UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN-MILWAUKEE Bader School of Social Welfare 896-791/591: World of Work and Family, Revisited: Behavioral Science Knowledge

and Selected Policy Issues Professor: R.L. McNeely, Ph.D., J.D. Office: Enderis 1039 Office Hrs: By Appointment Office Phone: 229-4851; 229-5003 Res. Phone: (262) 255-4015 Fax/E-mail: (262) 255-4019; rlmatty@wi.rr.com I. Purpose, Objectives and Constraints of the Course
This course is designed with the intention that it will be an educationally meaningful fun experience for students. Contrasting viewpoints about controversial matters under discussion are welcome in the spirit of hearty, cordial, in-class debate, even if such viewpoints differ from those expressed by the instructor. All viewpoints, however, should be framed by solid empirical evidence. There are no onerous testing or classroom assignments, although students are expected to participate in class discussions, and to engage in self-directed library research and study. It is assumed that students enrolled in the course are earnestly seeking information on the topical areas covered by the course and will be "self-starters" in pursuit of that goal. The primary educational purpose of the course is to focus attention to the importance of workplace conditions on individual health and social functioning to those who plan to be providers of human services. Particular emphasis is placed on selected problems and issues of salience for women in the U.S. workforce (such as "comparable worth," innovative work/family balancing programs, the influence on children's development of various maternal employment patterns, etc.). The course also focuses upon selected policy issues relevant to topics covered in the class through student discussions that follow some of the course's lecture segments. Stated briefly, the course examines: (1) pertinent issues affecting young adult, middle-aged and older (particularly female) workers; (2) genderal differences among the races with respect to important sociodemographic and experiential factors; (3) the occupational distribution of women versus men in the economy and the shaping influence of employment patterns and other factors on cosmological differences; and (4) selected social policy implications by topical area. This course is limited by an important constraint. It would be advantageous to examine all major work and family issues by occupation, gender and adult life-cycle stages. Presently, this is not possible because data are incomplete, and data that are available often are contradictory. Hence, the analysis either often will shift across occupational categories, sex of worker and life-cycle stages, or selected topics will be delivered as autonomous units of material. One important limitation is that there is inadequate evidence relating work and family factors to workplace productivity patterns. These and other limitations may affect the overall symmetry of the course.

II.

Course Readings
There are no assigned readings for this course. Numerous bibliographic references, however, are provided within the instant syllabus from which students may select readings of individual interest. The collection of readings listed in the syllabus does not exhaust all possible books, articles nor topics that a student may wish to explore. One reason that there are no assigned readings is because there are no current in-print texts that cover the content of the course. Another reason there are no assigned readings is to allow students maximum flexibility, in pursuing their own educational goals, with respect to seeking content on work and family areas

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of individual interest. Some articles appearing in the syllabus are on reserve in the library; other articles require retrieval from the library's general stacks.

Texts of Interest
Roberta L. Coles and Charles Green (eds.), The Myth of the Missing Black Father, New York, N.Y: Columbia University Press, 2010. Linda G. Mills, Violent Partners, New York, N.Y: Basic Books, 2008. Warren Farrell and James P. Sherba, Does Feminism Discriminate Against Men? A Debate, N.Y., N.Y: Oxford University Press (USA), 2007 John Hamel and Tonia Nicholls (Eds.), Family Interventions in Domestic Violence: A Handbook of Gender-Inclusive Theory and Treatment, New York, N.Y: Springer Publishing, 2006. Jason DeParle, American Dream: Three Women, Ten Kids, And A Nations Drive To End Welfare, N.Y: Penguin Books, 2005. Warren Farrell, Why Men Earn More: The Startling Truth Behind the Pay Gap--and What Women Can Do About It, New York: AMACOM, 2005. Sheila K. Akabas and Paul A. Kurzman, Work and the Workplace: A Resource for Innovative Policy and Practice, N.Y: Columbia University Press, 2006. Sharon Hays, Flat Broke with Children: Women in the Age of Welfare Reform, N.Y: Oxford University Press, 2003. Arlie Hochschild, The Commercialization of Intimate Life: Notes From Home and Work, San Francisco: University of California-Berkeley Press, 2003. Arlie Hochschild and Barbara Ehrenreich (eds.), Global Woman: Nannies, Maids and Sex Workers in the New Economy, N.Y: Metropolitan Books, 2003. Eugene Smolensky and Jennifer A. Goodman (eds.), Working Families and Growing Kids: Caring for Children and Adolescents, Wash. D.C: The National Academies Press, 2003 Warren Farrell, Women Can't Hear What Men Don't Say, N.Y: Tarcher/Putnam (Penguin Putnam, Inc.), 2002. (See, especially, Chapter 5, for perspective on A. Hochschild's work. See Chapters 6 & 7 for perspective on domestic violence.) Sylvia Ann Hewlett, Taking Parenting Public: The Case for a New Social Movement, Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, 2002. Joan Williams, Unbending Gender: Why Family and Work Conflict and What To Do About It, New York: Oxford University Press, Inc, 2000. Robert A. Karasek and Tores Theorell, Healthy Work: Stress, Productivity and the Reconstruction of Working Life, N.Y: Basic Books, 1992 Rosabeth M. Kanter, Work and Family in the United States: A Critical Review and Agenda for Research and Policy. New York: Russell Sage Foundation, 1977. James O'Toole, et al., Work in America: Report of a Special Task Force to the Secretary of Health, Educatrion & Welfare, Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1973.

896-791/591 Page Three III. Teaching Method

Lectures interspersed with student presentations will constitute the major teaching method. Students are encouraged to relate the course content to personal life experiences and specific areas of interest. Forms of participation other than class discussion may be suggested throughout the semester but lively in-class participation is a must for this course. The instructor will be especially receptive to any innovative proposals made by students with respect to their interest to make contributions to the class. Lecture content will be delivered based upon recognition of two competing conceptual stances including: (A) the assumption of workplace primacy in shaping personal lives; and (B) the assumption of workplace/family reciprocity wherein work and family are viewed as affecting each other in a circular fashion. However, the impact of workplace conditions upon the quality of family life and the impact of legislative and other policies on work and family life will be stressed throughout the course.

IV. Bases for Student Evaluation

Students, working in non-competitive teams, selected by the instructor, will present to the class scholarly journal articles or scholarly books that they have individually reviewed. Students are responsible for selecting the readings (either three articles or one book per presentation) that they will present. Teams should select a presentational category based on the categories listed at the end of the syllabus but the instructor may be petitioned to select a presentational category that is not listed at the back of the syllabus. No two groups should select the same presentational category for a given presentational cycle, and teams are responsible for ensuring that their selected category does not duplicate the category of another presenting group. Additionally, students working within teams are required to ensure that students do not duplicate the articles or books that another team member presents. Although students may select articles to review from the often historical thru current-day articles listed within the categories (to determine how and if knowledge on a topic has moved forward over the years), efforts should be made to locate pertinent non-listed articles. Students also may petition the instructor if wishing to present on a topic different than the topic selected by the students team. Each of the presentation cycles will occur following the instructor having completed two/three lecture segments. As there are seven lecture segments, students likely will be presenting on two or three occasions during the semester. Students, presenting poorly will be so informed following each presentation. However, as this course is construed to be a fun course, grading is based on the assumption that each student starts the course with an "A" grade. A grade of less than "A" will be awarded when a student fails to make reasonable efforts in selecting, reviewing, analyzing, recording, and presenting content. Students should select their two most informative articles for presentation. The oral presentations should flow from recorded (written) annotated summations of the articles and books. Students may utilize their annotated summaries during presentations in glancing fashion, only. You cannot read your summaries when presenting. One-pager summaries must be handed in to the instructor following presentations. The format for the summaries follows:
1. Full citation (ASA Style) of the article or book. If you do not know the ASA citational style, go look at a volume of American Sociological Review. 2. Research Questions (One paragraph statement of the article's research questions or the books thematic issues) 3. Methodology [One or two paragraph statement of the method of the study, including procedures (e.g., interviewing) and instruments (e.g., questionnaires) used, and author's or student's expressed limitations of the method.] 4. Specific Findings (One or two paragraph statement of findings including how the findings conflict with those of other important studies?)

