared the great size of the river. He left as a guard for the camp the soldiers whose
spirit
was wavering.
4.
He
placed
many
beasts of burden in the river at
the spot where he was about to lead across his

soldiers.
5.
He
did not expose his

river.
army
to the swiftness of the
6.
At dawn
{say at the first light)
he led forth the
soldiers lightly equipped.

17.
1.
The
centi^rions halted that they
might not (that
not
= ne)
expose the soldiers to battle while

the nature of the place
wearied.
2.
All those
who examined
reported the same thing.

3.
4.
5.
Next day the enemy seized the pass. About midnight the general again tried to advance. The signal being given (abl. abs.) the army set out
earlier than the general
had ordered.
hill.
6.
Caesar pitched his camp on a lofty (editus)
EXERCISES.
18.
1.
77
All Caesar's forces marched to the Ebro
by
a great
round.
2.
There was no regular (certus) road by which he might lead the armj^ There was a contest of speed between
(inter) the
3.
two armies.
4.
Caesar's soldiers were the

first
first
to
complete
(saij
completed) the march.

hills.
5.
6.
The enemy halted on certain Our men followed them with

19.
insulting cries.
1.
There
is
hope that a successful battle may be fought

of fighting a successful battle).
(.sa?/
2.
A great number
came
of the
enemy formed
the hope (smj
into this hope) of deserting to Caesar {say
that they could [ace. and inf ] desert).

3.
Caesar replied that he had formed the hope of

finishing the matter without a battle.
4.
The enemy could not any longer

their suffering.
(diutius)
bear
5.
G.
Many
soldiers of the rear-guard
were
killed.
They are
suffering
pitched their
want of everything, because they camp in an unfavourable spot.

20.
Varro,
who at first (primo) spoke in a very friendly way about Caesar, afterwards prepared for vv-ar.
78
2.

For he learned that large reinforcements had sembled at {say to) Massilia.
as-
3.
When
the things that had been done in Italy were

(abl. abs.),
known
Spain.
4.
a levy of troops was held in
The
cohorts that were in garrison at Gades secured
the city for Caesar.

5.
G.
All the chief
men
of
Gades were
there.
all
Accordingly he betook himself to Gades with

his
army.
1.
2.
While Yarro looked on, his soldiers broke up the camp and retired to Seville. The soldiers were informed that the gates of the city were shut against them.
Caesar appointed Sextus to the
3.
command
of the
4.
When
He
Caesar came to Cadiz he thanked the magis-
trates
5.
6.
and the chief men of the
state.
there learned that Lepidus was praetor.

soldiers to
The magistrates ordered the

Cordova
for tAvo days.
remain at
22.
1.
While Trebonius had charge of (praesum with dat.) the siege, many mantlets nnd towers were advanced against the town.
EXERCISES.
2.
79
So great was the force of the engines that no

mantlet could withstand them.
3.
There was a great scarcity of provisions

seilles.
at
Mar-
4.
5.
6.
Those who had surrendered, afterwards brought forth all their arms from the town. Domitius ordered his men (sui) to go on board the ships which he had provided. The stormy weather was a help {say for a help) to
those
who were
setting out {use part.).
23.
1.
Through a long continuance

(fio)
of peace
men become
unfamiliar with war.
2. 3.
Certain deserters said that the king had come.
Jnba
killed a great
number
that
of those
who had
con-
fiscated his
4.
kingdom.
said
The messengers
proaching.
the
enemy were
ap-
5.
At the beginning of the night the Numidians

attacked the camp.
6.
Trusting the deserters, they rashly ventured on an engagement {saij committed the matter to a
battle).
24.
1.
Being informed about the engagement that had

taken place (res gesta) they went
the camp.
fortli
from
80
2.

They
set
out at the
three
third
(tertius)
watch and
set
advanced
3.
miles
{say
having
out
advanced, omitting and).
Not even the
cavalry were able to follow.
4.
In the battle by night courage neither failed the

general (dux) as being weary, nor the soldiers
as being
exhausted with
toil.
5.
Saburra ordered the soldiers to lead the elephants
down
6.
to the plain.
chiefly to their elephants.
Juba and Saburra trusted

25.
1.
The king
sent auxiliaries to (m//
who
should, qui
Avith subj.) increase the forces.

