XXXIV.

Band1965

A.K. Naghdi and A. C. Eringen: Stress Distribution in a Circular Cylindrical Shell

161

Stress Distribution in a Circular Cylindrical Shell w i t h a Circular Cutout*

By A. K. Naghdi and A. C.

Eringen*

1. Introduction. The accuralLe analysis of stress and deformation in a circular cylindrical shell with a circular cutout is of great importance in numerous engineering applications such as the design of boilers, the stress analysis of intersecting pipes, gas lines, and m a n y reactor structural components. However, until recently no significant theoretical work has been reported on the analysis of such shells. Lure 1 gave the first reasonable analysis of a long, capped circular cylindrical shell subjected to internal pressure, the shell having a very small circular hole on its lateral surface. On account of certain errors introduced in the b o u n d a r y conditions, his results are incorrect. 1Vithum ~ recently investigated the stress distribution in a circular cylindrical shell with a cutout, with the shell subjected to torsion. He employed a perturbation technique to obtain an approximate solution of Donnell's equation. This scheme appears to give reasonable results in the range 0 < / ~ @o < 1.5 where ~0 is the radius of the circular hole and fl is defined b y equation (3) below. The technique of IVithum was extended and used i[ater b y Kline, Dixon, Jordan and Eringen 8 to determine the stress distribution in a pressurized cylindrical shell with a circular cutout. Others who have done some work on related problems include Savin 4, Myint, Radok and Wolfson 5 and Reidelbach 6. The present work is concerned with the determination of the stress distribution in a circular cylindrical shell subjected to the equilibrated arbitary edge loading around a circular hole at the lateral surface. The solution obtained is valid for radii ratio @o/R < 1/2. At the upper limit of the inequality the spatial intersection curve begins to deviate from a true circular arc (see Fig. i and 2). The partial differential equation of thin shallow cylindrical shell has been solved exactly in a series form, and the b o u n d a r y conditions around the circular hole have been expressed in the form

=R0

V
Fig. 1. Open Circular Cylindrical Shell with a Circular Hole. Fig. 2. Cylindrical Shell Unrolled Flat Showing Intersection Curves with Cylinders of Different Radii.

* The Investigation reported here was partly supported by the General Technology Corporation, West Lafayette, Indiana, through a contract with the Bureau of Ships. 1 A. L Lure, Prikladnaja Matematika I Mekhanika 10 (1946) 397. 2 D. lVithum, Ing.-Arch. 26 (1958) 435. 3 L. V. Kline, R. C. Dixon, N. F. Jordan and A. C. Eringen, Stresses in Pressurized Cylindrical Shell with Circular Cutout, General Technology Corporation Techn. I~ep. 3--1 (1961). 4 G. M. Savin, The Stress Distribution in A Thin Shell with an arbitrary Hole~ Problems of Continuum Mechanics, The Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics, Philadelphia, 1961, P. 382. 5 T. Myint, J. R. M. Radok, and M. Wolfson, Numerical Stress Analysis of Circular Cylindrical Shells Part III, A Variational Solution of the Intersection Problem, PIBAL Rep. 592, 1961. IV. Reidelbach, Ing.-Arch. 30 (1961) 293.

162

A.K. Naghdi and A. C. Eringen: Stress Distribution in a Circular Cylindrical S h e l l

Ingenieur-Arehiv

of four infinite series for the determination of the unknown coefficients of the solution. Fourier series and the method of least square error have been employed for the solution of these equations. An analytic method for arbitrary loading is also given for the special case of a small hole. Numerical solutions are given for the following three problems namely, (1) uniform bending moment along the edge of the hole; (2) uniform axial tension along the axis of the cylinder with the edge of the cutout stress-free; (3) uniform internal pressure in equilibrium with a constant transverse shear around the edge of the hole. A portion of the present paper includes some of the analytical results and extensive numerical work reported previously v, s, 9. 2. Formulation. Let (x, y', z') be a set of rectangular coordinates, x and y ' taken as the two axes of the circular hole in the middle plane of a flat plate. A cylindrical coordinate system (~', ~, z') is defined by x=,o'cosq~, y'=~'sin~v. (1) Suppose the plane of x y ' is now rolled into a circular cylinder in such a way that the x-axis becomes a generating line of the cylinder and y ' a circular arc y (Fig. 3). The coordinate lines (% z') = const. (or ~' lines) now become helixes (~ lines) and (q', ~v) = eonst. (or z' lines) go to lines perpendicular to the surface of the cylindrical shell (z-lines): The points on the plane (x, y) are thus mapped on the cylindrical surface keeping their measure of distance unchanged. In terms of usual cylindrical coordinates R -- z, O, Z w e have y ' = y = R O where R is the radius of the middle surface of the cylindrical shell; O is the polar angle in a normal cross section of Y Y' the cylinder measured from the radius of the cylinder passing through the x-axis in the positive direction of y > 0; and Z is the axis of the cylinder. The bending of thin elastic cylindrical sheUs, free from surface loading, is governed by the following partial differential equation 1~
Fig 3 Coordinate System