5. Unanswered Questions (Unanswered research questions?/What new research is needed?)

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Please note that students likely will be interrupted with comments during presentations. Several criteria will be used to judge a presentation. These include the extent to which the presentation:
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Is thought provoking; Is indicative of reflection; Includes additional pertinent information beyond that supplied in course lectures; Is clear (presentational clarity); Is an integrated (rather than disjointed) on-theme discussion; Is EXTEMPORANEOUS (conversational) in style. Involves contrasting viewpoints within a team that are effectively presented, argued, and defended (point/counterpoint); 8. Involves effective use of visual aides.

PLEASE REVIEW EXEMPLARS (Angela Engel) IN RESERVE WING OF LIBRARY An oral final examination integrating the content of the course will conclude the semester.

V.

Work Teams
Although the presentations of individual team members are conceived as being the product of individual effort, it is expected that team members will interface prior to the presentations in order to achieve a reasonable degree of presentational symmetry. For example, no team members may present on the same article or book and members presenting on articles with contradictory findings should be prepared to offer plausible explanations for the conflicts. It is advisable, thus, for teams to meet and discuss their presentations prior to presenting, and it is advisable that annotated summaries be shared within teams prior to presentations. Students are expected to be responsible members of their work teams. Students must notify the instructor if a team member is not acting according to this standard (contributing responsibly as a team member). Efforts to mediate the situation will follow notification.

VI.

Presentations
Each member of a team, ideally, should make his or her own oral presentations. The instructor, however, is aware that infrequent circumstances arise wherein a student may not be able to attend class on a presentation date. The instructor is agreeable to a missed date if the student secures the consent of his/her team for missing the presentation, and one or more members of the team agree(s) to present the absent student's presentation. Please contact the instructor prior to the scheduled presentation if a presentation must be missed. Explanations provided after scheduled presentation dates will be considered only if some major event has occurred and can be documented (e.g., automobile accident, unanticipated hospitalization, etc.). Team members not making presentations must petition the instructor at least two weeks prior to the presentation. Also, the instructor may waive some presentations (in large classes) but summaries still must be submitted.

VII.

Participation by Students with Disabilities*

Students needing special accommodations in order to meet any of the requirements of this course are urged to contact the professor as soon as possible.

VIII. Religious Observances*

Students will be allowed to complete examinations or other requirements that are missed due to traditional religious observances. Students missing a lecture because of a religious observance are encouraged to obtain notes for that lecture from a fellow student.

896-791/591 Page Five IX. Academic Misconduct*

Students are responsible for the honest completion and representation of their work, for the appropriate citation of sources, and for respect of the academic endeavors of others. Ascending sanctions for academic misconduct include the following: (1) a reprimand maintained in the files of the Dean of Students; (2) a repeat assignment; (3) a lower or failing grade for an assignment or for the course; (4) removal from the course; (5) academic probation; (6) suspension; and (7) expulsion. Suspensions and expulsions bar enrollment at any campus in the UW System. All sanctions may be appealed. Student academic misconduct procedures are specified in Chapter UWS 14 and in UWM Faculty Document 1686.

X.

Complaint Procedures* Complaints may be directed to the head of the academic unit or department in which the complaint occurs.

XI.

Grade Appeal Procedures*

A grade may be appealed on the grounds that it is based on a capricious or arbitrary decision by the professor. Appeals must follow the established procedures adopted by the Bader School of Social Welfare. These procedures are available in writing from the Director of Social Work Programs. Students should be aware, however, that the U.S. Supreme Court has ruled that the assessment of student performance depends on largely subjective standards and expert review [Mathews v. Eldridge, 424 U.S. 319; 96 S. Ct. 893 (1976)]. The Court also has emphasized in other cases that subtlety and expertise are involved in academic decision-making with respect to grades [Board of Curators v. Horowitz, 435 U.S. 78 (1978)]. Due to the inherent subjectiveness and need for skilled expertise in grading student performance, so long as a professor has acted in good faith when awarding a grade, professors have a complete defense, even if the grade was awarded in error (cf: Mathews v. Eldridge). Thus an "arbitrary" decision and a subjective decision are not the same thing. Professors have not been allowed to waive their responsibilities to make subjective assessments of student performance based on their skilled expertise.

XII.

Racial Discrimination and Sexual Harassment*

Racial discrimination and sexual harassment are reprehensible and will not be tolerated by the university. They subvert the mission of the university and threaten the careers, educational experience, and well being of students, faculty, and staff. The university will not tolerate behavior between or among members of the university community which creates an unacceptable working environment. Similarly, the professor will tolerate neither racial nor gender discrimination between or among students enrolled in the course.

XIII. Incompletes*
An "incomplete" may be awarded to a student who has carried a subject successfully until the end of the semester but who, because of illness, or other unusual and substantiated cause beyond the student's control, has been unable to take or complete the required assignments, final examination, or some other limited amount of term work.

896-791/591 Page Six XIV. A. Course Content The Importance of Work (2 sessions, approximately)

Readings of Interest
Greiner, B.A., et al., "Occupational Stressors and Hypertension: A Multi-Method Study Using Observer-Based Job Analysis and Self-Reports in Urban Transit Operators," Social Science and Medicine, Vol. 59(5) 2004: 1080-1094. Schliebner, Connie T. and John J. Peregoy, "Unemployment Effects on the Family and the Child: Interventions for Counselors," Journal of Counseling and Development, Vol. 72 (March/April) 1994: 368-372 Karasek, R., et al., "Job Characteristics in Relation to the Prevalence of Myocaridial Infarction in the U.S.", American Journal of Public Health, Vol. 78(8) (August) 1988: 910-918. Cooper Cary. L. and Judi Marshall, "Occupational Sources of Stress: A Review of the Literature Relating to Coronary Heart Disease and Mental Ill Health," Journal of Occupational Psychology, V, 49, 1976: 11-28. Kanter, R. M., "The Dominant Influences: Effects of the Structure of Occupations and the Organization of Work on Family Life," pp. 23-51 in Kanter, Work and Family in the United States, New York: Russell Sage Foundation, 1977. O'Toole, J. (ed.), "Toward a Definition of Work" and "The Functions of Work," pp. 1-28 in O'Toole, et. al., Work in America, Cambridge, Mass.: The MIT Press, 1973. Palmore, Erdman, "Predicting Longevity: A Follow-up Controlling for Age," Gerontology 9 (Winter): 1969: 247-250. Roman, P. M. and H. M. Trice, Spirits and Demons at Work: Alcohol and Drugs on the Job, Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press, 1972. Theorell, T., and R. Rahe, "Behavior and Life Satisfaction Characteristics of Swedish Subjects with Myocardial Infarction," Journal of Chronic Diseases, Vol. 25, 1972.

B.