1.
At
the same time

thej^
many
left
the battle-array because
had received wounds.
.3.
Curio declared that he would never seek safety by

flight after the loss of his
army
{saij
his
army
having been
4.
lost,
abl abs.).
5.
Those who returned from the battle went on board a few skiffs. A great part of those whom Juba did not put to
death he declared to be his booty.
6.
Many
skiffs
did not approach
nearer,
lest
they
should be sunk by the multitude of the cavalry.

26.
1.
The
fear of the cancelling of debts
commonly
(fere)
follows civil war.
EXERCISES.
2.
81
Tliat he
might remove
this fear,
Caesar ordered a
vahiation of property to be made.

3.
He He
likewise I'estored to their former state those
who had been condemned by Pompey.

4.
ordered the debtors to pay to their creditors

the sums of
pecuniae).
money
that had been lent (creditae
5. 6.
Arbitrators
made
a valuation of
all
possessions.
When
Caesar had resigned the dictatorship he set
out for Brundisium.
1.
2.
Thither came twelve legions and all the cavalry. But Caesar fouiid few (pauci) ships, so that he
could not transport
all
the soldiers.
3.
Pompey
collected a large fleet in
order that he
4.
might cross the sea and winter at Dyrrhachium, Six hundred men set sail and reached land the
following day.
5.
They found
The
soldiers
a safe (tutus) roadstead between the
island (insula)
6.
and the
coast.
were landed between Apollonia and Buthrotum.
1. 2.
At night the same
ships set sail for Bi'undisium.

all to
But Bibulus ordered them
be set on
fire,
and
the sailors to be put to death.
82
3.
TALES OF THE CIVIL

The business was completed by
breeze, returned to land.
WAR
who
tlie
Bibulus,
after-
wards, availing himself (usus) of
night
29.
1.
The
five
camps, with which the town was sur-
2.
3.
were defended by their situation by the nature of the place). The citizens freed the town from {use libero with ace. and abl. blockade by the help of slaves. At noon Octavius began to attack the town, but he was compelled by the citizens to flee for
rounded,
{say
)
refuge to the ships.

4.
On
account of their small numbers (paucitas), when
winter was
selves to
now approaching, they betook them-
Pompey.
1.
Caesar sent messages to
Pompey who was
in winter
quarters at Apollonia.
2.
At
the same time he set out for Oricum with

his troops.
all
3.
Those who were
in
command
of the town, opened
the gates and surrendered to Caesar.

4.
And when
he had come thither {say whither
^\\ien
he had come), he began to advance on (petere)

Apollonia by forced marches.
EXERCISES.
31.
1.
83
2.
But Pompey was said, to be advancing thithei-, marching day and night. He ordered the legions, whose arrival he had
awaited, to winter there under canvas.
3.
Accordingly (itaque) they laid out a camp by the

river Apsus.
4.
All the forces that
(qui)
Pompey had brought
her did the same thing.
1.
About the same time Caesar learned that some legions had come from Brindisi.
2.
Pompey adopted
the plan of attacking {say that
he should attack) the soldiers on the march.

3.
He
posted his forces in a suitable place in order

that
he might
attack the
enemy from an
all
ambush on
4.
their arrival {use part.).

his forces
in
Pompey kept
his design
camp
day, that
might be the better concealed.

suitable harbour, he ran his ships
5.
Having found a
in thither.
6.
They had neglected no
oi)poi-tunity of sailing.
33.
1.
Accordingly they both set out for the same place
next day.
2.
Scouts
informed
Pompey
that
the
enemy had
moved
their camp.
84
3.

Caesar hoped that he could reach Dyrrhachium
in the
morning
bj^ a
short cut.
i.
When
the ships were seen at a distance, the people
of Apollonia ( Apolloniates) thought they
must
adopt another plan.

