STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS AND DESIGN FOR SELF SUPPORTING TOWER

In compliance with the technical specification, the document describes the minimum criteria for specifying and designing of tower.

I. STANDARD / REFERENCE
a. TIA / EIA - 222 - STANDARD : Structural Standards for Steel Antenna Towers and Antenna Supporting Structures. b. AISC-ASD Code ' 89 - American Institute of Steel Construction c. ACI 318-89 Code - American Concrete Institute d. Indonesian Loading Code ( PMI 1970 N.I-I8 )

II. MATERIALS SPECIFICATION

a. Steel Structure - Structure Type = Self Supporting Tower - Steel Shapes & Plates = ASTM A 36 / JIS G3101 Bolt & Nut - Splice Bolts

fy = 245 Mpa

b.

= ASTM A - 325 / JIS B1051 - Grade 8.8

fy = 560 Mpa

c.

Anchor Bolt - Grade of Anchor = ASTM A - 307 First Coating - Hot Dipped Galv. = ASTM A - 123 Concrete - fc' Rebars - Grade of rebars - Grade of rebars

fy = 240 Mpa

d.

80 microns thickness

e.

= 19 Mpa ( 28 days ) / K-225

f.

= BJTP ( dia. 12 mm ) = BJTD ( dia. 13 mm )

fy = 240 Mpa fy = 390 Mpa

g.

Welding Electrodes - Minimum Grade of Welding Electrode = AWS A5.1 E60XX.

fy = 345 Mpa

Prepared by : DE-Dept 3/10/2009

III. LOADINGS
a. Dead Load Consist of Weight of Tower structure including antenna, ladder and appurtenances. Wind Load Calculated according to TIA / EIA - 222 - STANDARD : Structural Standard for Steel Antenna Towers and Antenna Supporting Structures The basic wind speed is based on peak gust velocity averaged over a short time interval of 3 second = 120 kph ( 3 second gust ). Where wind force applied to each section of the structure shall be calculated from the equation : F = horizontal force applied to a section of the structure ( KN ) qz * GH * [ C F * AE + CA*AA)], but not to exceed 2*qz*G H*AG qz = Velocity pressure ( Pa ) = .613 Kz V 2 for V in m/s Kz = Exposure Coefficient 2/7 [z/10] for z in meters 1.00 < Kz<2.58 V = basic wind speed for the structure location ( m.s -1) z = height above average ground level to midpoint of panel of the structure and appurtenances ( M ) GH = gust response factor CF = structure force coefficient e = (A F+AR)/AG e = solidity ratio AF = projected area of flat structural component in one face of the section ( m 2 ) AG = gross area of one tower face ( m 2 ) AR = Projected area ( m2 ) of round structural component in one face of the section AE = efective projected area of structural component in one face ( m 2 ) = D F AF + D R AR RR (m )
2

b.

( Note : For tubular steel pole structure, AE shall be the actual projected area based on diameter or overall width. ) RR = .51e2 + .57 RR<1.0 RR = The reduction factor for round structural component DF = Wind direction factor 1 for square cross section and normal wind direction 1+ 0.75 e for square cross section and + 45 0 wind direction (1.2 max) DR = Wind direction factor for round structural components = 1 ; for square cross section and normal wind direction = 1+ 0.75 e ; for square cross section and + 45 0 wind direction (1.2 max) CA = linear or discrete appurtance force coefficient
Prepared by : DE-Dept 3/10/2009

