Basic Dierentiation - A Refresher

v3. March 2003

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Basic Dierentiation - A Refresher

Contents

Foreword Preliminary work How to use this booklet Reminders Introduction 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. Dierentiation of a simple power Dierentiation of a unit power Dierentiation of a constant Dierentiation of a simple power multiplied by a constant Notes page Dierentiation of a unit power multiplied by a constant Dierentiation of a general power Dierentiation of a general power multiplied by a constant Dierentiation of a sum or dierence of terms Notes page Dierentiation of a simple fraction Dierentiation of fractions reducible to simpler fractions Notes page Dierentiation of a simple bracket Dierentiation of a general bracket Notes page Miscellaneous problems Answers to problems Acknowledgements

2 2 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 24 28

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Basic Dierentiation - A Refresher

Foreword
The material in this refresher course has been designed to enable you to cope better with your university mathematics programme. When your programme starts you will nd that the ability to dierentiate condently will be invaluable. We think that this is so important that we are making this course available for you to work through either before you come to university, or during the early stages of your programme.

Preliminary work
You are advised to work through the companion booklet An Algebra Refresher before embarking upon this basic dierentiation revision course.

How to use this booklet

You are advised to work through each section in this booklet in order. You may need to revise some topics by looking at an AS-level textbook which contains information about dierentiation. You should attempt a range of questions from each section, and check your answers with those at the back of the booklet. The more questions that you attempt, the more familiar you will become with these vital topics. We have left sucient space in the booklet so that you can do any necessary working within it. So, treat this as a work-book. If you get questions wrong you should revise the material and try again until you are getting the majority of questions correct. If you cannot sort out your diculties, do not worry about this. Your university will make provision to help you with your problems. This may take the form of special revision lectures, self-study revision material or a drop-in mathematics support centre.

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Basic Dierentiation - A Refresher

Reminders
Use this page to note topics and questions which you found dicult. Seek help with these from your tutor or from other university support services as soon as possible.

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Basic Dierentiation - A Refresher

Introduction
Dierentiation is an aspect of calculus that enables us to determine how one quantity changes with regard to another. In this booklet we will not however be concerned with the applications of dierentiation, or the theory behind its development, but solely with the mechanisms by which the process of dierentiation may be quickly and eectively carried out. Each section that follows will introduce a particular technique followed by several problems for you to practice what you have learned. At the end of the booklet you will nd answers for each of the sections. Included are some pages for you to make notes that may serve as a reminder to you of any possible areas of diculty. You should seek help with such areas of diculty from your tutor or other university support services.

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Basic Dierentiation - A Refresher

1. Dierentiation of a simple power

To dierentiate s = tn . Example ds = 3t31 dt = 3t2 Bring the existing power down and use it to multiply. s = t3 Reduce the old power by one and use this as the new power. ds Answer = ntn1 dt

Practice: In the space provided write down the requested derivative for each of the following expressions. ds dt dy dx dT d dv dt dV dr dR dt da dt dP dv dv dt dy dx dA dr dp dV

(a) s = t9 , (e) y = x12 , (i) T = 8 ,

(b) v = t4 , (f) V = r3 , (j) R = t19 ,

(c) a = t5 , (g) P = v 6 , (k) v = t11 ,

(d) y = x7 , (h) A = r2 , (l) p = V 10 ,

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2. Dierentiation of a unit power

To dierentiate s = t. The phrase a unit power refers to the fact that the power is 1. Note that t is the same as t1 . We can use the previous rule. Dierentiating the term t = t1 gives 1t0 = 1 Answer ds =1 dt

Practice: In the space provided write down the requested derivative for each of the following expressions. dr dt dz dy dT d dv dt dV dr dQ dr da dt dP dv dm ds dy dx dW dz dx dy

