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=
T
id
T
be be
S
S
c
c
V
V
V
V V
I
I
I
I
exp exp
2 1
2
1
2
1
2 1 2 1 2 1
/ ) ( ) (
c c F c c e e EE
I I I I I I I + + = + =
) / exp( ) ( ) / exp(
1 2 1 T id c EE T id c c
V V I I V V I I = =
Q
1
Q
2
I
EE
V
id
I
c2
+
-
I
c1
DT021/4 Electronics 7 Analog Multipliers 4
The Emitter-Coupled Pair
The emitter-coupled pair, was shown in to
produce output currents that were related to
the differential input voltage by :
) / exp( 1
1
T id
EE
c
V V
I
I
+
=
) / exp( 1
2
T id
EE
c
V V
I
I
+
=
Q
1
Q
2
I
EE
V
i1
+
-
V
i2
I
c2
+
-
I
c1
) / exp( ) ( ) / exp(
1 2 1 T id c EE T id c c
V V I I V V I I = =
) / exp( )) / exp( 1 (
1 T id EE T id c
V V I V V I = +
) / exp( 1 ) / exp( 1
) / exp(
1
T id
EE
T id
T id EE
c
V V
I
V V
V V I
I
+
=
+
=
Q
1
Q
2
I
EE
V
id
I
c2
+
-
I
c1
Dr. Yuri Panarin, DT021/4, Electronics
http://www.electronics.dit.ie/staff/ypanarin/DT021-notes.htm
5.2
DT021/4 Electronics 7 Analog Multipliers 5
The Emitter-Coupled Pair
The emitter-coupled pair, was shown in to
produce output currents that were related to
the differential input voltage by :
This relationship is plotted => and
shows that the emitter-coupled pair
by itself can be used as a primitive
multiplier.
) / exp( 1
1
T id
EE
c
V V
I
I
+
=
) / exp( 1
2
T id
EE
c
V V
I
I
+
=
) 2 / tanh(
2 1 T id EE c c c
V V I I I I = =
) 2 / ( , 1 ) 2 / ( assuming or
T id EE c T id
V V I I V V = <<
Q
1
Q
2
I
EE
V
id
I
c2
+
-
I
c1
x + + = .... 3 / x x tanh(x)
3
DT021/4 Electronics 7 Analog Multipliers 6
Notes
=
=
+ +
+
=
+
) 2 / tanh(
1
1
1
1
x
e e
x x
=
+
+
) )( (
2 2
b a b a b a + =
x x x
x x x
x x
e e e
e e e
e e
=
=
=
2 / 2 /
2 / 2 /
2 / 2 /
1
DT021/4 Electronics 7 Analog Multipliers 16
Notes
+ +
=
=
+ +
+ +
=
) 2 / tanh(
1
1
1
1
x
e e
x x
=
+
+
( )( ) ( )( ) ( )
) 2 / tanh(
1 1 1 1 1
2 / / / / / 4 4
1 2 1 2 1
T V V
EE
V V V V
EE
V V V V
EE
c c
V V
e
I
e e
I
e e
I
I I
T T T T T
+
=
+ +
+ +
=
DT021/4 Electronics 7 Analog Multipliers 18
Notes
+
=
=
+
+
= =
( )
) 2 / tanh(
1
2 / 6 3
1
T V V
EE
c c
V V
e
I
I I
T
+
=
( )
) 2 / tanh(
1
2 / 5 4
1
T V V
EE
c c
V V
e
I
I I
T
+
=
( ) ( ) ( )
5 4 6 3 6 4 5 3 6 4 5 3 c c c c c c c c c c
I I I I I I I I I I I = + + = =
) 2 / tanh( ) 2 / tanh(
2 1 T T EE
V V V V I I =
2 / ) 2 / tanh(
2 , 1 2 , 1 T T
V V V V
DT021/4 Electronics 7 Analog Multipliers 20
Notes
+
=
+
=
1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
ln ln - ln
V K I
V K I
V
I
V K I
V
I
V K I
V V
o
o
T
s
o
T
s
o
T
( ) /2 x) - x)/(1 (1 ln x tanh
-1
+ =
=
1
1 1 1
tanh 2
o
T
I
V K
V V
=
2
2 2
1
1 1
o o
EE
I
V K
I
V K
I I
DT021/4 Electronics 7 Analog Multipliers 26
Notes
2 1 2 1
2
2
1
1
3
1 . 0 V V V V
I
K
I
K
K I V
o o
EE out
= =
DT021/4 Electronics 7 Analog Multipliers 28
Notes
n n
A t n A t V
n
n
c n c
= =
=
[ ]
( ) ( ) t t n t t n
V A
K
t n t V A K t V t V K t V
n c
n
n c
m n
c
n
m m n m c o
+ =
= = =
=
cos cos
2
cos cos ) ( ) ( ) (
1
1
DT021/4 Electronics 7 Analog Multipliers 30
Notes
= =
|
.
|
'
=
(
= 1
2
C EE C EE C EE average
R I R I R I V
If input signals are comparable to or
smaller than V
T
, the circuit still acts as
a phase detector.
However, the output voltage then
depends both on the phase difference
and on the amplitude of the two input
waveforms
DT021/4 Electronics 7 Analog Multipliers 36
Notes
) )( (
2 1 2 1 2 1
Y Y X X K Z Z =
) ( ) 10 / 1 (
o x z
V V V =
x z o
V V V / 10 =
) ( ) 10 / 1 (
o o z
V V V =
z o
V V = 10
DT021/4 Electronics 7 Analog Multipliers 42
Notes
=
2
and
1 1
Y X
X
V V
Y V X
+
= =
4
1 . 0
2 2
1 . 0
2 2
1 . 0
4
2 2
Y X Y X Y X Y X Y X
X
O
V V V V V V V V V V
V
V
=
+
=
+
+
=
DT021/4 Electronics 7 Analog Multipliers 44
Notes