0h} A2~o + 8 i~2 ~ _-- 0 ,

(2)

where

v~

=~---=~-~iKq3,

50

i=~1,
= [3 (1 (R 0-1/2 ,

]
}
I

.Oo '

(3)

02 02 A -=g~x~-l-~y2,

K--

2 [3 (]- -- ~2)]1/2 . Et2q ~

Here ~o is the complex displacement function related to the radial displacement w(x, y) in z-direction and the stress function ~b(x, y). Also E, v and t are respectively the Young-modulus, the Poissonratio and the thickness of the shell. For the complete solution of each of the specific classes of problems (1) to (2) mentioned in the introduction appropriate boundary conditions must be satisfied. I t is convenient to express these conditions in terms of stress resultants No, N ~ , Nq; stress couples MQ, Mor , M~ and transverse 7 S. L. Koh, C. C. Thiel and A. C. Eringen, Computation for Stress Concentration in A Circular Cylindrical Shell with Circular Cutout, General Technology Corporation Techn. Rep. 3--3 (1963). C. C. Thiel and A. C. Eringen, Stress Concentration in A Capped Circular Cylindrical Shell with Circular Cutout, General Technology Corporation Techn. Rep. 3--4 (1963). 9 A. K. Naghdi and A. C. Eringen, Stress Analysis of A Circular Cylindrical Shell with Circular Cutout, General Technology Corporation Techn. Rep. 3--2 (1963). lo A. E. Green, and IV. Zerna, Theoretical Elasticity, Oxford 1960.

XXXIV.Band 1965

A.K. Naghdi and A. C. Eringen: Stress Distribution in a Circular Cylindrical Shell

163

shears Qe and Q, which, in the cylindrical coordinates, assume the form

~e

N~ = K ~o G = ~~ I ~ ~ ~
B

a.~ , 0~2

(4)

Q~ = -- B Re ~o(G ~ ) ,

q~
G=

.oli , _ ~= ~- G _ ~ ( G
~

a~) j

nell

a [7~(A'~)

where Re and I m respectively denote the real and imaginary parts of the expression-that follows them, and Q* and Q~ denote the Kirchhoffshears, and
E t3 B

12 (1 -- v')

0o '

(5)

is the bending rigidity. The positive directions of stress resultants, stress couples and transverse shears are shown in Fig. 4.

~e

Fig. 4. Shell Elements.

The boundary conditions for an infinitely long cylinder having a circular cutout subjected to edge loading along the hole requires that we prescribe the stress resultants Nr Ne~, the stress couple M e and the Kirchhoffshear Q~ along the edge of the circular hole ~ -~ ~0 and at r ~- oo i. e.,

Ne = K e0 G = ;,1(~), ~ ~ Oo2

=-~G=4(~),

S~, = K Vo N ~ = ;,,(~), ~ ~Oo( ~ 1 a M ~ =).~(~)

9.o*=~ G - ~

09 /

'

(6)

at 9 = ~0 and
N0 --- ~V~ = M e = O~ = 0 for ~ * o o .

(7)

164

A.K. Naghdi and A. C. Eringen: Stress Distribution in a Circular Cylindrical Shell

Iagenteur-Archlv

Here ~ -~ oo is understood to mean at large distances where the edge effect is negligible. The 2~(~) are prescribed nondimensional functions of ~ representing the edge loadiug around the hole. Corresponding conditions for problems involving surface loading are easily obtained b y superposing to the above solution the solution of the unpuctured shell subject to the same loads. 3. General Solution. Equation (2) m a y be factored as : ~-2 (1--i)/~x ~-2(1-i)/~x ~p(x'y)=0" (8)

A general solution of this equation is obtained b y finding the solution of each of the factors. This leads to the solutions in the form:

[9~(~ ~) - 2 s ~ ( ~ ~)15r~, [ ~ ( ~ ~) - 2 ~ 9~(~ ~)] ~ , ,

where

(9)

~(~ ,)

= cosh/~ x cos ~

.Q~(fi x) = cosh fix sin fix @ sinh flx cos f i x 1 Da( fi x) = ~- sin h(fi x) sin/3 x

(lo)

~,(~ x)

--~ (cosh ~

x sin ~ ,~

- sinh ~ ~ cos ~ ~)

a n d / / 1 , / / 2 are two independent solutions of AT/(x,y) + 2 i ~H(x,y) = 0. 01)

The periodic solution of (11) leading to proper asymtotic behavior at 9 = cx~ is H~)(/3 9 V ~ ) cos n ~v = [J~(fl 9 ~2-i) q- i Y,(/~ 9 ~2-i)] cos n ~0, (12)

where J~, u H!,l) are Besselfunctions of the first, second and third kind, respectively. Therefore, two independent solutions of (2) appropriate to the problem are ~ = [~l(fl x) -- 2 i O~(fl x)] H!~)(/3 9 ~2-i) cos n ~ for n even, and ~0 = [~2(fi x) -- 2 i ~4(j~ x)] H!~)(/~ 9 2 ~ ) cos n q (14) (13)

for n odd. The solutions (13) and (14) are even with respect to x, y and they behave in a manner like (/~ 9) -1/2 exp [--/~ (0 -- lx/)] as 9 -+ cx3. Thus for values of ~ not equal to zero, or ~, ~o, and F0 approach zero exponentially. For ~ = 0 , ~ these functions tend to zero not slower t h a n (/~ ~)-1/2 For the case in which the edge load is symmetrical with respect to the x and y axes, a series solution is constructed from (13) and (14) as follows : = ~ [ (r0)2 ,+3 (A2t + A* i) (91 2 i ~) Hr 9 V~-~) cos 2 l ~0 ], (15)

(r~ -~ (2 l + 3 ) .