Decision-Making, Perceived Control, and Selected Other Work-Setting Influences on Satisfaction, Health, and Performance (2 sessions, approximately)

Readings of Interest
Amabile, Teresa M., et al., "Leader Behaviors and the Work Environment for Creativity: Perceived Leader Support," The Leadership Quarterly, Vol. 15, 2004: 5-32. Jaskyte, Kristina, "Assessing Changes in Employees' Perceptions of Leadership Behavior, Job Design, and Organizational Arrangements and Their Job Satisfaction and Commitment," Administration in Social Work, V. 27(4) 2003 Weinstein, Faye M., et al., Career Choice Anxiety, Coping, and Perceived Control, The Career Development Quarterly, Vol. 50 (June) 2002: 339-349.

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Lee, Li Chuan, Ke-Ping Yang and Tai-Ying Chen, A Quasi-Experimental Study on a Quality Circle Program in a Taiwanese Hospital, International Journal for Quality in Health Care, Vol. 12 (5) 2000: 413-418. McNeely, R.L. "Job Satisfaction in the Public Social Services: Perspectives on Structure, Situational Factors, Gender, and Ethnicity," Pp: 224-255 in Y. Hasenfeld (Ed.), Human Services as Complex Organizations, Newbury Park, Calif: Sage Publications, 1992. Karasek, R. "Lower Health Risk with Increased Job Control Among White-Collar Workers", Journal of Occupational Behavior, 1990. McNeely, R. L., "Organizational Patterns and Work Satisfaction in a Comprehensive Human Service Agency: An Empirical Test," Human Relations, Vol. 36(10) 1983: 957-971. Miller, J., "Decision-Making and Organizational Effectiveness," Sociology of Work and Occupations 7 (1) 1980: 55-79. McNeely, R.L., B. Schultz, and F. Naatz, "Quality Circles, Human Service Organizations, and the Law," Administration in Social Work, Vol. 21(2) 1997: 65-71. Rosenberg, R. A. and E. Rosenstein, "Participation and Productivity: An Empirical Study," Industrial and Labor Relations Review, Vol. 33, 1980: 355-367. Shoemaker, J. and A. H. Reid, "Decreasing Chronic Absenteeism Among Institutional Staff: Effects of a Low Cost Attendance Program," Journal of Organizational Behavior Management, Vol. 2, 1980: 317-328. Saporito, B., "The Revolt Against 'Working Smarter'", Fortune, July 21, 1986: 59-65. (Managerial Resistance to Participative Management.) Seeman, M., "On the Meaning of Alienation," American Sociological Review, Vol. 24, 1959: 783-791. C. Discrimination and Cosmological Gender, Race and Age Differences in the Importance of Work and in Predictors of Work and Life Satisfaction (2 sessions, approximately)

Readings of Interest
Stoll, Michael A., Steven Raphael, and Harry J. Holzer, "Black Job Applicants and the Hiring Officer's Race," Industrial and Labor Relations Review, Vol. 57 (2) January 2004: 267-287. Keith, Kristen and Ronald R. Williams, "A Note on Racial Differences in Employed Male Job Search," Industrial Relations, Vol. 41 (3) (July) 2002: 422-429. Raphael, Steven, Michael A. Stoll and Harry J. Holzer, "Are Suburban Firms More Likely to Discriminate Against African Americans?" Journal of Urban Economics, Vol. 48 (3) November, 2000. Holzer, Harry J. and Keith R. Ihlanfeldt, "Customer Discrimination and Employment Outcomes for Minority Workers," The Quarterly Journal of Economics, Vol. 113 (3) August, 1998: 835-867.

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Miller, J., "Individual and Occupational Determinants of Job Satisfaction: A Focus on Gender Differences," Sociology of Work and Occupations 7 (3) 1980: 377-366. McNeely, R.L., "Job Satisfaction Differences Among Three Age Groups of Female Human Service Workers," Journal of Aging Studies, Vol. 2, No. 2 (Summer) 1988: 109-120. McNeely, R.L., "Age and Job Satisfaction in Human Service Employment." The Gerontologist, Vol. 28 (4) 1988: 163-168 James D. Wright and Richard F. Hamilton, "Work Satisfaction and Age: Some Evidence for the 'Job Change' Hypothesis" Social Forces, Vol. 56 (4) 1978:1140-1158. McNeely, R.L., "Job Satisfaction and Other Characteristics of Asian-American Human Service Workers," Social Work Research and Abstracts, Vol 23 (4) 1987: 7-9. McNeely, R.L, "Job Satisfaction and Other Characteristics of Hispanic-American Human Service Workers," Social Casework, 70(4) 1989:237-242. McNeely, R.L., "Race and Job Satisfaction in Human Service Employment," Administration in Social Work, 13(1) 1989: 75-94. Bharadwaj, L. K., and E. A. Wilkening, "Life Domain Predictors of Satisfaction with Personal Efficacy," Human Relations 33 (3) 1980: 165-181. Palmore, E. "Predictors of the Longevity Difference: A 25-Year Follow-up," The Gerontologist, Vol. 22, No. 6, 1982: 513-518. Palmore, E., "Predictors of Successful Aging," The Gerontologist, Vol. 19, No. 5, 1979: 427-431.

D.

Labor Force Involvement of Women and the Feminization of Poverty Question Considering Race (2 sessions, approximately)

Readings of Interest
Huffman, Matt L., "Gender Inequality Across Local Wage Hierarchies," Work and Occupations, Vol. 31 (3) (August) 2004: 323-344. Powell, Gary N. and D. Anthony Butterfield, "Exploring the Influence of Decision Maker's Race and Gender on Actual Promotions to Top Management," Personnel Psychology, V. 55, 2002: 397428. Bird, Sharon R. and Stephen G. Sapp, "Understanding the Gender Gap in Small Business Success: Urban and Rural Comparisons," Gender and Society, Vol. 18 (1) 2004: 5-28. Dressel, Paula L., "Gender, Race and Class: Beyond the Feminization of Poverty in Later Life," The Gerontologist, Vol. 28 (2):1988: 177-180. (Shows that race, not gender, is key factor in poverty.) Gonyea, J. and N. Hooyman, Reducing Poverty Among Older Women: Social Security Reform and Gender Equity, Families in Society, 86 (3) 2005:338-346 McBrier, Debra B., "Gender and Career Dynamics with a Segmented Professional Labor Market: The Case of Law Academia," Social Forces, V. 81 (4) 2003: 1201-1266.

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Roth, Louise M., "Selling Women Short: A Research Note on Gender Differences in Compensation on Wall Street," Social Forces, Vol. 82 (2) 2003: 782-802. Dunifom, Rachel, Race and Gender in the Labor Market, Poverty Research News, Vol. 3, No. 1 (Winter) 1999. (Suggests pay differences by gender, but not by race, are due to discrimination, but only controlled for education, not for occupation, hours worked, or other factors.) Georgine, Robert A., "Statement of Robert A. Georgine, President of the Building and Construction Trades, Department of the AFL-CIO," Pp: 135-160 in Douglas L. Leslie, Cases and Materials on Labor Law, Boston: Little, Brown and Co., 1992. (Shows explicit racism; See: pp: 140-141.) Nardone, T.J., "Part-time Workers: Who Are They?" Monthly Labor Review 109 (2) 1986: 13-19. (Shows that European-American women are the most likely to engage in voluntary part-time work.) Pearce, D., "The Feminization of Poverty: Women, Work and Welfare," Urban and Social Change Review 11 (1 and 2) 1978: 28-36. (Argues poverty is a gender issue.) King, A. G., "Labor Market Racial Discrimination Against Black Women," The Review of Black Political Economy Vol. 8, (4) 1978: 325-335. Mott, F. L., "Racial Differences in Female Labor Force Participation: Trends and Implications for the Future," Urban and Social Change Review 11 (1 and 2) 1978: 21-27. McNeely, R.L., J.M. Jones and Rhonda L. Impink, "Labor Force Involvement of Milwaukee's Working Women," Social Development Issues, Vol. 6, No. 1 (Spring) 1982:62-75.

