INTRODUCTION In view of the increasing public awareness to have a clean environment, pollution in every form must be abated.

Effluents and emission from process industries are some of the important factors that have added to the menace of environmental pollution. Environment Engineers are engaged in relentless crusade against these factors for years. Process industries like textile, paper, leather, distilleries are some of the major industries that employ dyes and other chemical agents in their process. These dyes and chemicals in addition to being hazardous to plant and animal life are also easily detectable even by a layman. Therefore more attention should be paid for their elimination from the effluents of textile industries. Textile and textile dying and printing industries are the major source of dye bearing waste water. There are about 900 textile mills in the country, which process, according to rough estimate 0527 million meters of cotton and synthetic cloth. These textile mills are located mainly in Gujrat, Maharastra, Delhi, Tamil Nadu, Karnataka. These mills consume large volumes of water for various processes such as kiering, desizing, bleaching, mercerising, dyeing and printing. The discharge from the textile industry is equally large and contains different types of pollutants. The effluent discharged by 900 cotton textile mill in India is massive (about 235 litres per kg. of cloth produced). The presence of chemicals like hydrosulphite, sulphite and sulphur dyes cause rapid depletion of dissolved oxygen affecting the aquatic life adversely. These effluents mainly comprise of carbonates, hydroxide, chloride, sulphite, nitrite, silicates, oxychloride and sulphide of sodium, sulphuric acid, hydrogen peroxide, bleaching powder, starch and gum etc. Biological treatment process like trickling filter, activated sludge process etc. effectively remove BOD, COD and suspended solids, but they are largely ineffectivein removing colour from waste water. Some treatment method used for removal of colour and COD are coagulation using alum, lime, ferric chloride and ferric sulphate, chemical oxidation using chlorine and ozone, membrane process, and adsorption process using activated carbon. Adsorption process offer the most economical and effective treatment for dye bearing waste water. The use of activated carbon has been restricted mainly because of the high cost of activated carbon. Low cost adsorbent like fly ash, coal, peat, lignite, wood and saw dust have received considerable attention because of their availability at comparatively low cost. More attention needs to be paid to investigate the effectiveness of then low cost adsorbents.

Review Of Literature Considerable research has been undertaken both in India and abroad in the field of treatment of textile industry and dye bearing waste water by various techniques. The textile process industry involves several steps each contributing to a particular type of pollutant e.g. desizing process releases enzymes and sulphuric acid, kiering adds oils, fats and strong alkalies to effluent, bleaching releases chemicals like chlorine, hydrogen peroxide and sodium bisulphite; mercerization adds concentrated caustic soda solution to the waste water; dying releases various kinds of dyes andprinting adds thick solution of dyes along with starch and gum to the waste water. The net result of these pollutants is addition of different chemical and organic materials which increases the COD of the effluent, also adds colour and oily scum on the surface of water which decreases the oxygen transfer. Thornton and More (22) have reported the result of laboratory tests on adsorbents for the treatment of textile dye waste water. Adsorbents investigated were fullers earth and activated bauxite. These materials can be regenerated successfully by burning unless metallic elements are present in the dyestuff or dyelakes. Dye recovery from the adsorbent is possible in some instances by use of organic solvents like acetone. A breakthrough 0.5 was selected for these tests, that is, adsorption was continued until the concentration of dye in the effluent became half that of the influent. This arbitrary standard provide means for comparing the quantity of dye adsorbed per pound of adsorbent as affected by such variables as initial dye concentration and space velocity through the bed (cubic feet of waste per cubic foot of bed volume per hour). Bokade, Thergaonkar and Deshkar (2) Spoiled alumina from aluminium hydroxide manufacturing industry was activated at 400 degree centigrade and was used for adsorption studies on waste water from paper mill and dairy industry. The resul have shown that COD and colour removal are 84% and 99% respectively. Mall I.D. and Upadhyay S.N (16)Batch and column tests were conducted to assess the suitability of bottom ash from coal fired boiler for removal of basic dyes methylene blue and malachite green. Removal of dye was found to increase with decrease in initial concentration and increase in PH, speed of agitation and particle size, removal to the extent of 95 100 % was observed in low concentration range. The kinetics of removal follows the first order kinetic expression. The equilibrium data confirm to both Freundlich and