+ 1 -[- -4~ / +

1 i) (~f~2-- 2i~2~)H z, + 1(/~ ~ 1/2-i) cos (2 / -1- 1) ~'

where -422, -4~1, -42 z+] and -4~t + 1 are a set of 4 infinitely m a n y unknowns which must be determined from the four edge conditions, and r 0 is a constant such t h a t r 0 < fi .9o (Without loss in generality r 0 ~ and the factorial in (15) can be absorbed into the arbitrary constants A k. This is not done, however, to insure the convergence.) For antisymmetrical edge loading the appropriate solution is obtained from (15) by replacing cos 2 l ~0 and cos (2 ! q- 1) ~vb y sin 2 l ~v and sin (2 l + 1) ~v, respectively. Upon substituting (15) in (4)x, (4)3 , (4)4, and (4)7, using (4)s and (4)5 the general expressions for edge conditions at 9 = 0o in the form of infinite series of functions of ~v are obtained. We list below the non-dimensional forms of the stress resultants and stress couples.

XXXIV.Band1965 A.K. ~aghdi and A. C. Eringen: Stress Distribution in a Circular Cyhndrieal Shell
a. N o , t - d i m e n s i o n a l

165

m e m b r a n e r e s u l t a n t NQ: 25ao~ ~ } (16)

NQ = K o ~ N ~ - - 5 = o [ ( 2 1 + 2 ) ! 11r t + ~ rA

where A2/, A~t, A2t+ 1 and A~t+ ~ (l -~ 0, 1, 2 . . . . ) are the unknown constants to be determine from the bourtdary conditions and the functions a~ and a~ are defined as follows :

a2~(oo, ~v, l) = sin 2 199 [4 lfl eo sin ~f~] cos 2/99 [ - - 2 flz ~ sin2 99f9 a~5(oo, ~, l) == sin 2 199 [4 l/~ ~o sin 99f2] cos 2 199 [--21~p~sirt~99flo--412f9 1/~ ~o (f~-- f3)], a2t+ t(qo, 99, l) = sin (2 1 1)99 [4 (2 l 1) a eo sin 99f5) + cos 2 1 99 [ 2 ~2 0~ sin2 99fn -- (2 l 1)2f~2 -2-fl ~o (fs o 1 a*,+ ~(~o ~, l) == sin (2 l 1) 99 [4(2 l 1)/~ Qo sin 99f6] o, + cos (21 + 1) 99 2 G~ ~o~sin~ f f ~ + (2 ~ + 1)~f~ + ~-~ o0 (L - L ) b. N o n - d i m e n s i o n a l membrane shear: . 1, (17)

41~fw

~o(f3

, ~o ~0,~~- ~) ~t ~ , b~, (Co, 99, t) + ~ , ~, (Co, 99, Ol

+ 3) i[A2t+tb2t+~(~o, 99,1) A~t+lb~+t(qo, 99,1)],,

(18)

where the A~ and A~' are the same constants appearing in (16) and the functions bl and b* are defined as follows: b~(~o, 99o, l) = Ffz 21~

Ifi~sin29~fi~--~-2~-~sin99(ga
lf~o],
~2"~sinr
2 O2 [~

~osin99fl ]
"

sin 2 199 [-- fl eo l (f~ j~) -- 2

b,~5(~o,99,1)==Ffz cos2/99

a0o~Sin299j~o

sin 2 I T [--,# ~o l(f~ --fa) o

+ 2 ILl,
(19)

b2~ + ~(~oo,9, l) == 2 Gf~ + cos (2 l 1) 99 [-- fl~ ~ sin 2 99fn -- f12 9~ sin 9 (ga + ga) 1 + 2 fi ~oosin 99A] + sin (2 t + 1) 99 - ~ ~o (~ t + 1) (L + L ) (2 b~+ 1(oo, 99, I) ~- 2 Gf~

l -~ 1)f=l , cos (2 l 1) 99 [-- fl~ ~o~sin 2 99f~ - - / ~ ~ sin 99 (g~ -- g~)

+ ~, ~ ~o. sin 99j~] + sin (2 ~ + 1) 99 -- ~- fi ~o (2 l + ~) (L -- L) -- (2 ~ + 1)f~l e. N o n - d i m e n s i o n a l bending moment: A~ C:, (Co, 99, I) _,4~,t C*, (Co, 99,/)]