E. Work and Selected Family Relations: (Unemployment & child abuse, maternal employment &
children's educational achievement, work-related spousal violence, divorce) (3 sessions, approx.)

Readings of Interest
See, also, syllabus section titled Effects on Children of Unemployed Parent/Parental Absence in BIBLIOGRAPHIC CATEGORIES portion of syllabus (infra). Ruhm, Christopher J., "Parental Employment and Child Cognitive Development," The Journal of Human Resources, Vol. 39 (1) 2004: 155-191. Brooks-Gunn, Jeanne, Wen-Jui Han, and Jane Waldfogel, "Maternal Employment and Child Cognitive Outcomes in the First Three Years of Life: The NICHD Study of Early Child Care," Child Development, Vol. 73 (4): 2002: 1052-1072. Atkinson, Maxine P., Theodore Greenstein, and Molly M. Lang, "For Women, Breadwinning Can Be Dangerous: Gendered Resource Theory and Wife Abuse," Journal of Marriage and the Family, 67(5) December 2005: 1137-1148. Petrovich, Michael and Donald I. Templer, "Heterosexual Molestation of Children Who Later Became Rapists," Psychological Reports, 1984: 54, 810 Edelson, J.L., Childrens Witnessing of Adult Domestic Violence, Journal of Interpersonal Violence, V. 14(8) 1999: 839-870. (Effects of adult domestic violence on children)

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Fantuzzo, J.W. and W.K. Mohr, Prevalence and Effects of Child Exposure to Domestic Violence, Domestic Violence and Children, V.9 (3) 1999: 21-32. (Effects of adult domestic violence on children) Gibson-Davis, Christina M., et al., "Employment and the Risk of Domestic Abuse Among LowIncome Women," Journal of Marriage and the Family, 67 (5) December 2005:1149-1168. Mitchel, Leslie, Child Abuse and Neglect Fatalities, Working paper 838 (Monograph) National Center on Child Abuse Prevention Research, National Committee for the Prevention of Child Abuse, Chicago, IL: 1987 (Women more likely than men to kill children, especially male children). Gold, Dolores and David Andres, "Developmental Comparisons between Ten-Year-Old Children With Employed and Nonemployed Mothers, Child Development 49, 1978: 75-84. Bronfenbrenner, Urie, W.F. Alvarez and C.R. Henderson, "Working and Watching: Maternal Employment Status and Parents' Perceptions of Their Three-Year-Old Children" Child Development 55(4) 1984:1362-1378. Carnoy, Martin, "The Family, Flexible Work and Social Cohesion at Risk," International Labour Review, Vol. 138 (4) 1999: 411-429. Felson, Richard and Maureen Outlaw, The Control Motive and Marital Violence, Violence and Victims, V. 22(4) 2007: 387-407. Fox, Greer L., et al., "Economic Distress and Intimate Violence: Testing Family Stress and Resources Theories," Journal of Marriage and the Family, Vol. 64 (August) 2002: 793-807. Hill, Jeffrey, Vjolica Martinson and Maria Ferris, "New-Concept Part-Time Employment as a WorkFamily Adaptive Strategy for Women Professionals with Small Children," Family Relations, Vol. 53, (3) 2004: 282-291. Madonia, Joseph F., "The Trauma of Unemployment and its Consequences," Social Casework 64(8) 1983: 482-488. O'Brien, J., "Violence in Divorce-Prone Families," Journal of Marriage and the Family, Vol. 33, 1971. Justice, Blair and David Duncan, "Child Abuse as a Work-Related Problem," Corrective and Social Psychiatry, 23(2) 1977: 53-55. Brown, B.W. "Wife Employment, Marital Equality and Husband-Wife Violence," in M. Straus and G. Hotaling (eds.), The Social Causes of Husband-Wife Violence, Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1980. Whittaker, D.J., et al., Differences in Frequency of Violence and Reported Injury between Relationships with Reciprocal and Non-Reciprocal Intimate Partner Violence, American Journal of Public Health, V. 97, No. 5 (May) 2007: 941-47. (Another study showing that women initiate violence more often than men and that men suffer a high rate of injuries.) Carrado, M., et al., "Aggression in British Heterosexual Relationships: A Descriptive Analysis," Aggressive Behavior, Vol. 22, 1996: 401-415. (British study)

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Straus, Murray, and Richard Gelles, "Societal Change and Change in Family Violence from 1975 to 1985 as Revealed by Two National Surveys," Journal of Marriage and the Family, 48 (August) 1986: 465-479. (American study)

Laroche, D. (2005). Aspects of the Context and Consequences of Domestic ViolenceSituational Couple Violence and Intimate Terrorism in Canada in 1999. (Monograph) Qubec, Canada, Institut de la statistique du Qubec, Governement du Qubec, (May) 2005. 24 pp. (Canadian study) Sarantakos, S. Deconstructing Self-Defense in Wife-to-Husband Violence, Journal of Mens Studies, V. 12, 2004: 277-296. (Australian study) Shattuck, S., A Domestic Violence Screening Program in a Public Health Department, Journal of Community Health Nursing, 19 (3) 2002:121-132. (Societal costs of domestic violence) Chrisler, J.C. and S. Ferguson, Violence Against Women as a Public Health Issue, Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, V. 1087(1) 2006: 235-249. (Societal costs of domestic violence.) Wisner, Catherine L., et al., Intimate Partner Violence Against Women: Do Victims Cost Health Plans More? Journal of Family Practice, V. 48 (6) 1999: 439-443. (Societal costs of domestic violence) Coney, N.S. and W.C. Mackey, The Feminization of Domestic Violence in America, Journal of Mens Studies, V.8 (1) 1999: 45-58. (50% of domestic violence allegations are false?) George, M.J., The Great Taboo and the Role of Patriarchy in Husband and Wife Abuse, International Journal of Men's Health, V. 6, 2007: 7-22 Anderson, Kristin L., "Gender, Status, and Domestic Violence: An Integration of Feminist and Family Violence Approaches," Journal of Marriage and the Family, Vol. 59 (August) 1997: 655-669. McNeely, R.L., Review and Synthesis of Research on Batterers and Interventions, Presented at the U.S. Army Family Advocacy International Training Workshop, San Antonio, TX: April 2328, 2006. McNeely, R.L. Reflections on Racial Differences in Perceptions of Domestic Violence, Social Justice in Context, Vol. 4(1) 2009:129-135. (But, read the mimeo. It is superior to the published version.) McNeely, R.L., P. Cook, and J. Torres, "Is Domestic Violence a Gender Issue, or a Human Issue?" Journal of Human Behavior in the Social Environment, Vol. 4, No. 4 (1) 2001: 227-251. Barling, Julian and Alan Rosenbaum, "Work Stressors and Wife Abuse," Journal of Applied Psychology 71(2) 1986: 346-348. Rittenmeyer, S. D., "Of Battered Wives, Self-Defense and Double Standards of Justice," Journal of Criminal Justice, Vol. 9, 1981: 389-395. Bronfenbrenner, Urie and Ann C. Crouter, "Work and Family Through Time and Space," pp. 39-83 in Sheila Kamerman and Cheryl Hayes (eds.) Families That Work, Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press, 1982. Liker, Jeffrey and Glen Elder, "Economic Hardship and Marital Relations in the 1930s," American Sociological Review 48(June) 1983: 343-359.

