ABSTRACTION

IP Calculator is an IP Subnet Calculator for IPv4/v6, which calculates the subnets. You need to enter the IP address, select the number of subnet bits or the maximum amount of subnets you want, then the host bits number or the number of maximum desired hosts. This input will give you a complete subnets table along with their bit-by-bit addresses. This calculator generates CIDR information (that is, where multiple IP routes can be gathered into routing table entries of a smaller set) in an easy-to-follow visualization.

IP Address
An identifier for a computer or device on a TCP/IP network. Networks using the TCP/IP protocol route messages based on the IP address of the destination. The format of an IP address is a 32-bit numeric address written as four numbers separated by periods. Each number can be zero to 255. For example, 192.168.1.2 could be an IP address. Within an isolated network, you can assign IP addresses at random as long as each one is unique. However, connecting a private network to the Internet requires using registered IP addresses (called Internet addresses) to avoid duplicates. The four numbers in an IP address are used in different ways to identify a particular network and a host on that network. The InterNIC Registration Service assigns Internet addresses from the following three classes. Calculate What class of address it is: If the first bit is 0 it is a Class A IP Address If the first two bits are 10 it is a Class B IP Address If the first three bits are 110 it is a Class C IP Address If the first four bits are 1110 it is a Class D Multicast Address If the first four bits are 1111 it is a Class E Experimental Address

Subnet mask:
A subnet mask is a mechanism used to split a network into subnetworks; it can be used to reduce the traffic on each subnetwork by confining traffic to only the subnetwork(s) for which it is intended, thereby eliminating issues of associated congestion on other subnetwork(s) and reducing congestion in the network as a whole. Each subnet functions as though it were independent, keeping traffic local and forwarding traffic to another subnetwork only if the address of the data is external to the subnetwork.

Subnetting Concept:
Subnetting an IP network allows for the flow of network traffic to be segregated based on a network configuration. It essentially organizes the hosts into logical groups, and provides for improving network security and performance. The most common reason for subnetting IP

networks is to control network traffic. Traditionally, in an Ethernet network, it is very common for all nodes on a segment to see all the packets transmitted by all the other nodes on that segment, which introduces collisions, and the resulting retransmissions under heavy traffic loads. For additional information on subnetting, see RFC 1817, and RFC 1812.

Class Address Ranges:

Class A - 1.0.0.0 to 126.0.0.0 Class B - 128.0.0.0 to 191.255.0.0 Class C - 192.0.1.0 to 223.255.255.0 Class D* - 224.0.0.0 to 239.255.255.255 Class E* - 240.0.0.0 to 255.255.255.255 Class A, Class B, and Class C are the three classes of addresses used on IP networks in common practice. Class D addresses are reserved for multicast. Class E addresses are simply reserved, meaning they should not be used on IP networks (used on a limited basis by some research organizations for experimental purposes).

Reserved Address Ranges:

Address ranges below are reserved by IANA for private intranets, and not routable to the Internet. For additional information, see RFC 1918. 10.0.0.0 - 10.255.255.255 (10/8 prefix) 172.16.0.0 - 172.31.255.255 (172.16/12 prefix) 192.168.0.0 - 192.168.255.255 (192.168/16 prefix)

Other reserved addresses:

127.0.0.0 is reserved for loopback and IPC on the localhost.

224.0.0.0 - 239.255.255.255 is reserved for multicast addresses. 255.255.255.255 is the limited broadcast address (limited to all other nodes on the LAN)

Subnet Calculator Explanation (Example)

This calculator will calculate the subnet mask to use, given a TCP/IP network address and the number of subnets or nodes per subnet required. To create the subnet mask, first remember that the purpose of the subnet mask is to separate the (32 bit) ip address into the network prefix and the host number. If a bit in the subnet mask is 1, the corresponding bit in the IP address is part of the network address; if the bit in the subnet mask is 0, the corresponding bit in the IP address is part of the host address. First depict the ip address in binary. Take 61.246.19.18 and convert to binary: ip address: 00111101.11110110.00010011.00010010 First we determine what class of address it is: If the first bit is 0 it is a Class A address If the first two bits are 10 it is a Class B address If the first three bits are 110 it is a Class C address If the first four bits are 1110 it is a Class D multicast address If the first four bits are 1111 it is a Class E experimental address.