= -- ~- M~ = . ~

-+ (2-i-;-3)-"[A~+~c25+~(q~

(to)2 l + 4

A?~+~c~5+@~

"

(20)

166

A.K. Naghdi and A. C. Eringen: Stress Distribution in a Circular Cylindrical Shell The functions c~ and c~ are defined as follows :

Ingenleur-Arehiv

C2 z(~oo,~v, l) = -- v H f2 + cos 2 l ~v [-- 2 f12 ~ cos 2 ~vfl~ + f12 ~o~ cos ~v (g~ -- gl)

-- 4 12 v f9 j + sin 2 1 ~v [2 v lfl ~o sin ~vf~],

C~t(~o, q~, l) = v H fl ~- cos 2 l ~v [2 f12 Q~ cos ~ ~vf9 _ f12 ~ cos ~v (g2 gl)
1 2 fl2~g 6_vfl~ocos~vfl v~ (f4 ~-f3)

2 vfl 2 ~o sin ~ (vf9 2

(21)

-- 4 12vf, o] sin 2 l~v [-- 2 v lfl ~o sin ~,vfl],

C2 ,+ '(~0' ~v, l) = -- 2 ~ If6 cos (2 l -~ 1) T 12 f12 ~ cos 2 ~vf~ + 2 f12 e~ cos ~v (g~ -- ga) -- 1/~2 ~ g7 + 2 v/~ ~o cos Tf6 ~eo (fs --fT) ~- 2 v f12 ~o sin 2 ~vfl~ ~

-}- ~ (2 l + 1)2fn] sin (2 l ~- 1) ~v [2 v (2 l -~ 1) fl ~o sin

~f~],

C ' t + ~(eo, ~v, l) -- 2 v If~ + cos (2 1 ~- 1) ~v [-- 2/~2 e~ c~ ~vfn -- 2 f12 ~ cos ~v (ga + ga) +lfl~e~g s
--~2 vfl eo cos ~vfa - - -vfleo (fa --

2 v f12 eo sin ~ ~,vf ~ n

v (2 l + 1) 2 fx2] + sin (2 l 1) ~v [-- 2 v (2 l ~- 1) fl ~osin fffs]. d. N o n - d i m e n s i o n a l

Kirchhoffshear: [A2td2t(~o,~v,l)
21d~t(~Oo,qP, l)]
(22)

~. =o~ a ,

(r~ + (2/-~3)! [ A 2 / + 1 d2t+x(eo, q,l) ~ - A ~ t + 1 d* 2l-]-1(~0, ~0, /)]} The functions dl and d* are defined as follows : d2,(~o, ~v, I ) : H {-- f2 -]-fl ~o [ 1 (2 - - v ) ( g ~ g ~ ) - - 2 ( 2 --v)cosqof~o]}

cos 2 I q {[-- 3 fla 90 cos 2 ~v -- (2 -- v) f13 9o~sin 2 ~v] (fa + f 4 ) ~

-4-[fl~o(1-4-2(Z--v)12)](f4--fa)

3 n3 a eo [__ 2 cos 8 q -- 2 (2 -- v) sin ~ q cos ~v] f~ -- ~-p ~o cos qo g3 ~

1 flS~o ( g ~ 2 _ g n ) 1 7 6 ~ 4 ~- 412 (2 - v)]

+ / ~ eo~f,o [2 cos 2 ~v (2 -- 2 v) sin 2 ~v] -- f12 eo cos q (gz -- gl) ~ 1 } 2 fig e~ g5 -- 4 (3 -- v) 12f~ + sin 2 l ~v [2 l fl ~o sin
_

~vf2

f12 ~o~(2 -- v) I sin~v (g2 -- g~) 2 (2 -- v) lfl 2 ~ sin 2 ~vf~ol,

d~,(9o, ~v, l ) - : H[f~ -- 1 ( 2 -

v)~O~o(g2 ~- g x )

v)fl ~o cos ~vfa]

cos 2 l ~v {(f~ -- fa) [-- 3 fla eo cos 2 ~v -- (2 -- ~) f18 9~ sin ~ ~v ~

~-(f~

-- y - -

2 (2 -- v) /z

eo~f~[--2c~
~3
3 e0 (g= gn)

-2(2-v)

1 sin~~ cos ~1 + 3 { ~ ~~176 ,~ gx,, + u ~cos

XXXlV. Band 1965

A.K. ~Naghdi and A. C. Eringen: Stress Distribution in a Circular Cylindrical Shell + / 5 5o cos/5fl [-- 1
1 ~2 '2
-

167

4 (2 -- v) l 2] + ~ ~oJ9 [-- 2cos 2~v [q2 o~ r

+ (-- 2 + 2 v) sin ~ 9] +/52 5~ocos ~ (g2 + g~)

~/~ 5~8~ - 4 (3 - - ~) ~2fio + ~i~ 2 ~ [ - 2 ~/5 5o si= ~ f l

(2 - ~) ~/52~?~si. ~ (83 + 8~) - 2 (2 - ~)/5~ 5~ ~i~2 ~f~, d2 ~+ 1(5o, ~ 1)