5.
6.
The
soldiers of Caesar bore toil cheerfully.
Pompey was
cut off from the
town
to
which
(say
all
whither, quo)
his supplies.
he had brought together
1.
Caesar being baffled in his earlier design changed

his
whole plan of war and

also
set out for Apollonia.
2.
Pompey
hastened into Macedonia that he
3.
might attack Domitius. But Caesar bore help to Domitius, fearing

should be exposed to danger.
lest
he
4.
Being informed by (per) scouts of the Pompey, he avoided the enemy.
arrival of
5.
When
he had sent
town, he
speed.
6.
all his baggage forward to the marched thither himself with all
He was
unexpectedly informed that Caesar had set

(
out (say about the setting out of
L On
the same day that Caesar came to Gomplii he
attacked the walls of the town.
EXEUCISES.
2.
85
The
soldiei's carried
the town by storm and forthit.
with plundered
3.
The people
of Larissa were restrained
by Scipio
pi.),
from opening their gates to Caesar.

4.
He
found the
fields full of
corn (use
which
the people of
Gomphi
said w\as nearly ripe.
1.
All things increased the hope of victory to such
2.
3.
a degree that the soldiers of Pompey were now discussing their rewards. Pompey thanked all the army and received both Scipio's soldiers and his own into one camp. He was so pleased with authority that he did not
share his honour with the ex-consuls.

4.
He
treated as slaves those with
whom
he ought
to
have shared his honours.
37.
1.
Pompey
able.
could not be enticed out to battle because
(quod) he considered the place to be unfavour-
2.
He drew up
He advanced
his arm}^ at the foot of tlie
mountain
in
that he might seem to be ready for fighting.

3.
a long distance
from the stockade
order that he might weaiy out the

the enemy.
army of

Tliey did not easily find an opportunity of figliting.
When
far
it
was noticed that the enemy had advanced from the camp, Caesar gave the signal for
his
setting out.
He postponed
march and drew up
his
army
in
battle array.
1.
Pompey's men did not move from their position, but received the charge of our men, as Pompey had ordered.
Caesar did not order his
2.
men
to check their course,
but of their own accord they halted when they

perceived a charge was not
3.
made by the enemy.
Caesar directed that they should hurl their javeKns
and afterwards quickly draw their swords.

4.
And when
the soldiers perceived this {say which
things when, quae cum), they charged into the
space that lay {say was) between the two lines

of battle.
The cavalry made an attack upon our

exposed
flank.
line
on the
When
Caesar perceived this he ordered fresh
to take the place of those
men who were weary.

in rear so that
Six cohorts attacked the
left
wing
they could not withstand the attack.
EXERCISES.
4.
87
Those who up
took to
to that time withstood every attack,
flio;ht
and made
for the mountains.
1.
Tompey put
his chief trust in his cavalry,
and when
he saw that they were routed he

to the camp.
2. 3.
fled for refuge
He had
left
there certain cohorts as a garrison.
When
those
enemy were now within the stockade, who were defending the camp burst forth from the decuman gate and made for Larissa
the
a few others, having found
at full gallop.
4.
With the same speed

}s,
reached the sea by a night journey.
1.
Caesar pursued
Pompey
because he seemed (videor)
to be again mustering forces

levies.
2.
and making fresh and

lay at
During two days he concealed

anchor.
his plan
3.
No
one could judge whether he had set out for

Mytilene or was attempting to renew the war.
4.
Many Romans
there.
go to Antioch to carry on business
5.
When
they heard that the citadel had been taken

left
they
the place.
Ponipey abandoned the design of visiting Syria
when he learned
these things.
Cleopatra, the sister of
King Ptolemy, was now
carrying on war and had come to Pelusium.
She was trying (conor) to drive Ptolemy from the kingdom and had pitched her camp at no great
distance from his.
Septimins from being a friend became an enemy,
and along with Achillas, a man of conspicuous

daring, put Porapey to death.
INDEX.
;
refer to the Sections of the Vocabulary.
adventus,
abdico, 26. abeo, 22.
7.
ambo,
32.
3.
adversariiis, 12.
amice, 20.
amicitia,
adveito, 18.
Aeginium,
aegre,
1.
34.
absum,
ac, IS.
1.
Aegyptus, 42.
.34.
amicus, 42. amitto, 25. Amphipolis, 41.

