Zeyu Zhang Chem-30 Measuring the concentration of vitamin C in orange juice Problem: What is the molar concentration of vitamin

C in sunny D orange juice? Controlled Variable: Concentration of iodine solution Amount of orange juice per trial Amount of light in the classroom

Aspect 2: Background Information Apparatus diagram: Burette Burette Clamp Retord Stand

Erlenmeyer

WHMIS:

Materials: Iodine solution 5.68 mmol/L ascorbic acid standard solution Dropper bottle containing starch indicator

Zeyu Zhang Chem-30 Sunny D orange juice Deionized water Burette Burette Clamp Ring stand Volumetric pipette(125mL) Suction bulb 3 Erlenmeyer flasks( 125mL) 3 beakers(250mL) Funnel

Procedure 1. Clean and rinse the burette with the iodine solution, and then fill it with fresh iodine solution. Ensure that there is no air bubble in the burette tip. Record the initial volume of titrant to the nearest 0.05mL 2. Rinse the 10.00mL pipette with the standard solution and then use it to obtain a 10.00mL sample of the 5.68 mmol/L aqueous ascorbic acid and deliver it to a 125mL Erlenmeyer flask. Add a full dropper of starch indicator. 3. Titrate the sample with the iodine solution with a gentle swirling. The endpoint occurs when the indicator changes to blue. Record the final volume of titrant in the burette and the indicator colour. 4. Repeat step 2-4 until you have three results in which the volumes of titrant added are the same to within 0.30mL (fill the burette with fresh iodine solution as needed). 5. Fill the burette with fresh iodine solution and record the initial volume of titrant to the nearest 0.05mL. 6. Rinse the 10.00mL pipette with orange juice and then use it to obtain 10.00mL sample of the orange juice and deliver it to a 125ml Erlenmeyer flask. Add a full dropper of starch indicator. 7. Titrate the sample with the iodine solution with a gentle swirling. The endpoint occurs when the indicator changes to blue; however, since the orange juice is orange, the endpoint will appear as the greenish hue in the orange juice. Record the final volume of titrant in the burette and the indicator colour. 8. Repeat procedure step 6-7 until you have three results in which the volumes of titrant added are the same to within 0.30mL (fill the burette with fresh iodine solution as needed). 9. Dispose of all excess chemicals as directed by your teacher. Rinse the pipette and burette with deionized water. Leave the burette tap open. Data collection processing (DCP)

Zeyu Zhang Chem-30 Aspect 1: Collecting Raw Data Burette reading of iodine for 5.68mmol/L ascorbic acid Trial 1 Final Buret(mL) Initial Buret(mL) Indicator colour Volume of 5.66mmol ascorbic acid (mL) 21.7 1.2 purple 10.0 Trial 2 22.2 0.8 purple 10.0 Trial 3 22.2 1.1 purple 10.0 Trial 4 41.3 21.7 purple 10.0 Trial 5 37.7 17.3 purpl e 10.0 Trial 6 33.8 17.2 purpl e 10.0 Trial 7 21.2 0 purpl e 10.0 Trial 8 34.6 21.2 purpl e 10.0

Burette readings of iodine for sunny D Final buret(m L) Initial buret(m L) Indicato r colour Volume of sunny D (mL) Trial 1 7.4 Trial 2 12.6 Trial 3 32.8 Trial 4 40.0 Trial 5 26.2 Trial 6 34.8 Trial 7 9.9 Trial 8 17.9

0.5

7.4

25.5

32.8

18.0

26.2

9.9

Brown yellow 10.0

Brown yellow 10.0

Brown yellow 10.0

Brown yellow 10.0

Brown yellow 10.0

Brown yellow 10.0

Brown yellow 10.0

Brown yellow 10.0

Aspect 2 and 3: Processing and presenting Data Change in burette readings for 5.68mmol/L ascorbic acid reacting with iodine Change in buret readings( mL) Average change in buret Trial 1 20.5 Trial 2 21.4 Trial 3 21.1 Trial 4 19.6 Trial 5 20.4 Trial 6 16.6 Trial 7 21.2 Trial 8 13.4

19.3

Zeyu Zhang Chem-30 readings( mL) Change in burette readings for sunny D reacting with iodine Change in buret readings( mL) Average change in buret readings( mL) Trial 1 6.9 Trial 2 7.2 Trial 3 7.3 Trial 4 7.2 Trial 5 8.2 Trial 6 8.6 Trial 7 9.9 Trial 8 8.0

7.9

Sample calculations:

Zeyu Zhang Chem-30 Change= final buret initial buret =(21.7mL) (1.2mL) =20.5mL Average= trial 1+ trial 2 . Trial 8/ 8 = (20.5+21.4+21.1+19.6+20.4+16.6+21.2+13.4)mL/8 = 19.3 mL Equation for ascorbic acid reacting with iodine:

C6H8O6(aq) + I2(aq) C6H6O6(aq) + I-(aq)

Balanced Reaction: C6H8O6(aq) + I2(aq) C6H6O6(aq) + 2I-(aq) + 2H+(aq)

Concentration of iodine: Assuming that 1mL I2= 1g n = m/M = (19.3g I2)/ (253.8g/mol I2) = 0.0760 mol I2 Molar mass of I2 obtained from chem-30 Data booklet n= CV C=n/V = (0.0760mol I2)/ (0.0193L I2) = 3.95mol/ L I2 Concentration of iodine in the reaction with sunny D: n= m/M = (7.9g I2) / ( 253.8g/mol I2)

Zeyu Zhang Chem-30 =0.031 mol I2 Since iodine and ascorbic react with a 1:1 molar ratio, the number of moles of ascorbic acid is the same as the number of moles of iodine. 0.031mol I2 = 0.031 mol C6H8O6 C=n/V = (0.031mol C6H8O6)/ (0.01L C6H8O6) =3.1 mol /L C6H8O6 Conclusion and Evaluation (CE) Aspect 1: Conclusion The concentration of ascorbic acid (vitamin C) in Sunny D, is found to be 3.1 mol/L as shown in aspect 2 and 3. This value doesnt mean very much unless this is compared to the amount of vitamin C recommended in a nutritional guide. Aspect 2 and 3: Evaluating and improving experimental design The experimental procedure in general was very effective, and did provide enough data to answer the problem. Although an error calculation wasnt done, it can be seen in aspect 1 of DCP, that there was a fair bit of error between trials. One of the main sources of error in this lab is the different stages of the endpoint chosen by different groups. Basically, , some groups stopped the burette when the colour change was low while other groups stopped the tap when the colour change was more evident, this created a discrepancy in the data as to how much iodine was needed to fully react with ascorbic acid. One way to solve this would be to have more time and iodine solutions, as each group only did two trials for each reaction during the lab because of the lack of iodine. As to the standardization issue, it would help if a standard endpoint was established before the start of the lab, so that the endpoint measured would essentially be at the same stage of colour change.