(a) r = t, (e) z = y, (i) T = ,

(b) v = t, (f) V = r, (j) Q = r,

(c) a = t, (g) P = v, (k) m = s,

(d) y = x, (h) W = z, (l) x = y,

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3. Dierentiation of a constant
To dierentiate s = a where a is a constant. ds =0 dt Example ds =0 dt An isolated constant always dierentiates to zero. s = 4 Answer

Practice: In the space provided write down the requested derivative for each of the following expressions. ds dt dT dt dp dr dv dt dz dx dq dt 1 (c) = , 2 (g) x = 31 , 3 (k) w = , 4 d dt dx dt dw dz dr d df dx dm d

(a) s = 5, (e) T = , (i) p = 4,

(b) v = 0.6, (f) z = 29.6, (j) q = 2,

(d) r = 1, (h) f = 2.7, (l) m = 2.7,

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4. Dierentiation of a simple power multiplied by a constant

To dierentiate s = atn where a is a constant. Example s = 3t4 ds = 4 3t41 dt = 12t3 Bring the existing power down and use it to multiply. Reduce the old power by one and use this as the new power. ds = antn1 Answer dt

Practice: In the space provided write down the requested derivative for each of the following expressions. ds dt dA dr dy dx dy dx dT d dr dt dr d dv dt dP dv dv dr dp dv dC dN

(a) s = 3t4 , (e) A = r2 , (i) y = 14x2 ,

(b) y = 7x3 , (f) T = 64 , (j) r = 5t7 ,

(c) r = 0.45 , (g) v = 5t9 , (k) P = 7v 6 ,

(d) v = 4r3 , (h) p = 6v 3 , (l) C = 12N 8 ,

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5. Dierentiation of a unit power multiplied by a constant

To dierentiate s = at where a is a constant. The result is always the same as the constant. Answer ds =a dt Example s = 3t ds =3 dt

Practice: In the space provided write down the requested derivative for each of the following expressions. dy dx dC dn dN dn ds d ds dt dQ dv d dt dw dz dp dv dz dw dr dt dR d

(a) y = 5x, (d) C = 7n, (g) N = 1.7n, (j) s = 3.14,

(b) s = 6t, (e) Q = 0.5v, 1 (h) = t, 3 (k) w = 5z,

(c) p = 4v, (f) z = w, 1 (i) r = t, 4 (l) R = 9.6,

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6. Dierentiation of a general power

To dierentiate s = tn for any value of n. Example

Bring the existing power down and use it to multiply. s = t3.4 Reduce the old power by one and use this as the new power. Answer ds = ntn1 dt = 3.4t4.4 ds = 3.4t3.41 dt

Practice: In the space provided write down the requested derivative for each of the following expressions.

(a) s = t2.8 , (d) v = 4r3 , (g) v = t1 , (j) r = t1/3 ,

ds dt dv dr dv dt dr dt

(b) y = x2/3 , (e) A = r1/2 , (h) p = v 3.5 , (k) P = v 1.8 ,

dy dx dA dr dp dv dP dv

(c) r = 0.41/4 , (f) T = 6 , (i) y = x3/4 , (l) C = N 6 ,

dr d dT d dy dx dC dN

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7. Dierentiation of a general power multiplied by a constant

To dierentiate s = atn for any value of n where a is a constant. Example Bring the existing power down and use it to multiply. Reduce the old power by one and use this as the new power. Answer ds = antn1 dt s = 2.5t4 ds = 4 2.5t41 dt = 10t5

Practice: In the space provided write down the requested derivative for each of the following expressions. dy dx dC dn dN dn ds dp ds dt dQ dv d dt dw dz dp dv dz dw dr dt dv dr

(a) y = 5x1.5 , (d) C = 6n1 , (g) N = 5.2n10 , (j) s = 2.5p2.5 ,

(b) s = 4t3 , (e) Q = 2v 0.5 , 1 (h) = t6 , 5 (k) w = 15z 0.1 ,

(c) p = 8v 1/2 , (f) z = 6w2.5 , (i) r = 5t2 , (l) v = 3r4 ,

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8. Dierentiation of a sum or dierence of terms

To dierentiate s = f (t) + g(t) or s = f (t) g(t). Example Dierentiate f (t) and g(t) using previous rules. Add or subtract the results. Answer ds df dg = + dt dt dt or ds df dg = dt dt dt s = 3t2 6t 3
1 1 ds = 2 3t21 6t 3 1 dt 3 1

= 6t 2t 3
2

Practice: In the space provided write down the requested derivative for each of the following expressions.

