∂ ∂ ∂

∇ ∇= + +
∂ ∂ ∂

! "# ∇ $
∂ ∂ ∂
∇ = + +
∂ ∂ ∂

∇ % !

& '( ! ) ∇ * ) !

) % % + + + $ ∇ i

) % % * *!* $∇ ) * $ ! )
* *!* ,∇ ,

∂ ∂ ∂
& ' / 0/ ) " " ∇i ∇i ' +
/ -
/ .

∂ ∂ ∂
+ - .

∇i !

∇i ≠ i∇

∇i = ( 1

∇i ∇φ = ∇ -φ

∇ -φ = ( 2 3!

∇-

' + / - 0/ . % ! ) ∇×

∂ ∂ ∂ ∂ . ∂ -  ∂ + ∂ .  ∂ ∂ 
∇× = = −  + −  + - − +
∂ ∂ ∂ ∂ ∂  ∂ ∂  ∂ ∂ 
+ - .

∇× % !

& ∇× % )
& 4 % ! $ !
)

+ ∇ + =∇ +∇
- ∇ = ∇ + ∇
. ∇i + = ∇i + ∇i
5 ∇× + = ∇× + ∇×
6 ∇i = ∇ i + ∇i
7 ∇× = ∇ × + ∇×
8 ∇i × = i ∇× − i ∇×
9 ∇ × ∇φ = (
: ∇i ∇ × =(
+( ∇ × ∇ × = ∇ ∇i − ∇-
 & $ $ ) ) % ! $ !%

' / 0/ ) % % !% 0 $ ) ;+ ;-" < !*

) * !* !% ) ) ) ) ! ! % % "
' + / - 0/ . % ! " ) ) $ $ * $

∫ ∫
- -

* ;+ ;- i = + i + - i + . i
+ +

& ) = * % $ $ ) $ ) >

∫
) "

& * !% ) ) $ ! i "&

* ! * ) ) $ ) ! ! )
) ! % "

& = ∇φ " " ∇ × = ( $ )

∫
-

⇒ i ) 0 $ ;+ ;-

∫
+

⇒ i =( ! !%

∫∫
! * ) ! = % ! % " ;
) ! % ; ) ! * ) ! ; ) ⋅

∫∫ ⋅ = ∫∫ ⋅
⋅
) ) 0 ?@

& $ ) ! * !% A B
! )
∂ ∂ 
∫ + = ∫∫ 
∂
− 
∂ 
) % % "

! & ) % !* ! !
% ! )

∫∫ ⋅ = ∫∫∫ ∇ ⋅ ) % *

" # C ! ! * !%
% ! )

∫ ⋅ = ∫∫ ∇ × ⋅ ) % ) %