--~

I [-- 2 f s + (2 -- V)/5 ~)o (g~ -- g2) + 2 (2 -- V)/5 ~)o cos ~vf~2] + cos (2 l + 1}9 {--/53 5o~(f~ + f 7 ) [3 cos2~ + (2 -- v) sin2 9]
-

4/5a 5o~f~ [cos a 9 + (2 -- v) sin 2 9 cos 9] -- 3/sa 5o 8~ cos q~ ~ 5o ( 8 ~ s + & 5 ) + 2 / 5 5 o f ~ c o s 9 1 1 + ( 2 1 + l ) ~ 2 (2--v)]

+ 4

1 + ~-/5 5o (fs -- f7) [1 + (2 l + 1) 2 (2 -- v)] + 2/52 ~o~f~2[ _ cos ~ + (v -- 1) sin 2 ~] -- 2/52 5~ (8t -- gs) cos ~v + 1/5~ 5~g7 + (3 -- v) (2 l + 1) ~ fx,} + sin (2 l + 1) ~ {2 (2 l + 1)/5 5ofssin 9
(2 v) (2 t + 1)/52 5~ (8~ - 8~) si~

(23)

-- 2 (2 -- v) (2 1 + 1)/52 5~f12 sin ~v cos ~v},

d~t+ ~(5o, % l) ---- I [2f~ -- (2 - - r ) / 5 5o (g~ + g s ) -- 2 (2 -- v)/5 50 cos 9 f n ] +

+ cos (2 l + 1) ~v {--/53 5o~(fs - - f 7 ) [3 cos2T + (2 -- v) silx2 q)] -- 4/53 5~fs [ cos3 ~ + (2 -- v) sin 2 ~v cos ~v] + 3/5~ 5~ gls cos q~ 1~3 3 + ~-fi 5o (gl~ -- 815) -- 2/5 5ofz cos ~ [1 + (2 -- v) (2 l + 1) 2] 1 2 /5 ~o (fs -~f7) [1 + (2 -- v) (2 1 + 1) 2] -}- 2/52 52f1~ [cos2 ~

] + (1 - ~) sin 2 9] + 2 /52 52 (g~ + g~) cos ~ -- ~/52 5o gs ~

+ (3 - ~,) (2 1 + 1) 2 f~2] + sin (2 1 + 1) 9 {-- 2 (2 1 + 1)/5 5of5 sin ~v

+ (2 -- v) (2 l -~- 1)/52 5o~(84 + g3) sin

+ 2 (2 -- v) (2 l + 1)/52 5o~fll sin 9 cos 9 } ,

whcl'e

r~,(/5 5) = R.H2,(/5 5 ~ )
f~ = Q1A~*- 2 ~ F ~ ,

,
f2 = zQ2A2, -- 2 f2~ F2l, f4 = f21 17"1 + 2 ~2aA* f6 = Y21Fzl+, + 2 Y2~Azl+,, * f s = Q~F2* + 2 Y24 A 2 ,

f l ---- -- 2 Q 4 A 2 / - - Q ~ F z / ,

f5 = QIA2I+I

2 -(~3~r2 / +

f7 = P-2 A~* -- 2 ~24 F~*, f9 = Y21F2, + 2 ~2~A2,,

flo = 2 f23 F21 -- .(21A2, , flu

= --2Q,1/'2t+ 1 + ,-(22Aut+ 1 ,

f11 = -- 2 Q 4 A 2 , + l -- Q2 F 2 t + 1 ,
gl = -- 2 ~24A* - - .O2F~',
83 = Y21 A* - - 2 Y23 F~*,
8~ = 2 12s F * ~IA~,

g2 = -- 2 f2417 + ~92 A T , g4 = ~ 1 / 1 " + 2 ~QsA~*, gs = Q1 F * + 2 ~(23A * , gs = -- 2 .(24A* -- zq~ F4~ , glo = -- 2 Y2~ F~* + Y22A * , (24)

87 = - - 2/24 F** + ~22 A~ ~ , g9 = .(2~ F ~ + 2 ~9~ A~*,

168

A.K. Naghdi and A. C. Eringen: Stress Distribution in a Circular Cylindrical Shell

g l l = Q 1 / ~ * + 2 Qa A~*,

Ingenieur-Archiv

g= = 2 Qa F~* -- tg~ A~*,

g~ = 2 D3 F* -- ~ A~*, g~r = Q 2 F * + 2 D~A~*,

g~3 = -Q1 F* + 2 ~ A * , gl~ = -- 2 Q ~ F * + ~ A~*,

F=--21/3~sin21~cos~v--~osin~cos21T, C ~-/~[--(21-[-1) sin(21+l)?cos~v--sin~cos(21~-l)cf],

H - = f i ~ [ - - 2 I s i n 2 l ~ s i n ~ ~- cos~v cos 2 l ~ ] , I =fie[--(21~-l) sin~sin(21Jrl)~v+cos~cos(21-~l)~v],

here ~91, ~92, ~2a, ~ are Krylov functions defined in l~ and the following notations are also used A~* = A z , + ~ - A 2 t - 1 , A* = Az t - A 2 t + 2 , A* -~ A2 t - 2 -- 2 A 2 t -~ A21+2
A~ = ff12/_ 1

if* = f f 2 t - l - - ~ 2 t + l , F* -- F2t -- ff2t+2 , ~* = J~2/-- 2 - - 2 F2t ~- f ~ 2 / + 2