(a) s = t2 + t3 , (d) v = 5t 10t2 , (g) y = x2 + 3x4

ds dt dv dt dy dx

(b) v = 2t + 3t4 , (e) a = 3t4.5 4t1 (h) y = 2x1 x2 ,

dv dt da dt dy dx

(c) a = 3 + 4t, (f) s = 4t1/2 2.5t2 , 1 (i) x = 3y + y 2 , 4

da dt ds dt dx dy

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Notes Page

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9. Dierentiation of a simple fraction

To dierentiate s = a tn where a is a constant. Example s= 2 t3 = 2t3 ds = 3 2t31 dt = 6t4

Rewrite as s = atn .

Dierentiate using previous rules. Answer ds = antn1 dt

Practice: In the space provided write down the requested derivative for each of the following expressions. 1 (a) s = , t (d) p = (g) v = 2.4 , r7 ds dt dp dr dv dx d dt 2 , t2 4.5 , t1/2 2.5 , 3 7 , 2x ds dt dv dt ds d dz dx 5 , x3 10 , t6 , 3 r2.5 , dy dx da dt dx d dq dr

(b) s = (e) v = (h) s = (k) z =

(c) y = (f) a = (i) x = (l) q =

4.9 , x4 2 (j) = 5 , t

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10. Dierentiation of fractions reducible to simpler fractions

To dierentiate s = Rewrite as s = a + btn . ctm Example s= = 4 + 3t2 5t3 4 3t2 + 3 5t3 5t

btn a + m. ctm ct

Use power laws to simplify. Dierentiate using previous rules.

4t3 3t1 = + 5 5 ds 3 4t31 3t11 = + (1) dt 5 5

Answer

amtm1 b ds = + (n m)tnm1 dt c c

12t4 3t2 5 5

Practice: In the space provided write down the requested derivative for each of the following expressions. 5t3 + 3t , t 3 + 5x , 4x 8 + 6z 2 , 3z 4 5t2 + 3t + 1 , t3 7 + 2t , 3t 3y + 2y 2 , 4y

(a) s =

4t + 1 , t 7 + 6x + 5x2 , x2 2 + 5t + 2t3 , t2

ds dt dy dx d dt

(b) s =

ds dt dy dx dw dz

(c) v =

dv dt dz dt dx dy

(d) y =

(e) y =

(f) z =

(g) =

(h) w =

(i) x =

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Notes Page

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11. Dierentiation of a simple bracket

To dierentiate s = (at + b)n . Bring the existing power down and use it to multiply. Reduce the old power by 1 and use this as the new power. Dierentiate the expression inside the bracket. Multiply your results together. Answer ds = an(at + b)n1 dt ds = 5 (3t + 6)51 3 dt = 15(3t + 6)4 Example s = (3t + 6)5

Practice: In the space provided write down the requested derivative for each of the following expressions. ds dt dz dx dy dx dv dt da dt dy dt d dt ds dt dz dx

(a) s = (2t + 3)6 , (d) z = (x + 2.4)10 , (g) y = (4x 1)1/2 ,

(b) v = (5 + 2t)7 , (e) a = (5t 3)2 , (h) y = (2 + 0.5t)3 ,

(c) = (0.4t + 1)2.5 , (f) s = (3 6t)3 , (i) z = (4x 6)0.5 ,

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12. Dierentiation of a general bracket

To dierentiate s = [ f (t) ]n . Bring the existing power down and use it to multiply. Reduce the old power by 1 and use this as the new power. Dierentiate f (t) to give df . dt ds = 7(5t3 3t2 + 1)71 (3 5t31 2 3t21 + 0) dt = 7(5t3 3t2 + 1)6 (15t2 6t) = 21t(5t3 3t2 + 1)6 (5t 2) Example s = (5t3 3t2 + 1)7

Multiply your results together. Simplify. Answer ds df = n[ f (t) ]n1 . dt dt

Practice: In the space provided write down the requested derivative for each of the following expressions.