an, see utrum, 41. Anas, 11. Ancona, 5.
accedo,
aequus, 27.
aes, 42.
accelero, 24:. accido, '2r>. accipio, 6. acerbitas, 10. Achillas, 42.

acies, 12. acriter, 19.
aestimatio, 26.
aetas, 42.
Afranianiis, 13.
Afranius, 11. Africa, 23.

ager, 11. agger, 22.
ancora, 41. anguste, 27. angustiae, 17. angustus, 26.
actuarius, 41. ad, 2.
animus, annuus,
1.
27.
aggredior, 23.
addo, 41.
agmen,
ago, 3.
;^fi.
15.
adduce, 14. adeo (adv. ), adeo (verb).
Ahenobarbus.
aliqui, 15.
7.
Anquillaria, 23. ante, 18. antecedo, 34. antesignani, 13.
2.i.
Alexandria, 42.
aliquot, 10.
alius, 24.
adhortor, 33. adimo, 9.

aditus, 33. administratio, 9. admiiiistro, 32. adorior, 32. adsto, 21.
Antiochenses, 41. Antiochia, 41.

antiquitus, 22.
Antonius,
aperio,
8.
5.
Allobroges, 34.
alter, 10.
altitude, 15. altus, 35.
apertus, 39. Apollonia, 27. Apollouiates, 30.
adsum,
4.
ambitus, 26.
apparatus, 22.
TALES OF THE CIVIL WAl^.

appello(appellare),
INDEX.
coinpositio, 10.
concede, 35. conclamo, 4. concurro, 38. concursus, 2. conduco, 31.

confectus, see conficio, 9.
contexo, 22. coutineo, 17.

contio, 21.
deduco,
defendo,
3.
defatigo, 37.
4.
contionor, 4. contra, 18. contrarius, 18.

contunieliosu.. convenio, 20. converto, 21. copia, 8. Corcyra, 28. Corduba, 21.
1
defensio, 23. defero, 32. defessus, 17.

deficio, 25.
confero, 3. confestim, 37.

conficio, 9.
delecto, 36. deligo, 16.
confido, 12.
confirmo,
2.
confiteor, 19. conflicto, 22. confligo, 17.
confugio, 29.
congi-edior, 13.
Corfinium, 7. cornu, 39. corpus, 19. corrogo, 41. cotidianus, 37.

cotidie, 19. creber, 22.
depeUo, 34. depono, 34. deprimo, 25. descendo, 29.

descisco, 14.
despero, 29.
despicio, 42.
desum,
I.
detineo, 20.
congressus,
conor, 16.
13.
detraho, 40.
coniiingo, 20.
conqiiiro, 14.
crebro, 2.5. creditor, 26. credo, 23.

creo, 26.
detrimentum,
dextra, 18.
dictator, 21. dictatura, 26. dico, 1.
dies, 4.
differo,
.37.
3.
conscewdo,
9.
coiisensus, 41.
cum,
3.
consentio, 20.
consequor, G. conserve, 3.5. considerate, 36. consilium, 8.

consisto,
7.
cunctus, 36. Curio, 23. cursus, 38. custodia, 23.
difficilis, 33.
diffido, 20.
Cyprus, 41.
conspectus, 22.
conspicio, 17. conspicor, 2.5. constituo, 8.
damno,
de,
1.
26.
dilectus, 4. diligenter, 35. dimico, 37.
dimitto,
di rectus,
7.
.34.
debeo, 30.
debitor, 26. decern, 7.
diripio, 35.
consuetudo, 37.
consul,
1.
consulai'is, 36.
decerno, 2. Decidius, 17decimus, 4.
discedo, 10. dispone, 6.

dissensio, 26. disto, 12. distiaho, 38. diu, 40. diurnus, 31. diuturnitas, 23.
consultum, 3. consumo, 10. contendo, 7.

contentio, 2o.
decumanus,
decurro,
3.
40.
deditio, 23.
dedo, 22.
TALES OF THE CIVIL WAK.