--2Azt+l~-A2t+3,

I~=~21--1--2F21A-I~-F2IA-3, !
/

(25)

A* = A2 t - 3 -- 3 A 2 t - ~ -~ 3 A 2 t + l - - A 2 t + 3 , -- 3 i f 2 / - - 1 "~- 3 Fzt+~ -- F 2 t + 3 ,

A* = A 2 t - 2

- 3A2t+

3Azt+2-A2t+~.

I
, (26)

I t is seen t h a t the functions defined in (24) are functions of ~, ~v and I. Since these functions are to be used in the edge conditions at the boundary of the cutout, they are to be evaluated for 0 ~-- 0o. The b o u n d a r y conditions involve the functions ~21, tg~, tga, tg~ which can be easily written in Fourier series. 12 For example ~1 (~ ~0 cas ~) = ~- [Jo (# ~o {i + i} + Jo (# ~o {1 - i}] - [j~ (# ~o {1 + i} 1 -f- J2 (fl ~o {1 - i})] cos 2 ~v + [Ja (~ ~0 {1 ~- i}) -4- J4 (~ ~0 {1 -- i}) l cos 4 ~v . . . .

where J , is the Bessel function of the first kind of order n. Inserting (26), and similar expansions for ~ , t~3, -Q4 in functions f~ and gi defined in (24) and putting the result in (16) through (23) one obtains the following b o u n d a r y conditions on Ne, No~, M e and Q*: N~,(~ o, A) cos 2 n ~v -= 21(qJ) = 2 o + 2~ cos 2 ~ -~ 22 cos 4 ~ + . 9 9
l~O n=O

St,(~0, A) sin 2 n ~ = 22(~) __ 22 sin 2 ~v + 24 s i n 4 ~v ~ - 2 9 s i n 6 ~ + " " -- 2

/=0

,=1 Ml,(e 0,A) cos 2 n~v =23(~v) = 2 o + 2 ~ cos 2 ~ + 2 ~ cos4~v + . . . ,

its0 r

(27)

/=0

-- 2

Qt,(~o,A) c o s 2 n q = 2 4 ( q ) = 2
n~0

l=0

where 2{(i = 1, 2, 3, 4; j = O, 2, 4 . . . . ~ eo) are coefficients of Fourier expansions of the functions 2s(qv) and Nt,, St,, Mt,, Qt, are some lengthy and complicated functions which are not reproduced here for the sake of brevity. For a prescribed edge loading2~are given. Therefore, the solution of these equations completes the solution of the problem. The absolute and uniform convergence
oo

of these cx3a equations has been proven elsewhere la subject to the condition t h a t the series ~ 2~ (i = 1, 2, 3, 4) is absolutely convergent, j=0 11 S. footnote 9 of p. 162. 12 H. B. Dwight, Tables of Integrals and Other Mathematical Data, New York 1957, p. 184. 13 A. K. Naghdi, Stress Distribution in A Circular Cylindrical Shell with a Circular Cutout. Doctoral Thesis Submitted to the Faculty of Purdue University, 1964.

xxxIv. 13~a 1965

A.K. 3Iaghdi and A. C. Eringen: Stress Distribution in a Circular Cylindrical Shell

169

4. Special Cases. a) C a s e (1) U n i f o r m E d g e B e n d i n g conditions are at p =cx3:

M o m e n t . I n this case the b o u n d a r y

~o= ~o~=~o=~:
at ~ = ~o:

= o,
(28)

Ne(~o0, ~v, l A) = K ~ Nq(e0, ~, l, A) = 0 ,

N~(~0, ~, t, A) = K ~oN~(e0, ~, l, ~) = 0 ,
2

M--~(eo,~, l, ~) =

- - ~-Mq(Oo,~V~ l , A ) = 1 , ~

(2~(O~o,~, ~, A) = - ~ (2*" , % l, A ) = O . ~o~ o(~o

b) C a s e (2) U n i f o r m E x t e n s i o n . T h r o u g h t h e equilibrium of a t r i a n g u l a r element a t t h e edge of a circle p = ~o we find t h a t a uniform axial load t N~ acting at t h e end of an u n p u c t u r e d cylindrical shell would produce at ~ = ~0 t h e following " n o m i n a l " stress resultants (The Term Nominal Stress is used here to denote t h e stress in t h e shell w i t h o u t a hole, t h e shell being subjected to the same e x t e r n a l loading.). 1 N~ = - ~ N , 1 Ill + cos 2 ~v) , N~ -2 N , sin 2 ~ . If t h e edge of ~he hole ~o = 00 is to be free of tractions we m u s t a p p l y t h e reverse of these tractions at ~ = ~o Hence, the b o u n d a r y conditions for this case are 0. at
- -