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Steinmetz, S., "Occupational Environment in Relation to Physical Punishment and Dogmatism," in S. Steinmetz and M. Straus (eds.), Violence in the Family, New York: Dodd, Mead and Co., 1974. Whitehurst, R. N., "Alternative Family Structures and Violence Reduction," in Steinmetz and Straus (eds.), Violence in the Family, New York: Dodd, Mead and Co., 1974. Whitehurst, R. N., "Violence in Husband-Wife Interaction," in Steinmetz and Straus (eds.), Violence in the Family, New York: Dodd, Mead and Co., 1974.

F.

Dual Career Families and Working Couples (2 sessions, approximately)

Readings of Interest
Haddock, Shelley A. and Karen Rattenborg, "Benefits and Challenges of Dual-Earning: Perspectives of Successful Couples", The American Journal of Family Therapy, V. 31, 2003: 325-244. Presser, Harriet B., "Employment Schedules Among Dual-Earner Spouses and the Division of Household Labor by Gender", American Sociological Review, Vol. 59 (June) 1994: 348-364. Beckett, J. 0. and A. D. Smith, "Work and Family Roles: Egalitarian Marriage in Black and White Families," Social Service Review 55 (June) 1981: 314-326. Farrell, Warren, "I Work Full-Time and Take Care of the Kids, But You Won't Even Do the Dishes," pp: 85-122, in Women Can't Hear What Men Don't Say, N.Y: Tarcher/Putnam, 2002. Kanter, R.M., "Jobs and Families: Impact of Working Roles on Family Life," pp. 295-301 in J. O'Toole, et. al., (eds.) Working Changes and Choices, New York: Human Sciences Press, 1981. Houseknecht, S.K. and Anne S. Macke, "Combining Marriage and Career: The Marital Adjustment of Professional Women," Journal of Marriage and the Family, Vol. 43 (August) 1981:651-661. Hall, F. S. and O. T. Hall, pp. 28-53 and pp. 217-237 in The Two-Career Couple, Reading, Mass.: Addison-Wesley, 1979. Rapaport, R. and R. Rapaport, pp. 40-45; pp. 291-323; pp. 324-372 in Dual-Career Families Re-examined, London: Martin Robertson, 1976. Rosen, B., et. al., "Dual-Career Marital Adjustment: Potential Effects of Discriminatory Managerial Attitudes," Journal of Marriage and the Family 37 (3) 1975: 565-572. Booth, A., "Wife's Employment and Husband's Stress: A Replication and Refutation," Journal of Marriage and the Family 39 November, 1977: 645-650. Bryson, R., et. al., "Family Size, Satisfaction and Productivity in Dual-Career Couples," Psychology of Women Quarterly 3 (1) 1978: 67-77. Aldous, J., M. Osmond and M. Hicks, "Men's Work and Men's Families," pp. 227-256 in W. Burr, et. al. (eds.), Contemporary Theories About the Family, Vol. 1, New York: The Free Press, 1979. Bailyn, L., "Career and Family Orientations of Husbands and Wives in Relation to Marital

Happiness," Human Relations 23 (April) 1970: 97-113. 896-791/591 Page Thirteen Spreitzer, E., E. Eldon and D. L. Larson, "Multiple Roles and Psychological Well-Being," Sociological Focus 12 (April) 1979: 141-148.

BIBLIOGRAPHIC CATEGORIES - MEN AND WOMEN WORKING: SELECTED PROBLEMS, PROSPECTS AND POLICIES
EFFECTS ON CHILDREN OF UNEMPLOYED PARENT/PARENTAL ABSENCE
Sampson, Robert J., Urban Black Violence: The Effect of Male Joblessness and Family Disruption, American Journal of Sociology, V. 93, No. 3 (September, 1987): 348-382. Thomas, T., M. Farrell and G. Barnes, The Effects of Single-Mother Families and Nonresident Fathers on Delinquency and Substance Abuse in Black and White Adolescents, Journal of Marriage and Family, V. 58 (November) 1996: 884-894. Mackey, W., and B. Mackey, The Presence of Fathers in Attenuating Young Male Violence: Dad as a Social Palliative, Journal of Marriage and Family Review, V. 35, 2003: 6375. (Fatherless boys without a responsible and consistent adult role model more likely to engage in violence.) Mupier, R. and H.E. Rodney, Behavioral Differences between African American Male Adolescents with Biological Fathers and Those Without Biological Fathers in the Home, Journal of Black Studies, V. 30 (September) 1999: 45-61. Blum, R.W., et al., The Effects of Race/Ethnicity, Income, and Family Structure on Adolescent Risk Behaviors, American Journal of Public Health, V. 90, N0: 12, (Dec.) 2000: 1879-1884. Griffin, K.W., et al., Parenting Practices as Predictors of Substance Use, Delinquency, and Aggression Among Urban Minority Youth: Moderating Effects of Family Structure and Gender, Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, V. 14, No. 2, 2000: 174-184. Farrell, A. and K. White, Peer Influences and Drug Use Among Urban Adolescents: Family Structure and Parent-Adolescent Relationship as Protective Factors, Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, V. 66, No. 2, 1998: 248-258. Regnerus, M. and L. Luchies, The Parent-Child Relationship and Opportunities for Adolescents First Sex, Journal of Family Issues, V. 27, No. 2, 2006: 159-183. Smith, C., Factors Associated with Early Sexual Activity among Urban Adolescents, Social Work, V. 42, No. 4, 1997: 334-346. Downey, D.B., et al., Sex of Parent and Childrens Well-Being in Single-Parent Households, Journal of Marriage and the Family, V. 60, No. 4, 1998: 878-893. Harper, Cynthia C., Father Absence and Youth Incarceration, Journal of Research on Adolescence, 14 (3) 2004: 369-397. (Father substitute present). Hollist, D.R. and W.H. McBroom, Family Structure, Family Tension, and Self-Reported Marijuana Use: A Research Finding of Risky Behavior Among Youths, Journal of Drug Issues, Fall, 2006: 976-998. (Father substitute present).

Ortiz, Larry P. and Michael P. Farrell, "Father's Unemployment and Adolescent's Self-Concept," Adolescence, Vol. 28 (Issue 112), 1993: 937-950 896-791/591 Page Fourteen

EMPLOYEE OWNERSHIP AND WORKER'S MANAGEMENT

Collom, Ed, "Two Classes and One Vision? Managers' and Workers' Attitudes Toward Workplace Democracy," Work and Occupations, V. 30 (1) (February) 2003: 62-96. Toscano, D.J., "Employee Ownership and Democracy in the Workplace," Social Policy 12(1) 1981:16-23. Bradley, K., "Employee Ownership and Economic Decline in Western Industrial Democracies," Journal of Management Studies 23(1) January 1986:51-71. Brown, D.R. and B.H. Kleiner, "Employee Ownership-Problems and Prospects," Personnel Administrator 30 (December) 1985:75-83. Bradley, K., and A. Gelb, "Employee Buyouts of Troubled Companies: Extending Ownership to Employees Has Advantage Over Other Forms of Restructuring," Harvard Business Review 63 (Sept.-Oct.) 1985:121-130. Torbert, W. R. and M. P. Rogers, Being for the Most Part Puppets, Cambridge, MA.: Schenkman, 1973. {Importance of organizational (mezzo-level) factors on individual development, health/social functioning} Mattera, P., "Buying Trouble: Workers who Become Owners Get More Than They Bargain For," Progressive 49(9) Sept. 1985:32-33. Rosen, C., K. Klein and K. Young, Employee Ownership in America Lexington, Mass.: Lexington Books, 1985. Blumberg, P., Industrial Democracy: The Sociology of Participation, New York, N.Y.: Schocken Books, 1969.