diversus, IS. divulgo, S.
do, 8.
erat,
impurf.
1.
of
familiaris, 8.
sum,
fanum,
4.
eripio, 2.
Fauum,
fere, 20.
5.
doceo, 10.
dolor, 19.
dominus, 28. Domitianus, Domitius, 7.

dubius, 2. ducenti, 24. duco, 13.
eruptio, 22. esse, see sum, 1. est, 3 sing. pres. of

8.
feriae, 26. feio, 19.

fides, 26.
finis, 31.
sum,
et, 2.
1.
etiam,
etsi, 9.
9.
finitimus, 23.
fio, 8.
dum,
duo,
22.
5.
eventus, 40. evocatus, 2. evoco, 2.

ex,
9.
1.
fiumen, 12.
fore,
fut.
1.
inf.
of
sum,
duodecim, 27. dux, iT. Dyrihachium,

e, 1.
fortuna, 20.
exaudio, 17. excedo, 9.

excipio, 17,
frumeutarius,
7.
frumeutum,
19.
ea (adv.), 16.
ea,
f.
of
is, 2.
excludo, 41. exeo, 18. exercitatus, 38.

of
exei'citus, 9.
frustra, 10. fuerat, pluperf. of
sum,
1.
eadem, idem,
n.
1.
pi.
Fufius, 32. fuga, 8.

fugio, 24. fuissent, pluperf. subj. of sum, 1. fundo, 22.
edictum, 41.
editus, 12.
exigo, 4. existimatio, 26. existimo, 13.

existo, 42. exitus, 9.
educo,
13.
efl&cio, 12.
eicio, 40.
expeditus, 16.
expello, 42. experior, 16. explicitus, 19. explorator, .33. explore, 17.
Gades, 20.
Gaditani, 20.
Gallia, 10. gero, 9. gestus, see gero, 9. gladius, 38.
eius, see is, 2.
electus, 25.
elephantus, 24.
elicio, 37.
enim,
10.
is, 2.
60, abl. of
80 (adv.), 7. eo (verb), 18.
expono, 27. expugno, 35.

exspecto, extra, 4.
3.
Gomphensis,
35.
Gomphi,
.35.
Graecus, 32.
gratia, 3. gravis, 22.
eodem,
is, 2.
33.
pi.
eos, ace.
m. of
extremus,
3.
Epirus, 35.
eques, S. equitatus. 14.
Fabius, 11.
facile, 37. facio, 14.
habeo, 1. Heraclia, 34. hiberna, 5.
eqims, 40.
facultas, 9.
Hiberus,
14.
INDEX.
hie (adv.), 14.

leuis, 3.
INDEX.
occasio, 19. occasus, 35. occulte, 17. occulto, 41. occultus, 32.
95
pilum, 38.
pareo, 35. paro, 20.

pars, 9. partior, 11.
Pisaurum,
5.
planities, 18.
occupo, 5. occurro, 28. Octavius, 29
parvus, 33. passus (subst.),

pater, 42. patientia, 10. patior, 38. pauci, 8. paacitas, 29.
1'2
plebs, 3. plenus, 35. plerique, 2.
plerumque,
14.
42.
plures, see multns,

polliceor,
1.
Oc
14.
offendo, 28. officium, lie
omitto,
9.
paulatim,
pi.
18.
omnia, n. omnis, 2. omnis 2.

onus, 17.
opinio, 13. oportet, 10.
of
paulo, 12.
paulum,
19.
Pompeianus, 20. Pompeius (proper nameandadj.),!. poudus, 42.

pono, pons,
7.
pecunia, 4. pedes, 15.

pellis, 31.
12.
pello, 40.
oppiclum,
7.
Pelusiuni, 42. per, 4.

perficio, 26. perfuga, 23. perfugio, 19.
porta, 8. portus, 9. positus, see pono, possessio, 26.
7.
oppono, 18. oppugnatio, 22. oppugno, 29.