Your example is a Class A address. The default subnet mask for a Class A address is: Subnet mask: 11111111.00000000.00000000.00000000 The formula for figuring out the number of 'host' bits in a subnet mask is 2^n=(number of nodes ) (2^n means '2' to the power of 'n') Since you know the number of nodes, you need to find 'n'. Because you want 64 node(s), you want to leave 6 - '0' bits in the subnet mask since 64 = 2 ^ 6. This will give you the following subnet mask:

Subnet mask: 11111111.11111111.11111111.11000000

Which is referred to as /26 or in dotted decimal notation as 255.255.255.192 This calculator will calculate what subnet mask to use to get the required number of networks or nodes. You'll need to enter the network portion of a TCP/IP address and the required number of subnetworks or nodes. When you have entered these values, click on 'Calculate' and it will list the network class (A, B or C), the number of sub-networks, the number of nodes per sub-network and the subnet mask to use. To get a listing of all the subnets, click on 'List Networks' and a new window will open with the listing. You can then print the list by selecting 'File - Print' on your browser menu or save it by selecting 'File - Save As'. Depending on what operating sytem and browser you have, the menu commands may be slightly different. The lists will only show the first 256 and last 256 entries. If there are more than 512 subnets, the middle entries will be shown by '.. .. ..". This has been done because if there are a significant number of subnets, your computer may take from minutes to hours to display all entries. The calculator can now also do supernetting calculations. Just select the number of nodes to be higher than the default for that Class of Address (> 16777214 for Class A, > 65534 for Class B and > 254 for Class C), click on 'Calculate' and it will show you the supernet information. If you then click on 'List Networks' it will list the supernet information. Again, you can print or save this. There are two conditions by which the supernetting calculator will show an 'Illegal' result. This occurs when the supernet is too large and incorporates either the default route (0.0.0.0), or the broadcast address (255.255.255.255). These supernets cannot be used for obvious reasons.

Notes: You can also force the calculator to display using a specific class. For example, if you want to subnet 10.12.0.0 with 16 subnets, select the "Class B" radio button. It will then calculate and display 16 subnets from 10.12.0.0 to 10.12.255.255 instead of showing 16 subnets from 10.0.0.0 to 10.255.255.255. However, if you choose a number of nodes that is larger than the lower class can support, the calculator will then use the normal class. If you select a value in 'Required nodes', the calculator will use this value to calculate everything. If you wish to base the calculations on the 'Required sub-networks', select nothing in the 'Required nodes' field. The All zeroes Subnet and The All ones Subnet I've had quite a few e-mails telling me the calculator is wrong because it shows the all zeroes and all ones subnets as being usable. RFC 950, which first defined subnetting, prohibited the use of

these two subnets to eliminate situations that could confuse a router using classful routing protocols like RIP-1. These situations would occur because a classfull routing protocol does not supply the subnet mask or prefix length with each route. The router could not tell the difference between a route to the whole network and the all zeroes subnet; nor could it tell if a broadcast would have to be sent to the entire network or just the all ones subnet.

However, with today's classless routing protocols like OSPF and BGP4 which do supply the subnet mask, a router can now distinguish the routes and broadcasts. Therefore, these subnets can now be used with caution; you have to ensure that all of the network components are classless! A lot of certification exams will assume a classfull environment so make sure you answer the questions that way. However, in my humble opinion, these exams need to be rewritten to "get with the times".

Features:
Calculate Subnets Automatically. Simply input an IP address and choose one of the following: number of subnet bits, the maximum number of desired subnets, the number of host bits, or the maximum number of desired hosts. Our calculator figures out the all the rest, giving you a bit-by-bit address visualization and generating a complete table of subnets. Quick. Easy. Painless.

Calculate CIDR Routes. Classless Interdomain Routing, also known as "supernetting," allows multiple IP routes (especially Class C) to be aggregated into a smaller set of routing table entries. Just as with subnetting, the subnet calculator makes it easy visualize and generate CIDR information.

Migrate to IPv6. The subnet calculator is the first to support IPv6. Although there are no subnets in IPv6 per se (and thus no subnet masks), there are several different types of IPv6 addresses and bits/fields within those types have different interpretations. Simply enter an IPv6 address and we classify and dissect it for you. Furthermore, the calculator helps you migrate from IPv4 to IPv6.

 Work on a PC or a Mac. Our calculator runs natively on both Windows and MacOS X. The latest versions of these two operating systems natively support IPv6 by default.

Auto Discover Configured Addresses. The calculator automatically discovers locally configured IPv4 and IPv6 addresses on both Windows and Mac, allowing you to quickly classify and dissect them.