AA = projected area of a linear appurtance CA is depended on Aspect ratio Aspect Ratio = Overall length/width ratio in plane normal to wind direction Wind Load Calculation method on the antennas is as follow: 2 Fa = Ca x A x Kz x G H x V Fs = Cs x A x Kz x G H x V2 M = Cm x D x A x Kz x G H x V2 Ha = (Fa2+Fs2 )1/2 Mt = Fa x X + Fs x Y + M L = the distance the antenna's axis to the frame's joints GH = Gust response factor from 2.3.4
1/7 = 0.65+0.6/(h/10) for h in meters A = Outside aperture area of parabolic reflector, grid, or horn antenna 2 = Plate area of passive reflector ( ft ) D = Outside diameter of parabolic reflector, grid, or horn antenna ( ft ) 2 = Width or length of passive reflector ( ft ) V = basic wind speed ( m.p.h ) from 2.3.3 KZ = Exposure coefficient from 2.3.3 with z equal to the hight

of the origin of the axis system Kz = Exposure Coefficient = [z/10] 2/7 for z in meters FA = axial force ( lb ) Fs = side force ( lb ) M = Twisting moment ( ft-lb ) Ca, Cs, Cm are load coeficients contained in tables B1 trough B6 as function of wind angle,... TIA page 62-67 Ha = resultant of F A and FS ( lb ) Mt = Total twisting moment ( ft-lb ) X = The offset of the mounting pipe ( ft ) Y = The distance on the reflector axis from the reflector vertex to the center of the mounting pipe ( ft ) Wind Load Calculation methode on the parabolic antenna is as follow: Fa = Ca x A x Kz x GH x V 2 where: Fs = Cs x A x Kz x GH x V 2 M = Cm x D x A x Kz x GH x V 2 2 1/2 Ha = (Fa +Fs ) Mt = Fa x X + Fs x Y + M
2

Fa = axial force ( kg ) Fs = side force ( kg ) M = Twisting moment ( kg-m ) Ca = Wind load coeficient Cs = Wind load coeficient Cm = Wind load coeficient V = Wind velocity ( m.p.h )

Prepared by : DE-Dept 3/10/2009

c.

Antennas Load and Top body part dimension. Tower Structure considered to be able to support the antennas load as table bellow : Description elevation m
-

No.

Qty.

Weight + Support Kg.

-

1 2 3

MW Ant. 2.0 m Radome GSM Antenna ( 1.5 x 0.3 x 0.15 m ) TMA Antenna (0.245 x 0.219 x 0.1 m)

n pcs n pcs n pcs

IV. LOAD COMBINATION

According to AISC - ASD'89 Standard , only the following load combination shall be investigated when calculating the maximum member stresses and structure reaction : COMB 1 = DL COMB 2 = DL + LL COMB 3 = DL + LL WL Where ; DL : Dead Load LL : Live Load WL : Wind Load

V. DESIGN TOLERANCES
The design / analysis tolerances are : a. Allowable Stress Ratio b. Slenderness Ratio :

= 1 Leg Bracing Redudant

150 200 250

c. Allowable Twist = 0.5 degree d. Allowable Sway = 0.5 degree e. Allowable Horizontal Displacement = H/200 ( H= Tower Height ) f. Verticality = H/2000 ( H= Tower Height )

Prepared by : DE-Dept 3/10/2009

VI. ALLOWABLE UNIT STRESS

The unit stresses in the stucture membersdo not aceed the allowable unit stresses for the materials as specified in the EIA standard EIA - 222 1. Tension Ft = 0.60 Fy ( Kg/cm2 ) 2. Shear Fv = 0.40 Fy ( Kg/cm2 ) 3. Compression i ) On the gross section of axial loaded compression members when kl/r is less than Cc :
kl r 1 2 Cc 2 Fy = 3 3 ( kl r ) 5 ( kl / r ) + 3 8 Cc 8 Cc 3 ; Cc = 2 2 E Fy

Fa

( Kg

/ cm

where

ii ) On the gross section of axial loaded compression member, when kl/r exceeds
Fa = 12 2 E ( Kg / cm Fy
2

4) Bending Tension and compression on extreme fibers : Fb = 0.66 Fy (Kg/cm2) 5) Tension on Bolts Fv = 0.60 Fy ( kg/cm2 ) 6) Shear on Bolts Fv = 0.30 Fy ( kg/cm2 ) 7) Bearing on Bolts Fp = 1.20 Fv ( kg/cm2)

Prepared by : DE-Dept 3/10/2009