ops, 42.
possum,
8.
post, 14. postea, 20.
periculosus, 27.
posterum,
2.
opus,
9.
periculum,
peritus, 8.
8.
posterus, 2.
ora, 27. oratio, 1.
permoveo,
30.
9.
postquam, postremo,
33.
36.
3.
ordo,
oro,
2.
pei-pauci, 25.
postridie, 27.
Oricum,
8.
OS, 1.
Oscenses, 14. ostendo, 4.

otiosus, 27. otium, 23.
P., 26.
perpetior, 19. perscribo, 20. persequor, 41. perspicio, 17. perterreo, 21. pertineo, 18. perturbo, 30. pervenio, 7. pes, 24.
pestilentia, 22. peto, 8. Petra, 33. Petreius, 11.
postulatum,
postulo, 10. potestas, 2.
potissimum, 25.
pi'aecipio, 38.
praecipito, 32.
pabulatio, 10. Palaeste, 27.

palara, 23. par, 11.
praecludo, 21. praeda, 25. praedico, 38. praedico, 25. praedo, 42.
praefero, 13. praefectus, 23.
praeficio, 21.
paratus,
4.
Picenus,
7.
9(5

30.
praemitto, 11.
praemium,
praeoccupo, ;^1. praeparo, 37.

praesens, 9. praesentia, 9.
propinquus, 42. propono, 10. propositum, 18.

propter, 29. prosequor, 18. protego, 33. protinus, 39.
quisque, quo, 30.
10.
quod, 1. quoque,
17-
praesidium,
praesto, 21.
II.
radix, 37. rapiditas, 15.
proveho, 28.
provincia, 19.
raptim,
ratio, 8.
3.
praesum,
23.
praeter, 35.
praetermitto, 32. praetervehor, 32. praetor, 3.

praetorius,
36.-
proximus, 4. Ptolemaeus, 42. pubes or puber, 29.

publico, 23.
Ravenna,
recens, 39.
3.
publicum,
puer, 42.
22.
recipio, 13. recito, 1. rectus, 18.
premo,
pridie,
19.
6.
recuso, 10.
primo,
primus,
18.
G.
pugna, pugno,
19.
reddo,
redeo,
11.
1.
13.
3.
primum,
Pyrenaei,
reduco, 15.
refero, 1.
reficio, 17.
13.
princeps, 20. prior, 17

pristinus, 36. prius, 13. pro, 10.
Q.,21.
(adv.), 16. quaestor, 25.
qua
regio, 8. regius, 42.
([uam, 17.
regnum,
23.
probe, 9. procul, 19. procuratio, 42. procurro, 13. produco, S.

proelior, 25.
quando, 36. quantus, 26.

quartus, 24. quattuor, 12.
-que,
1.
relinquo, 15. reliquus, 5.
remaneo,
9.
remitto, 25.
renuntio, 17.
repello, 13.
pi.
quemadniodum,36.
qui, 2. quilDus, abl.
of
proelium, 13.
profectio, 34. profero, 22. proficiscor, 5. profugio,' 3.
repeute,
6.
qui, 2.
quicumque, quidam, IS. quidem, 24.

quietus, 27. quin, 35.
27.
reperio, 10. reporto, 25. reprimo, 38.

res, 3.
progredior, 17. progressus, see pre gredior, 17. prohibeo, 17.
rescribo, 8. resisto, 23.
quindecim, 27.
quiiii, 29.
respondeo,
19.
3.
1.
responsum,
5.
promulgo, 23.
prope, 25. propero, 31.
quinque,
quis, 3.
respublica,
quisnam,
37.
restituo, 26. retineo, 41.
INDEX.
retorqueo, 18. revertor, 19. revoco, '23.
rex, 23.
sibi, see sui, 1.
Sicilia, 23.
.sumptus, 41. sunt, 3 pi. pres. of
Sicoris, 12.
sum,
1.
signum,
8.
13.
Roma, 6. Romanus,
Rufus,
7.
i-upes, 18.
rarsus, 13.
silentium, 9. simul, 25. simulatio, 24. simultas, 23. simus, 1 pi. pres.
subj. of sum, sine, 19. singularis, 42.
singuli, 5. sinister, 39. sive, 9. sol, 35. sollicito, 42. solum, 39. solvo, 9. soror, 42.
1.
superior, 13. supero, 18.
supprimo,
supra, 16.
13.
Saburra, 23.
sacramentum,
Salonae, 29.
saltus, 11.
8.
suspicio, 41. suspicor, 33. sustineo, 13. sustuli, see tollo, 4. suus, 3. Syria, 42.
salus, 8.
satis, 38.
tabula, 26.
saucius,
.34.
tamen, 9. tandem, 19.