FAMILY RELATIONS
Bagger, Jessica, Andrew Li and Barbara A. Gutek, How Much Do You Value Your Family and Does it Matter? The Joint Effects of Family Identity Salience, Family-Interference-With-Work, and Gender Human Relations, V. 61, No. 2 (Feb), 2008: 187-211. Johnson, Tallese and Jane Dye, Indicators of Marriage and Fertility in the United States from the American Community Survey: 2000-2003, (Monograph) Population Division, U.S. Bureau of the Census, Washington, D.C. (May) 2005. www.census.gov/population/www/socdemo/fertility/mar-fert-slides.html Reynolds, Jeremy, "In the Face of Conflict: Work-Life Conflict and Desired Work Hour Adjustments," Journal of Marriage and Family, 67 (5) December 2005: 1313-1331. Cinamon, R.G., and Y. Rich, "Gender Differences in Attributions of Importance to Work and Family Roles," Sex Roles: A Journal of Research, V. 47, 2002: 531-541. McCloyd, Vonnie C., et al., "Unemployment and Work Interruption Among African-American Single Mothers: Effects on Parenting and Adolescent Socioemotional Functioning," Child Development, V. 65, 1994: 562-589.

Smith, A. and W.J. Reid, Role Sharing Marriage, New York: Columbia University Press, 1986.

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Morris, Pamela et al., "The Effects of a Limited Welfare Program on Children: The Moderating Role of Parents' Risk of Welfare Dependency," Child Development, V. 74 (3) 2003: 851-874. Piotrkowski, C.S. Work and the Family System: A Naturalistic Study of Working Class and Lower Middle Class Families. New York: Free Press, 1979. Hood, J. The Two-Job Family, New York: Praeger Publishers, 1983. Kamerman, Sheila B. and Cheryl D. Hayes, Families That Work: Children in a Changing World, Washington, D.C.: National Press, 1982. Hoffman, L., A. Thornton, J. Manis, "The Value of Children to Parents in the United States," Journal of Population, 1978 (1):91-131. Menaghan, E., "Assessing the Impact of Family Transitions on Marital Experience, in Family Stress, Coping and Social Support, edited by: H. McCubbin, A. Cauble, J. Patterson, Springfield, Illinois: Charles C. Thomas, 1982. Kanter, R.M. Work and Family in the United States, New York: Russell Sage Foundation, 1977; See pp: 47-51. Havens, E., "Women, Work and Wedlock: A Note on Female Marital Patterns in the United States," American Journal of Sociology 78(3) 1973: 975-981.

HAPPINESS, HOSTILITY, AND DEPRESSION

Chesley, Noelle, "Blurring Boundaries? Linking Technology Use, Spillover, Individual Distress, and Family Satisfaction," Journal of Marriage and Family, V. 67 (5) December, 2005:1237-1248. Arehart-Treichel, A., Men Shouldnt be Overlooked as Victims of Partner Violence. Psychiatric News, 42 (15) 2007: 31. Cui, Ming, et al., "Observer, Self-, and Partner-Reports of Hostile Behaviors in Romantic Relationships, Journal of Marriage and Family, V. 67 (5) December, 2005: 1169-1181. George, M.J., Relationships, Men and Depression, Mental Health Nursing, V. 16 (6), 1996: 31 -34 Yogev, S. "Happiness in Dual-Career Couples: Changing Research, Changing Values," Sex Roles, 8(6) 1982:593-605. Li, Frederick P., "Suicide Among Chemists," Archives of Environmental Health 19 (4) 1969. Mostow, E. and P. Newberry, "Work Role and Depression in Women," American Journal of Orthopsychiatry 45 1975: 538-548. Newberry, P., et. al., "Working Wives and Housewives: Do They Differ in Mental Status and Social Adjustments?" American Journal of Orthopsychiatry 49, 1979: 282-291.

Wright, J., "Are Working Women Really More Satisfied? Evidence from Several National Surveys," Journal of Marriage and Family, 40 (2), May, 1978: 301-314.

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Glen, N. and C. Weaver, "A Multivariate, Multisurvey Study of Marital Happiness," Journal of Marriage and the Family 40 (2), May 1978: 269-283. Pearlin, L. and J. Johnson, "Marital Status, Life Strains and Depression," American Sociological Review 42 (Oct.) 1977: 704-715.

HEALTH
Bainchi, Suzanne M., Lynne M. Casper and Rosalind B. King (Eds.), Work, Family, Health and Well-Being, Mahwah, N.J: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 2005. Navarro, V. and D.M. Berman (eds.), Health and Work Under Capitalism: An International Perspective, Farmingdale, N.Y.: Baywood Publishing Co., 1986. Elling, R.H., The Struggle for Workers' Health, Farmingdale, N.Y.: Baywood Publishing Co., 1986. Shain, M., H. Suurvali, M. Boutilier, Healthier Workers: The Role of Health Promotion and Employee Assistance Programs, Lexington, Mass.: Lexington Books, 1986. (Presents prototypes of
company health policies, case studies of stress management programs, worker compensation laws as they affect employers, etc.)

Kahn, R.L. Working and Health, New York: John Wiley and Sons, 1981. 198 pp. Gardell, B., "Health and the Work Setting," Psychologist News, Vol. 7, 1972. Rothstein, L., Plant Closings, Dover, Mass.: Auburn House Publishing Co., 1986.

INCOME ISSUES
Hammida, Mustapha, "Job Mobility and Hourly Wages: Is There a Relationship?" Monthly Labor Review, May, 2004: 23-30. England, Paula and Carmen Garcia-Beaulieu, "Women's Employment Among Blacks, Whites, and Three Groups of Latinas: Do More Privileged Women Have Higher Employment?" Gender and Society, Vol. 18 (4) 2004: 494-509. Pager, D., "The Mark of a Criminal Record," American Journal of Sociology, V. 108, (5) March 2003: 937-975. Groshen, Erica L., "The Structure of the Female/Male Wage Differential: Is it Who You Are, What You Do, or Where You Work?" The Journal of Human Resources, Vol. 26 (3) 1991: 457-472. McNeely, R.L., M. Sapp, and A. Daly, "Ethnicity, Gender, Earnings, Occupational Rank, and Job Satisfaction in the Public Social Services: What Do the Workers Say?" Pp: 144-165, in A. Daly (Ed.), Workplace Diversity: Issues and Perspectives, Lanham, Md: NASW Press, 1998. Moen, P., "Preventing Financial Hardship: Coping Strategies of Families of the Unemployed," pp. 151-168, in H. McCubbin, A. Cauble, J. Pattersen (eds.), Family Stress, Coping and Support, Springfield, Illinois: Charles C. Thomas Publishers, 1982.