(a) s = (3t2 + 2t + 4)5 (d) = (3t + 1)1 (g) z = (5x3 + 1)4

ds dt d dt dz dx

(b) r = (42 2 + 1)2 (e) p = (5v 2 + 2)2 (h) s = (2t + 1)4

dr d dp dt ds dt

(c) v = (8x2 + 5x)2 (f) y = (t3 + t + 1)2 (i) x = (3y 2 4y)3

dv dx dy dt dx dy

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13. Miscellaneous problems

1. In each of the following determine 2 t 1 (d) s = t 3 (g) s = (5t + 1)4 (j) s = 5t2 + 3t + 6 ds . dt (c) s = 4t2 t3 3t + 4 t2 2 (i) s = 3t + 1 (l) s = (2t + 3t1 )5 (f ) s =

(a) s =

(b) s = t1/2 (e) s = 2t + 1 t

(h) s = (3t + 1)1 (k) s = 2t3 + t4

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Basic Dierentiation - A Refresher

2. In each of the following determine (a) y = x1/2 (d) y = 5x + 1 x

(b) y = (x + 1)1/2 (e) y = 5x2 7 + 2x x (k) y = 24 2x3/4 (h) y =

(c) y =

3 +1 x

(f ) y = 7(x2 + 1)5 (i) y = 5 3x2 (l) y = (2x3 + 3x2 5x)2

(g) y = (2x + 1)1/3 (j) y = 4x2 + 3x1

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3. In each of the following determine (a) v = 3t (d) v = 4 + 3t t

(b) v = 0.7t3 6t3 (e) v = 6 3 t2 (k) v = (5t2 + 3t2 )3 (h) v =

(f ) v = 2t2 3t1 + 4 + 5t (i) v = 3t 1 t0.1

(g) v = (6t 2)0.5 (j) v = 8t4 3t1/2

(l) v = t

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Answers to Problems
Section 1
(a) 9t8 (e) 12x11 (i) 87 (b) 4t3 (f ) 3r2 (j) 19t18 (c) 5t4 (g) 6v 5 (k) 11t10 (d) 7x6 (h) 2r (l) 10V 9

Section 2
(a) 1 (e) 1 (i) 1 (b) 1 (f ) 1 (j) 1 (c) 1 (g) 1 (k) 1 (d) 1 (h) 1 (l) 1

Section 3
(a) 0 (e) 0 (i) 0 (b) 0 (f ) 0 (j) 0 (c) 0 (g) 0 (k) 0 (d) 0 (h) 0 (l) 0

Section 4
(a) 12t3 (e) 2r (i) 28x (b) 21x2 (f ) 243 (j) 35t6 (c) 24 (g) 45t8 (k) 42v 5 (d) 12r2 (h) 18v 2 (l) 96N 7

Section 5
(a) 5 (e) 0.5 (i) 1/4 (b) 6 (f ) (j) 3.14 (c) 4 (g) 1.7 (k) 5 (d) 7 (h) 1/3 (l) 9.6

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Section 6
(a) 2.8t1.8 (e) (i)
1 1/2 r 2 3 1/4 x 4

(b) (f ) (j)

2 1/3 x 3

(c) 0.13/4 (g) t2

(d) (h) (l)

12r4 3.5v 4.5 6N 7

67 1 t4/3 3

(k) 1.8v 0.8

Section 7
(a) 7.5x0.5 (e) v 0.5 (i) 10t3 (b) (f ) 12t4 15w3.5 (c) 4v 1/2 (g) 52n9 (k) 1.5z 1.1 (d) (h) 6n2
6 5 t 5