tantus, G. tarde, 36. tardo. 25.
Saxa,
17.
saxum, 27.
Scipio, 1. scribo, 32. se, see siii, sed, 10.
spatium,
1
19.
spero, 13.
spes, 9.
Tarraco, 19. Tarraconenses,

tego, 42.
14.
semper, 37.
senator, senatus,
8.
1.
Spinther, 7. sponte, 38. statim, 3.

statio, 27. stativus, 32. stringo, 38.
senatusconsultum, seeconsultum, 3,
sententia,
1.
telum, 38. temere, 23. tempestas, 22. tempto, 37.
tempus,
teneo,
7.
3,
Septimius, 42. sequor, 9.

sero, 28. Servilius, 26.
studeo,
sub,
9.
3.
tergum,
1.3.
studium, 24.
subicio, 34.
servo, 20. servus, 29. sese, see sui, 1. severe, 32. sex, 24. sexaginta, 24.
sexceiiti, 27.
submitto, 24. subsequor, 5. subsidium, 13.

subsisto,
5.
terra, 27. terreo, 2. terror, 6. tertius, 4.
Thessalia, 34. timeo, 9. timor, 10.

tollo, 4.
subvenio, 8. succedo, 39.

sui, 1.
tormentum,
Torquatns,
totus, 3. trado, 8.
22.
30.
Sextus, 21.
si,
sum,
1.
34.
summus,
8.

traduco, 14.
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Caesar, Tales of The Civil War

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Caesar, Tales of The Civil War

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CAESAR

TALES OF THE CIVIL

ADAPTED FOR THE USE OF BEGINNERS

Columns at Brindisi marking the End of the Frontispiece Via Appia,

contain an account by Caesar himself of the

him and Pompey

for the chief place

Pompey and Caesar should

provinces and disband their armies, and that Caesar

to stand for the consulship.

was read was moved upon it.

general discussion on the

TALES OF THE CIVIL

Domitius made a brief

stand at Corfinium, but the town soon yielded to

Thereupon Pompey went

Caesar through want of ships was unable

accordingly, abandoning the pursuit

for the present,

proceeded to Eome, where he sum-

the senate .and

then went to Gaul and

afterwards to Spain to conduct operations there, and

he ultimately got the better of Pompey's supporters

both those countries.

Curio, who had crossed was worsted and slain after

Eome, had been

and by virtue of that

return in 48 B.C. he took steps to restore credit and

which had been

shaken by the war.

Having carried out various

view and presided over the

met on the field was fought

which Pompey was

defeated and compelled to take to

escaped to Amphipolis and afterwards vainly sought

and the neighbouring

determined to seek shelter in

much abridged from

based on the text,

TALES OF THE CIVIL WAR.

been thought necessary to give an

most of the words used

Exercise occur in the corresponding section of the

brackets in the several Exercises.

In preparing the Text and Notes I

indebted to Kraner and Hofmann's edition of the

excellent edition of the

TALES OF THE CIVIL WAR.

Litterae a C. Caesare consulibus redduntur.

est ut in senatu recitarentur.

Referunt consules de republica

L. Lentuliis consul senatui reique publicae se

In eandem sententiam loquitur Scipio.

Pompey prepares for War.

Missus est ad vesperum senatus.

TALES OF THE CIVIL AVAR.

dubii confirmantur, plerisque vero libere decerneudi

lam Pompeius totum se ab Caesaris amicitia cum communibus inimicis in gratiam

His de causis aguntur omnia raptira atque turbate.

consules, praetores, tribuni plebis, ne