McNeely, R.L., "Gender, Job Satisfaction, Income and Other Characteristics of Human Service Workers Before and After Midlife," Administration in Social Work, 13(2) 1989: 99-116. 896-791/591 Page Seventeen Rodgers, H.R., Poor Women, Poor Families, Armonk, N.Y.: M.E. Sharpe, Inc., 1986. Gelpi, B.C., N. Harstock, C. Novak, M. Strober (eds.), Women and Poverty, Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1986. See esp. the article: D.M. Pearce, "Toil and Trouble: Women Workers and Unemployment Compensation." Black Women in the Labor Force, Fact Sheet No. 85-6. U.S. Dept. of Labor, Women's Bureau, July 1985: 3 pp.

SELECTED RACE-, AGE- AND GENDER-SENSITIVE POLICIES AND PROGRAMS

Behavioral science knowledge clearly supports the existence of cosmological differences among different race, age and gender groups. Some of the differences are matters of degree but other differences appear to be substantive. Nevertheless, instituting policies based upon the differences in perspective different groups bring to the workplace is ill-advised; such policies inevitably would lead to litigation alleging preferential treatment. On the other hand, it is desirable to implement and maintain programs that are sensitive to differences in the conditions of work (discrimination, harassment, etc.) confronting members of national minority groups and women. Second, it is desirable to implement policies and programs that are sensitive to conditions associated with certain life cycle changes (and disabilities) affecting different groups of workers (pregnancy, early childrearing, diminished capacity related to age, or infirmity). Simply put, the presence of policies/programs sensitive to both sets of conditions is necessary to ensure universal access and opportunity in pursuit of broad goals that encourage distributing resources fairly.

Affirmative Action Holzer, H. and D. Neumark, "What Does Affirmative Action Do?," Industrial and Labor Relations Review, Vol. 53, 2000: 240-271. Grumbah, K. M., et al., "The Role of Black and Hispanic Physicians in Providing Health Care for Underserved Populations," New England Journal of Medicine, Vol. 334 (20) (May 16) 1996: 1305-10. Wilson, William Julius, When Work Disappears, N.Y: Vintage Books, 1997. Anderson, Elizabeth S., "From Normative to Empirical Sociology in the Affirmative Action Debate: Bowen and Bok's The Shape of the River," Journal of Legal Education, Vol. 50, 2000: 284-305. Greenlaw, P.S., "Affirmative Action or Reverse Discrimination?, Personnel Journal 64 (9) 1985:84-87. Buonocare, A.J. and D.R. Crable, "Equal Opportunity: An Incomplete Evolution," Personnel Journal 65 (August) 1986:32-35. Leonard, J.S., "The Impact of Affirmative Action on Employment," Journal of Labor Economics 2 (4) 1984:439-463. Jacobson, B., Young Programs for Older Workers: Case Studies in Progressive Personnel Policies, New York, N.Y.: Van Nostrand Reinhold Company, 1980.

Beer, W., "Real-life Costs of Affirmative Action," Wall Street Journal (August 7th) 1986:18.

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Carson, E., et al., "Do Government Programs Close the Racial Gap?" American Economic Review 76(2) 1986:347-363. Comparable Worth McCann, Michael W., Rights at Work: Pay Equity Reform and the Politics of Legal Mobilization, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1994. Blum, Linda R., Between Labor and Feminism: The Significance of the Comparable Worth Movement, Berekeley: University of California Press, 1991. Engel, P., "Employers Liable: But Court Says They Must Have Known the Facts," Industry Week 230 (July 7th) 1986:25-26. Vogel-Polsky, E., "Positive Action Programmes for Women: A Theoretical Analysis," International Labour Review 124 (May-June) 1985:253-265. Perry, N., "Setback for Comparable Worth: Follow-up Court Overturns Washington State Implementation," Fortune 112(September 30th) 1985:11. Feldberg, R. "Comparable Worth: Toward Theory and Practice in the United States," Women and Poverty, B.C. Gelpi, et al., (eds.). Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1986 Rasian, J., M. Ward and F. Welch, "The Comparable Worth Story," National Review 38 (December 5th) 1986:21. Lutes, D. and N. Rothchild, "Compensation: Pay Equity Loses to Chicken Little and Other Excuses," Personnel Journal 65 (October) 1986:124. Booker, S. and L. Nuckolls, "Legal and Economic Aspects of Comparable Worth," Public Personnel Management 15(2) 1986:189-207. Maleaux, J., "Comparable Worth and its Impact on Black Women," Review of Black Political Economy 13 (Fall-Winter) 1985:47-63. Lutz, R.P. and K. Brown, "Comparable Worth: An Unnecessary Concept," Industrial Management 27 (Nov.-Dec.) 1985:22-27. Sexual Harassment Valente, Sharon and Vern Bullough, "Sexual Harassment of Nurses in the Workplace," Journal Of Nursing Care Quality, Vol. 19 (3) 2004: 234-241 McEnery, J., "Sexual Harassment in Blue-Collar Jobs - A Problem Unresolved," Employment Relations Today (Summer) 1985:205-215. Kolton, E., "An Ounce of Prevention: Many Companies are Rethinking - and Rewriting - Personnel Policies to Help Head Off Employee Lawsuits," Inc. 6(10) 1984:153-155.

Cohen, C.F. and J.P. Vincelette, "What to do About Sexual Harassment Complaints," Supervisory Management 30(2) 1985:25-29. 896-791/591 Page Nineteen Webb, S.L., "Sexual Harassment: Court Costs Rise for a Persistent Problem," Management Review 73(12) 1984: 25-28. Wermiel, S. and C. Trost, "Justices Say Hostile Job Environment Due to Sex Harassment Violates Rights," Wall Street Journal (June 20th) 1986:2. Koral, A., "Social Invitations, Strict Liability and Sexual Harassment," Employment Relations Today (Spring) 1986:13-20. Work and Children Ferber, Marianne A., Brigit O'Farrell, and LaRue Allen (eds), Work and Family: Policies for a Changing Work Force, Wash., D.C: National Academy Press, 1991. Krett, Karen, "Maternity, Paternity and Child Care Policies: A New Survey on Benefit Policies," Personnel Administrator Vol. 30 (6) June, 1985: 125-136, 218.

WOMEN IN MANAGEMENT
Atwater, L.E., J.F. Waldman, D. Dimore, M.V. Hayden, "Men and Women's Perceptions of Gender Typing of Management Subroles," Sex Roles: A Journal of Research, V. 50, 2004: 191-199. Hultin, Mia, "Some Take the Glass Escalator, Some Hit the Glass Ceiling? Career Consequences of Occupational Segregation," Work and Occupations, V. 30 (1) (February) 2003: 30-61. Skuratowicz, Eva and Larry W. Hunter, "Where Do Women's Jobs Come From? Job Resegregation in an American Bank," Work and Occupations, V. 31 (1) (February) 2004: 73-110. Bryans, Patrica and Sharon Mavin, "Women Learning to Become Managers: Learning to Fit In or To Play a Different Game?" Management Learning, V. 34 (1) 2003: 111-134. (United Kingdom) Ackah, Carol and Norma Heaton, "Human Resource Management Careers: Different Paths for Men and Women?" Career Development International, Vol. 8 (3) 2003: 134-142. (United Kingdom) Dawson, M.L., "Women and Men, Majority and Ethics - Sexual Differences in Moral Reasoning," Business Horizons, V. 38, 1995: 61-68. Forgionne, G. and Vivian Peters, "Differences in Job Motivation and Satisfaction Among Female and Male Managers," Human Relations 35 (2) 1982: 101-118. Munson, Carlton E., "Evaluation of Male and Female Supervisors," Social Work 24 (March) 1979:104-110. Schein, Virginia E., "Relationships Between Sex Role Stereotypes and Requisite Management Characteristics Among Female Managers," Journal of Applied Psychology 60 (June) 1975: 340-344. Rosen, Benson and Thomas Jerdee, "Effects of Employee's Sex and Threatening Versus Pleading

Appeals on Managerial Evaluations or Grievances," Journal of Applied Psychology 60 (August) 1975: 442-445.

