OSPF:To see the contents of ospf database use show ip ospf databases To check routers adjacencies use show

ip ospf neighbor or sh ip ospf interface To change ospf priorities use the command with the interface level ip ospf priority Note: setting the value to 0 eliminates the router from the DR/BDR election process. By default its 1 ranging from 0-255. Router id can be changed by router-id command. But the router must be reloaded or the ospf processes need to be cleared [giving clear ip ospf process command] before the command will take effect. Also to change DR/BDR they need to be reset. Note: - neighbor statement is only necessary on hub router not on spoke routers. Router(config-router)neighbor ip-of-spoke-router Ospf network type can be changed on interface-level ip ospf network ? Hello and dead interval time can be changed in interface level ip ospf hello-interval sec ip ospf dead-interval sec

Hello packets:Ospf hello packets are sent every 10 secs on point to point and multi access segments 30 secs on NBMA (Non broadcast multi access) segments e.g. - frame-relay, x.25, ATM. Show ip ospf border displays any ABRs in the area or ASBRs in the ospf routing domain. Cisco recommends 50 routers per ospf area. Its better that each ABR (area border router) contains 2 area information; 3 areas would be upper limit.

Inter-area route summarization:-

In the above diagram, RTB is summarizing the range of subnets from 128.213.64.0 to 128.213.95.0 into one range: 128.213.64.0 255.255.224.0. This is achieved by masking the first three left most bits of 64 using a mask of 255.255.244.0. In the same way, RTC is generating the summary address 128.213.96.0 255.255.224.0 into the backbone.

External summarization:-

In the above diagram, RTA and RTD are injecting external routes into OSPF by redistribution. RTA is injecting subnets in the range 128.213.64-95 and RTD is injecting subnets in the range 128.213.96-127. In order to summarize the subnets into one range on each router we can do the following: RTA# router ospf 100 summary-address 128.213.64.0 255.255.224.0 redistribute bgp 50 metric 1000 subnets RTD# router ospf 100 summary-address 128.213.96.0 255.255.224.0 redistribute bgp 20 metric 1000 subnets This will cause RTA to generate one external route 128.213.64.0 255.255.224.0 and will cause RTD to generate 128.213.96.0 255.255.224.0. Note that the summary-address command has no effect if used on RTB because RTB is not doing the redistribution into OSPF.

Network types:Broadcast-multiaccess Ethernet, tokenring, FDDI Non-broadcast-multiaccess frame-relay, x.25, SMDS Point to point HDLC, PPP

Point to multipoint configured by administrator Stub area:A stub area does not get any external routes. A stub area receives a default route and OSPF inter area routes. Totally stubby area:A modified version of a stubby area is a totally stubby area. A totally stubby area ABR only allows in a single, default route from the backbone. To configure this, you only need to change a command at the ABR, in our case, R2. Under the router OSPF process, enter the area 23 stub no-summary command. This replaces the existing stub command for area 23. no-summary tells the router that this area will not receive summary (inter-area) routes. Not so stubby area:Not so stubby areas (NSSAs) are similar to regular stub areas, except that they allow routes to be redistributed from an ASBR into that area with a special LSA type, which gets converted to a normal external route at the ABR. For this lab, we will change area 23 into an NSSA. NSSAs are not compatible with stub areas, so the first thing we must do is issue a no area 23 stub command on routers R2 and R3. Next, we issue the area area nssa command on routers R2 and R3 to change area 23 to an NSSA. To generate an external route into the NSSA, use the redistribute connected subnets command on R3. This adds the previously unreachable loopback 20 into OSPF. Be sure to include the subnets keyword; otherwise, only classful networks are redistributed. Totally not so stubby area:Reference ccnp lab-3-2

Ospf authentication:Ccnp lab 3-2 LSA type:LSA TYPE 1: Router LSA LSA TYPE 2: Network LSA (DR generated)

LSA TYPE 3: Summary LSA (ABR summary route) LSA TYPE 4: Summary LSA (ASBR location) LSA TYPE 5: External LSA (ASBR summary route) In Stub area LSA type 5 and on Totally Stubby area LSA type 3, 4, 5 are blocked from entering.