(j) 6.25p1.5

(l) 12r5

Section 8
(a) 2t + 3t2 (e) 13.5t3.5 + 4t2 (i) 3 + y 2 (b) 2 + 12t3 (f ) 2t1/2 + 5t3 (c) 4 (g) 2x + 12x3 (d) 5 20t (h) 2x2 + 2x3

Section 9
(a) (e) (i) t2 2.25t3/2 2 (b) (f ) (j) 4t3 60t7 5 2t6 (c) (g) (k) 15x4 19.6x5 7 x2 2 (d) (h) (l) 16.8r8 7.54 7.5r3.5

Section 10
(a) (e) (i) t2 3 x2 4 1 2 (b) 10t (f ) 7 t2 3 (c) (g) 5t2 6t3 3t4 4t3 5t2 + 2 (d) (h) 14x3 6x2 32 5 z 4z 3 3

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Section 11
(a) 12(2t + 3)5 (e) (i) 10(5t 3)3 2(4x 6)1.5 (b) 14(5 + 2t)6 (f ) 18(3 6t)4 (c) (0.4t + 1)1.5 (g) 2(4x 1)1/2 (d) 10(x + 2.4)9 (h) 1.5(2 + 0.5t)2

Section 12
(a) 10(3t2 + 2t + 4)4 (3t + 1) (b) (d) (g) 3(3t + 1)2 60x2 (5x3 + 1)5 (e) 4(42 2 + 1)3 (4 1) (c) 2(8x2 + 5x)(16x + 5) 20v(5v 2 + 2)3 (f ) 2(t3 + t + 1)(3t2 + 1) (i) 6(3y 2 4y)2 (3y 2)

(h) 8(2t + 1)3

Section 13

Exercise 1 (a) 2t2 (b) (e) (h) (k) 1 1/2 t 2 t2 3(3t + 1)2 6t4 + 4t3 (c) 8t3

(d) 1/3 (g) 20(5t + 1)3 (j) 10t + 3

(f ) 1 + 3t2 8t3 (i) (l) 6(3t + 1)2 5(2t + 3t1 )6 (2 3t2 )

Exercise 2 1 1/2 x 2 (d) 5 x2 (g) (j) 2 (2x + 1)2/3 3 8x3 3x2 1 (x + 1)1/2 2 (e) 10x (b) (h) (k) 7x2 3 7/4 x 2

(a)

(c)

3x2

(f ) 70x(x2 + 1)4 (i) 10 3 x 3

(l) 2(2x3 + 3x2 5x)(6x2 + 6x 5)

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Basic Dierentiation - A Refresher Exercise 3 (a) 3 (d) (g) 4t2 + 3 3(6t 2)1.5 (b) 2.1t4 18t2 (c) (f ) 2.5(5t 6)1.5

27

(e) 0 (h) 6t3

4t3 + 3t2 + 5

(i) 3 + 0.1t1.1 (l)

(j) 32t3 1.5t1/2

(k) 6(5t2 + 3t2 )2 (5t3 + 3t)

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Acknowledgements

The materials in Basic Dierentiation - A Refresher were prepared by David Pidcock at the Mathematics Education Centre, Loughborough University, on behalf of mathcentre.

The document was prepared in Latex by Joan de Souza for mathcentre.

Users are invited to send any suggestions for improvement to enquiries@mathcentre.ac.uk.

This edition of Basic Dierentiation - A Refresher is published by mathcentre in March 2003.

If departments wish to customise and print their own copies, the contents of the book can be supplied in electronic format suitable for printing.

Further details from: mathcentre c/o Mathematics Education Centre Loughborough University LE11 3TU

email: enquiries@mathcentre.ac.uk tel: 01509 227465 www: http://www.mathcentre.ac.uk c mathcentre 2003