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Rosen, Benson and Thomas Jerdee, "Influence of Sex Role Stereotypes on Personnel Decisions," Journal of Applied Psychology 59 (February) 1974: 9-14. O'Leary, V. E., "Some Attitudinal Barriers to Occupational Aspirations in Women," Psychological Bulletin 81 (November) 1974: 809-826. Terborg, James R., "Women in Management: A Research View," Journal of Applied Psychology 62 (December) 1977: 647-664. Dipboye, R. L., R. D. Arvey and D. E. Terpstra, "Sex and Physical Attractiveness of Raters and Applicants as Determinants of Resume Evaluations," Journal of Applied Psychology 62 (June) 1977: 288-294. Heilman, Madeline E., and Lois R. Saruwatari, "When Beauty is Beastly: The Effects of Appearance and Sex on Evaluations of Job Applicants for Managerial and Non-Managerial Jobs," Organizational Behavior and Human Performance 23 (June) 1979: 360-371.
Terborg, James R. and Daniel R. Ilgen, "Sex Discrimination and Sex-Role Stereotypes: Are They Synonymous? No!" Organizational Behavior and Human Performance 14 (August) 1975: 154-157.

Shapiro, Eileen C., et. al., "Moving Up: Role Models, Mentors, and the Patron System," Sloan Management Review 19 (Spring) 1978: 51-58.

WORK/FAMILY BALANCING PROGRAMS

Common problems experienced by dual career and two-job families with small children include scheduling conflicts, difficulties in locating care providers for ill children, difficulties arranging child care, and insufficient time to meet adequately both work and family demands, resulting in role overload. Additionally, in 1990, only about 40% of working women were employed by companies mandated by law to provide paid maternity leave. Thus, a majority of working women not only must risk a loss of income due to childbirth, many return to work following the period of leave. Obviously, policies and programs that take these problems into account must be adopted if an optimal balance between the demands of paid employment and family life is to be achieved (although some data indicate that these programs have adverse effects on women's wage growth). Several policies and programs that can address these problems include: (1) flexitime, to reduce scheduling conflicts; (2) sick child leave; (3) employer sponsored or assisted child care; and (4) maternal, paternal and adoptive leave. Unfortunately, although all of these can relieve some of the strains experienced by working parents, all involve significant difficulties for employers. One country, England, legislatively mandates some employers to guarantee part-time employment to formerly full-time workers whose maternal responsibilities prohibit them from returning to work on a full-time basis. Job sharing is another alternative.

Bianchi, Suzanne M., J.P. Robinson, and M.A. Milkie, Changing Rhythms of American Family Life, ASA Rose Series. N.Y: Russell Sage, 2006. Glass, Jennifer, "Blessing or Curse: Work-Family Policies and Mother's Wage Growth Over Time," Work and Occupations, V. 31 (3) (August) 2004: 367-394. L.M. Casper and S.Z. Bianchi, Continuity and Change in the American Family, Sage Publications, 2002. Hill, Jeffrey E., Vjolica Martinson and Maria Ferris, "New Concept Part-Time Employment as a

Work-Family Adaptive Strategy for Women Professionals with Small Children," Family Relations, V. 53, 2000: 282-292.

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Spain, Daphne and Suzanne M. Bianchi, Balancing Act: Motherhood, Marriage, and Employment Among American Women, New York: Russell Sage, 1996. McNeely, R.L. and B. Fogarty, "Balancing Parenthood and Employment: Factors Affecting Company Receptiveness to Family-Related Innovations in the Workplace," Family Relations, Vol. 37, No. 2 (April) 1988: 189-195. Saltzstein, Alan, Yuan Tingh and Grace Saltzstein, "Work-Family Balance and Job Satisfaction: The Impact of Family-Friendly Policies on Attitudes of Federal Government Employees," Public Administration Review, V. 61 (4) 2001: 452-467. McNeely, R.L., "Five-Morale Enhancing Innovations for Human Service Settings," Social Casework, Vol. 69, No. 4 (April) 1988: 204-213. McNeely, R.L., "Managing Work and Family Demands: Strengths, Weaknesses and Barriers to Implementing Twenty Innovative Programs," Social Work Papers, Vol. 21 1988:1-15. Olmsted, B., et al., Job Sharing in the Public Sector, San Francisco: New Ways to Work, 1979. Dickason, J., "Employee Time Sharing Works," Association Management 36(9) 1984:180. Frease, M. and R. Zawacki, "Job Sharing: An Answer To Productivity Problems?" The Personnel Administrator 24 (October) 1979:35-38, 56. Galinsky, E., "Family Life and Corporate Policies", Pp. 109-145 in M. Yogman and T. Brazelton (eds.), Stresses and Supports for Families. Boston: Harvard University Press, 1986. Aiken, O., "Part-time Options for Parents?" Personnel Management (October) 1984:59. Bohen, H. and A. Viveros-Long, Balancing Jobs and Family Life: Do Flexible Schedules Help? Philadelphia, Penn.: Temple University Press, 1981. Friedman, D., "Child Care for Employee's Kids," Harvard Business Review 64(March-April) 1986:28-34. Norman, N. and J. Tedeschi, "Paternity Leave: Administrator 29 (February) 1986:39-43. The Unpopular Benefit Option," Personnel

Friedman, D., Briefing Book on Families and Women, New York, N.Y.: Work and Family Information Center, The Conference Board (monograph) 1986:36 pp. Thomas, E., "Flexible Work Keeps Growing," Management World 15 (April-May) 1986:43-45. Polit, D. F., "Implications of Non-traditional Work Schedules for Women," Urban and Social Change Review 11 (1 and 2) 1978: 37-42. Nemirow, M., "Work-Sharing Approaches: Past and Present," Monthly Labor Review 107(9) 1984:34-39. (Discusses a policy, adopted by several states, known as short-time compensation,

which provides unemployment compensation for employees with reduced work hours.)

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JOURNALS OF PARTICULAR INTEREST Journal of Workplace Behavioral Health Sociology of Work and Occupations/ Work and Occupations Journal of Marriage and Family MISCELLANEOUS RESEARCH OF INTEREST Marjorie L. Gunnoe and C.L. Mariner, Toward a Developmental/Contextual Model of the Effects of Parental Spanking on Childrens Aggression, Archives of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, 151(8) 1997 (suggesting beneficial effects of spanking for Black children). Paula Fomby and Andrew Cherlin, Family Instability and Child Well-Being," American Sociological Review, (April) 2007 (suggesting that Black children handle changes in parents intimate partner relationships better than White children). Anita Chandra, et al., Does Watching Sex on Television Predict Teen Pregnancy? Findings from a National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, Pediatrics, V. 122, 2008: 1047-1054 (suggesting greater t.v. exposure to sex is linked to greater probability of pregnancy)

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* See: http://www.uwm.edu/Dept/SecU/SyllabusLimks.pdf for more information on subsections VII thru XIII. Information for students called to active military duty is available at the site.