~ -----cx~:
m q

at

o = @o: (29)

NQ(~o % l, A) = K ~0 _N~(~o,% l, A) = ),~(~) = - - (1 + cos 2 ~ ) , o, ~ 1Vet(e0, ~v, l, A) = K ~0 Nqr ~ % l, A) = 2z(~) = sin 2 ~ ,

M~(e0, % l, A) = - - ~ - Me(0o, q, l, A ) = 23(~) = 0 , ~

Q~(~o, v, ~, A) = ~ ~*" ~, ~, A) = ~(~) = 0. ~~ %~Oo,

c) C a s e (3) P r e s s u r i z e d C y l i n d e r . To free t h e hole from m e m b r a n e tractions, as in case (2) we m u s t a p p l y t h e reverse of t h e :nominal stress resultants He, = -21 ~[y(1 - - cos 2 ~v) , 1 N~*~ = y Ny sin 2 ~v

to t h e edge ~ = 8o of the hole. I n a d d i t i o n a u n i f o r m l y d i s t r i b u t e d vertical shear equilibrating t h e internal pressure m u s t be applied at ~ = ~0. Thus t h e b o u n d a r y conditions are: at ~ =(x):
m

=~=M~at = e0
o~

-Q* ~ = 0 ,

No(Qo, V, l, A) = K 0 0 No(Qo,% l, A) =21(~) = - - (1 - - cos 2 ~v),

N~(~o0, ~, I, A) = K ~ N~(~o, % I, A) = 22(qv) = - - sin 2 ~ ,
M~(oo, ~, l, A) = Mo(~ % l, A ) = ; @ ) = 0 ,

(30)

(2~(~o0,~v, t, A)

~o (2~(~o, ~, l, A ) = ~ ( ~ ) = 8 ~ ~

I t is clear t h a t to o b t a i n the complete solution1 in cases (2) und (3) to the solution so obtained, we m u s t a d d t h e respective n o m i n a l stress fields given above.

170

A . K . Naghdi a n d A. C. E r i n g e n : Stress D i s t r i b u t i o n in a Circular Cylindrical Shell

Ingenieur-Archiv

~,0

~,o

g,8

o,5

~t
I

~5

g,s

8,5

I \X

Fig. 6. Non-dimensional Normal Stress N p Versus ~/90 for Extension Case 0.8 fl~o=~-~, v=0,3, ~=--~'2

~e

~-

Fig. 5. Non-dimensional Bending Moment M p Versus o/@o for Bending Moment Case. 0.5 fl Oo = ~ , v = 0.3, go = ~ - .

//
"-

3,0

3,097

~5

f 2

->+.
- Oulep suPFace

--

u,z

0,~

0,~

0,o

,7o

/,z

Fig. 9. S~ for go = 0 Versus ff Qo (Capped Cylinder).

Fig. 7. Non-dimensional Stress Concentration Be Versus O/q0 for Internal Pressure Case. /700 = ~ , 1

72

v=0.3,

go=0.

\
(if//

/f

\
\\\\\\\\,,.,,.\\\\ \ \\\\\\\.,,\\\\ \

~5

g5

3,5 0

,AI " ~ \ \ \ \ \

Pig. 8. Non-dimensional Stress Concentration Se Versus q]~0 for Extension Case. 0.1 flO.~, v = 0.3. go=2"

~0

20

40

GO

Fig. 10. The Region of Validity of the Problem for Extension Case. v = 0.3, 0 = 3 [16, and e = 5%.

XXXlV.B,nd 1965

A.K. Naghdi and A. C. Eringen: Stress Distribution in a Circular Cylindrical Shell

171

I n equation (27) through (30) the dependence on unknown c o n s t a n t s A2 t, A~I, M2t+ 1, A ' t + 1~ (1 = 0, 1, 2 . . . . ), has been indicated b y the including the parameter A into the argument of the functions. These functions are linear in the unknown constants as is clear from the generating function Upgiven b y (15). Since the eigenfunctions multiplying these coefficients are not orthogonal the explicit determination of these unknown constants cannot be accomplished. The solution has therefore been carried out in a computer by the method of least square error for various values of/3 ~0 and for v = 0.3. 5. Stress Concentration. The principal membrane stress resultants N 1 and N 2 are given by N.J == 2 - ( N ~ + Nr + [4 N ~ -}- (N~
-N~0)2]1/2} .