Langumirisotherms. The breakthrough time increased with increase in bed height and decrease in flow rate. The breakthrough time and bed depth data showed the applicability of Bed Depth Service Time (BDST) Model. Pradeep T. and Krishnaiah (21) The study was done to investigate the chief determinants of the adsorption of clay with dye bearing waste. The experimental data shows that the adsorption capacity of clay is close to activated carbon capacity. It is observed that adsorptive capacity of clay increases with size slowly and then rapidly, the equilibrium data follows the Freundlich isotherm. The adsorption of colour on clay can be considered as a reversible reaction with an equilibrium being established between the two phases. A first order mechanism, is therefore proposed. It is also found that temperature dependency of overall rate constant follows Arrhenius equation. Chamberlain (14)reported that instead of coagulating dye waste chemically, chlorine was used in the form chlorinated copperas to oxidise or bleach many dyes and to remove BOD from sulphur dyes . Chlorine can also be added at the same time as the chemicals, to aid in coagulation and colour removal as well as in final stage of waste processing. The chlorine requirements are normally 100 250 ppm. The action of chlorine is primarily one of oxidizing organic dyes to colourless dyes to colourless end product. Biological means of treating textile waste by trickling filter, activated sludge process and dispersed growth aeration have been found very successful. Govindan and Sundarlingam (11) found possible to treat textile mill waste water in admixture with sewage (1 : 5) by waste stabilization pond method with a detention time of 8 12 days using acclimatised algae culture at BOD loading of 200 kg per hectare per day, BOD of treated water was less than 20 mg/l and the BOD reduction obtained was 98 percent. Bhole and Dhabadgaonkar (5)Tried a number of coagulants to evaluate their efficiencies for removing colour and COD of the textile mill waste by physico chemical method. The performance of aluminium chloride was best, which is followed by ferric chloride, ferrus Thus, it can be concluded from the study of literature available on textile dye waste water treatment that adsorption is one of the important treatment method for the removal of COD and colour. This method becomes economical by using low cost adsorbents. The

physical chemical treatment prior to carbon adsorption is good answer to the rigid effluent standards. Objectives and Scope The object of study is to investigate the effectiveness of boiler bottom ash from coal fired boilers for Colour and COD removal from textile dye and printing waste water. The boiler bottom ash is low cost adsorbent in comparison to activated carbon and available abundantly. In India there are about 900 textile mills which are located mainly in Gujrat, Maharashtra, Delhi,Haryana,Tamilnadu, Karnataka, which processes, according to rough estimate 0527 million meter of cotton and synthetic cloth The effluent discharged by 900 cotton textile mills is massive (about 235 litre per kg of cloth produced). The present study will help in the treatment of dye bearing waste water by textile mills with a freely available low cost adsorbent. Methodology Proposed Textile mill dye printing waste water will be studied with boiler bottom ash adsorbent in 1. Batch Mode Experiment 2. Continuous Flow System Batch adsorption studies will be carried out using glass stoppered conical flask of 100ml capacity, thepH of waste water sample will be adjusted by sulphuric acid and by Sod. Hydroxide. Stoppered conical flask will be shaken on electric shaker after adding different doses of boiler bottom ash in it. After equilibrium period the content of flask will be filtered and the filtrate will be analysed for colour and COD removal. The above procedure will be carried to study adsorption by varyingDose (weights) of boiler bottom ash. Contact time. Waste waterpH. Adsorbent size. Alum and adsorbent.

Continuous Flow System In order to investigate the engineering aspect of COD and colour removal by boiler bottom ash, continuous down flow column study will be conducted by varyingDepth of adsorbent in column. Flow rate of waste water in column.

Effluent COD and Colour will be analysed at different time intervals. Anticipated contribution to the concern body of knowledge The present study will contribute in the following wayBoiler bottom ash can be established as a low cost adsorbent in comparison to activated carbon. Waste water treatment cost will be reduced. Regeneration of bottom ash not required. New relation can be found out in batch mode experiment and continuous flow system respectively. India has more than 900 textile industries which pollute huge quantity of water in the process which can be treated economically with low cost adsorbent- boiler bottom ash. Other process industries like paper and pulp, sugar mill, distillery etc. can also utilize the adsorbent. Verification and variation to the adsorbent phenomenon and laws can be studied.

