Einstein in Mordor

Einstein in Mordor
Black Rings in Hi
Black Rings in Hi
-
-
D General Relativity
D General Relativity
Roberto Emparan
Roberto Emparan
ICREA & U. Barcelona
ICREA & U. Barcelona
Andrew Chamblin Memorial Conference, Cambridge 14 Oct 2006
Black hole uniqueness
Uniqueness is one of the most remarkable properties of
classical 4D black holes
ALL black holes in the Universe are exactly described
by the Kerr solution
The most shattering experience in my entire scientific life
(S. Chandrasekhar)
M, J
(a) (b) (c)
Into the higher-dimensional world
Motivations
String / M theory
Large Extra Dimensions
Understand gravity and black holes better:
D = # of dimensions as a tunable parameter
What properties are dep/indep of D?
Natural theoretical curiosity / Mathematical Physics
(c)
(a)
(b)
Black holes in D>4
Tangherlini 1963
Myers+ Perry 1986
Schwarzschild is easy
Kerr is harder. In Dz>z+Ithere are several
independent rotation planes:
Myers+Perry found rotating black hole solutions with
angular momentum in an arbitrary number of planes
_
)
_
Q
_

_
]
_
e
_
.

qx
Q
I I
|
)I
O

] I
q
qP
Q
l
q
Q
)I O,
] I
l
Q
q,
] I Qd
Myers-Perry black holes
c
] I Q
They all have spherical topology
Consider a single spin:
J
J
D = 5
D u 6
upper ( ext remal) limit
on J is singular
no upper limit on J
for fixed M
( expect ult ra- spinning inst abilit y
| ydynamical upper limit on Jz)
J
D = 4
upper ( ext remal) limit
on J is regular
Is this all?
Is uniqueness a generic property of black holes SDu4?
With Kaluza-Klein boundary conditions, it is readily clear
that not:
But, if asymptotically flat?
localized black hole
black st ring
Schwarzschild x S
I
The forging of the ring (in D=5)
spin it up
bend into a circle
black string
c
Q
Metric
?tb<-<Db,
c
Q
, dI )I
Q
d)l Bd
bdI )l )
c
)
qx
Q
I I
bd
b_d

qPI ' |
)l
bd
q?
w
Q
l
|
Q
_ I d
Q
b_d

I
,d
bd
q?
Q
I
q
Q
,d
l
q_
Q
,_d
l
,_d
b_d
qJ
Q

J
_
Paramet ers , , R
equilibrium , y()
RE+ Reall 2001
from Wick- rot at ed form in
Chamblin+ RE
Dowker et al
"Ring coordinates" x,zy
_ I `b,r<
I `b,r<
I
i

Phases and Shapes

Horizon area vs spin, for fixed mass
thin black ring
)
fat black ring
MP black hole
(naked singularity)
(slowest ring)
S
Q
Q

i
3 different black holes wit h t he same value of M ,J
j
Holey t rinit y
Other properties
j
T
t hin
t hin
fat
fat
MP bh
MP bh
fat rings ~ ("drilled-through") MP black holes
thin rings ~ (circular) black strings

j
"Compact" vs Ultra-Spinning Black Holes
A striking similarity:

T
z
i
DS
j

T
z
i
Duc
j
Ultra-spinning, black brane-like (GL-unstable)
Moderately-spinning, compact (stable)
Probably relevant for microscopic description
Are they dynamically stable?
Tensor perturbation theory in D>4is largely to be
developed yet
No Newman-Penrose formalism known
Many more degrees of freedom
Black rings dont possess Stachel-Killing tensors (no
separation of variables) -- MP bhs do.
Proceed heuristically
Hope to guide future analytical / numerical studies
Elvang+ RE+ Virmani 2006
Plausible instabilities of black rings
Radial
Longit udinal
Probing radial equilibrium off-shell
zry <yD,, -iDzr|
)
-,
-,- pbX jzDDaDzX
K H
Conical defect membrane
STABLE
UNSTABLE
wi <,rDb, rrzdK <b
L D,, r<-<D`-<|
)
l & |
)
& |
)
H
|
)
K H
Black Ring mechanics
Very t hin black rings sat isfy
QD|
)
K I I
M
|

l M ,
Q
|
)
b I I QD l M ,
Q
|
)
Membrane t ension
( cent ripet al)
Cent rifugal force
I
M
QD|

St ring- like t ension
This is the Newtonian balance of forces!
` |
)
dI I
D
|

K|
i
)
dq|
i
)
Radial potential
jzDDaDzX -<`
i
I H
t hin ring
fat ring
slowest ring
UNSTABLE
STABLE
( fixed spin and mass)
UNSTABLE
STABLE
t hin
fat
|
)

Q
`
Fits well with Arcioni+Lozano-Tellechea
Evolution: rolling down the hill
`
|
)

Q
area increases during evolution
Gregory-Laflamme instability
)
, u
|
Q
,Smm
|
Q
Expect inst abilit y for t hin enough rings jztO(I)
RE+ Reall
Hovdebo+ Myers
Elvang+ RE+ Virmani
Breakdown of the ring
GL instability is much faster
than gravitational wave emission
GL evolution is still uncertain, but fragmentation
is plausible dominated by fastest unstable mode
P
, u
P
O
,
,M d
Q
|
]
)
u )
N.B.: fragmentation will increase but not maximize the final entropy
Stability: putting results together
unst able
st able
evidence
evidence
possible/ conj ect ured
possible/ conj ect ured
Gregory- Laflamme
radial
?
I shibashi+ Kodama

i
?

Q
On to D>5
Do black rings S
I
x S
D-
exist?
Very likely YES:
Balance for thin rings is achieved between
centrifugal rotation and string-like tension
confined to ring plane indep of total D
(grav force is D-dependent but falls off quickly)
Would violate uniqueness, since
for D>6 %y yMP bhs SM ,zJ
c
] I
MP bh
black ring
J
z
%yblack branes w/ horizons R
p
x S
D-p-?
Do black IKO%10: S
p
x S
D-p-?
, S
p
x S
qz
x S
r
,
exist?
Much less clear
Few restrictions on topology Helfgott+Oz+Yanai,
Galloway+Schoen
String theory microscopics may be of help
Concluding remarks
De3: no gravity dynamics, no (AF) black holes
D=4: gravity has dynamical degrees of freedom & bh's,
but dynamics is so constrained that bh uniqueness
holds
D=5: richer dynamics, uniqueness fails,
but axial symmetry U(1)
2
allows detailed study
(complete integrability)
Du6: new qualitative behavior (black IKO%10?,
bumpy black holes?), largely terra incognita
Black rings w/ charges and dipoles
Charge increases stability
Supersymmetric black rings expected to be linearly stable
Near-susy are expected stable too
Dipole rings (w/out conserved charges):
fat rings radially unstable / thin rings stable
GL instability expected to switch-off close to extremality
(even if not close to susy)
larger stability window than for neutral rings
Black rings w/ two spins
J

Yet to be found
(J

0,zJ

>0zis known Figueras, Mishima+Iguchi )

Non-zero J

may change behavior of some instabilities,

but likely to introduce superradiant ones Dias
Probing radial equilibrium off-shell
Conical defect membrane
K H
K H
wi <,rDb, rrzdK <b
L D,, r<-<D`-<|
)
l & |
)
& |
)
H
zry <yD,, -iDzr|
)
-,
-,- pbX jzDDaDzX
|
)
STABLE
UNSTABLE