(31)

The membrane stress concentration facot S. at the edge of the hole is obtained by dividing the maximum absolute value of (31) b y the nominal stress which for the case (2) and (3) are N , and p R respectively. At any other point not lying on the middle surface to N 1 and N2 we must superpose the flexural stresses due to bending moments Me, Mo, and M ~ . The flexural stresses takes their maximum and minimum values at the lower z = ~- and upper z = ~ - surfaces. The combined stress concentration factor so obtained is denoted by S~. For a cylinder whose ends are closed (capped cylinder) the stresses are obtained b y the superposition of the results of (2) and (3) where for the axial tension we have N., = p-~- . Some results of these tedious calculations are presented in Fig. 5 to 9. On Fig. 5 we see how- the bending moment dies out as we move along a radius ~. The plate solution is also plotted. On Fig. 6
~g t --t

we find the variation of N o a*: ~ ~- y with radius Q for case (2) (the case of applied uniform axial stress). On Fig. 7 the membrane stress concentrations for case (3) along the radius 9 = 0 and on Fig. 8 t h a t for case (2) along $, = ~- are plotted. Finally we present stress concentrations (including the effect of bending) along q~ = 0 for the capped cylinder subject to internal pressure on Fig. 9. For more extensive results we refer the reader to references ~4. The numerical solution is accurate in the range
~Z

O.1/V~2<=/3 ~o <= 2.5/~2-.

in the form of series in/3 ~0 and (/3 ~o0) log m {~/~ 0~ k
l/~ -

(32)

The b o u n d a r y conditions are satisfied up to 4 to 5 significant figures. An analytic solution

results. Below we present the stress concentration factors S c for membrane stresses in the cases of axial tension and internal pressure. a) A x i a l t e n s i o n : S c _~ y1 ( 1 - - c o s 2 q~ + N ~ ) = =1 1 a2~'~ ~- ( 1 -- cos 2 9 + ~ I m ~ } -

also obtained which agrees with the numerical

2.590300201/34 ~ - 3.746 031811 fi4 ~ In ( ~ ) -- 0.4242424,27/34 ~ In 2 \ l/~_ ] +

--2 -- 1.570795/52 ~o -- 3.755245496/34 ~ -0

-- 6.993 506597/34 e~ In ( ~ ) + I--0.166070393/34 ~ -

-- 0.848484854/54 o~ ln2 {7/~ e~ cos 2iv + .o ~-~2_--]j 1.606060605 /54 ~o04 ( ~ ) ] In cos 4 ~ + (33)

+ [-- 0.012 752 52/54 ~o~]cos 6 9 " 14 S. footnotes 8 and 9 of p. 362. 13

172

A.K. Naghdi and A. C. Eringen: Stress Distribution in a Circular Cylindrical Shell b) I n t e r n a l pressure: l+cos2~+~Im~]

ingenieur-Areh{v

sc=l(l+cos2~vq-5~)=~-

= 1 + 3.14159fl 2 ~ -1- 14.27495844 fia ~04 + + 30.663 78106 fl~ e04In [7/~ e0 ~ q- 15.49350673 fi4 e0~ln2 [7/~ e0 ] V~_ ] ~ V~_ +/2+ 4.712385 fl 2 ~ + 21.19121131/~ a ~o04 cos

+ 41.40331942/~'p0~1 n , 7fl~)o , q- 17.40259765fia0:ln 2 7fi9o (~:-) + [0,587 607178 /~ 0~ + 2.818181823 /34 004I n / ~ ) ] -]- [0.012 752 52/~a ~401cos 6 ~ . cos 4 ~

(34)

These equations are obtained b y a long and tedious process of first expanding the functions/21 to ~4 into Taylor series of fi ~o cos ~v and then multiplying this series b y the power series representation of the Hankel functions which factor these functions. The unknown coefficients of integrations are then solved from the boundary conditiops for each ease. The details of this method and subsequent results are being planned for publication in a separate paper. A comparison of calculations based on (33) and (34) and those of computer solutions is made in Table 1. Table 1. Comparison of Membrane Stress Concentrations Calculated from the Method of Least Square Error and the Analytic Series Expansion (~ = 0.3,~ = ~/2)
Computer Se Analytic Sr
Extension Case

Internal Pressure Case (v = 0.3, ~ = 0) Computer S~ Analytic S~

0.1 0.3 0.5 0.7 0.8

3.0078 3.0692 3.1861 3.3492 3.4449

3.0078 3.0698 3.1957 3.4047 3.5542

3.0406 3.3457 3.8418 4.4159 4.7091

3.0405 3.3424 3.9351 5.4058 6.9937

We mention t h a t the solution is limited to a region in the (fl ~0, R/t) plane. First, because the Donnell theory fails in the thick shell region R/t < 10. Second, the cylinder to cylinder intersection curve deviates from a circle for ~0/R > 1/2. Third, the ~ = ~ does not exist except at ~ = 0; thus the residual stress must quickly vanish to make the theory valid. If the m a x i m u m permissible deviation in stress concentration at Q is e we see t h a t there will be a relation between/3 Q0 and R/t to make the stress concentration become 1 + e. With these considerations we see that our solution is valid in the shaded region of Fig. 10. Acknowledgment. The authors are indebted to Bureau of Ships of U. S. Nacy, PVRC subcommittee on reinforced opening and General Technology Corporation for the support of this work. Acknowledgment is gratefully made to Mr. J. L. Mershon for his encouragement and Mr. C. Thiel for computer work. (Eingegangen am 28. August 1964) Anschrift der Verfasser: Prof. A. K. Naghdi, Department of Mechanics and Aerospace Engineering, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas USA; Prof. A. C. Eringen, School of Aeronautical and Engineering Sciences, Purdne University, Lafayette, Indiana USA.