REFERENCES 1. Adamson, A.W., Physical Chemistry for Surfaces, 2nd edition ., John Willey & Sons Inc. New York, 1977.

2. Bokade, S.S,.Thergonka, V.P. and Deshkar, A.M., Spoiled Alumina as Adsorbent, Indian Journal of Environ. Health. 3. BalaSubramanium, M.R. and Murlisankar,I., Utilization of fly Ash and Tea Waste ash as Decolourizing Agent for Dye Effluents, Indian J. technol. 25, 47, 1987. 4. Benefield, D., Judkins Joseph, F., Weand Barron, L., Process Chemistry for Water and Waste Water Treatment, Prentice Hall N.J. 07632, 1982. 5. Bhole, A.G., Dhabadgaon, S.M., Characterisation and Treatment of a Textile Mill Waste in Vidarbha IAWPC Tech. Annual 14. Pg 52-56, 1987 6. Coulson, J. M. and Richardson, J. F., Chemical Engineering, Vol. 3, Pergamon Press Ltd, Headington Hill Hall, Oxford, 1971. 7. Eckenfelder M.W, Industrial Waste Pollution Control, Mac Graw Hill, N.Y., 1966. 8. Fred Gurnham, C., Principles of Industrial Waste Treatment, John Wiley & Sons Inc. New York. 9. Faust,S.D. and Aly, O.M., Adsorption Process for water Treatment, Butter Worth Publishers, Stonchom, M.A. 02180 USA. 10. Fair, G.M., Geyer, J.C. and Okum, D.A., Water and Waste Water Engineering Vol. 1, 2, John Wiley & Sons, N.Y. 1968 11. Govindan, V.S., Sunderlingam, V.S., Studies on the Treatment of Textile Mill Waste Water by Stablization Pond Method., Ind. J. Environ. Health, Vol. 21, Pg 321 331, 1979. 12. I.S.: 9503 1980, Indian Standard Guide for Treatment and Disposal of Effluents of Cotton and Synthetic Textile Industry, Indian Standard Institution, New Delhi, 1980. 13. Joyce , R.S., Allen J. B. and Sukenik , V. A. , Treatment of Municipal Waste Water in Packed Activated Carbon Beds., J. Water poll. Control Fedration 38, 5, 813-823, 1966. 14. Koziorowski, B., and Kucharski, I., Industrial Waste disposal, Pergamon, 1972. 15. Minimal National Standards for Dye and Dye Industries., COINDS/34/1990. 16. Mall, I. D. and Upadhyay, Removal of Basic Dyes from Waste Water using Boiler bottom Ash, Indian J. Environ. Health., Vol. 27, No.1, 1-10, 1995. 17. Nemerow, N.L., Theories and Practices of Waste Treatment., Addison Wasley Publication Co. 1963.

18. Sawer Clair, N,.Mc Carty Perry, L., Chemistry for Environment Engineering., Tata Mac Graw Hill, 3rd edition,1967. 19. Standard Method for the Examination of Water and Waste , 16th Edition APHA, WPCF, 1985. 20. Sahu,O.B., Bhabadgaonkar, S.M., Effect of commercial cotton dyes on oxygen transfer, Indian J. Environ Health, Vol. 25, No.- 1, 35 40, 1983. 21. Pradeep, T.andKkrishnaiah, Adsorption of Dye from waste water on clay, J. Chemcon. 95. 22. Thornton H.A. and Moore J.R., Adsorption in waste water treatment Dye adsorption and recovery studies, J. Sewage and and Industrial waste, April, 1951.

TREATMENT OF TEXTILE DYE WASTE WATER BY ADSORPTION USING BOILER BOTTOM ASH

(ENVIRONMENT ENGINEERING)

RESEARCH PROPOSAL SUBMITTED BY Kamal Kulshrestha M.Sc .Engg . (Env. &Wat.Res.) A.M.U. Alig.