Leadership

Mrs. Shuchi Dikshit

Defined as a process in which a person tries to influence a set of individuals in the pursuit of achieving individual group & organizational objectives.

Difference between Leader & Manager

Leader works with others to make a difference Creates something of value that did not exist before Exhibits positive energy Encourages change

Manager directs work Responsible for hiring, firing, training & disciplining employees Exercises authority over quality of work Liaison between employees &

Perspectives on Leadership
Trait Perspective Behavioural Perspective Contingency Perspective

Trait Perspective
Variety of individual attributes, personality traits are relatively stable dispositions to behave in particular way.

Leadership Traits & Effectiveness

Self Confidence: Leaders with high selfconfidence are more likely to attempt difficult tasks & to set challenging objectives for themselves Emotional Stability & Maturity: Encompasses several interrelated motives, traits & values. Emotionally mature people have more accurate awareness of their strength & weaknesses

Leadership Traits & Effectiveness

Personal Integrity: It means consistent
behaviour with the espoused values and person is honest, ethical & trustworthy Achievement Motivation: Needs for achievement, desire to excel & succeed, willingness to assume responsibility & concern for the task's objectives

Leadership Traits & Effectiveness

Power Motivation: To direct & organize
group activities

Affiliation Motivation: Avoid controversy & conflict so as to be accepted by people around them, also to evolve effective interpersonal relationships

Leadership Styles
Autocratic Style Democratic Style Persuasive Style Consultative Style

Leadership Skills
Administrative Skills Communication Skills Interpersonal Skills Conceptual Skills

Behavioural Perspective
The leadership process does not reside solely in the person but could be developed as distinctive patterns of behaviour

Behavioural Theories
Ohio State University Studies Management Grid Likerts System-4 Management

Ohio State University Studies

Consideration: Indicates friendship,
mutual trust, respect & worth

Initiating Structure: Indicates concern about defining the roles or relationships in an organization, establishing well defined norms of organization, channels of communication & ways of getting a job done & trying out new ideas & practices

Ohio State University Studies

Initiating Structure
High IS Low C High IS High C

Low IS Low C

Low IS High C

Consideration

Management Grid

Management Grid
1,1: Impoverished management 1,9: Country Club Management 5,5: Middle of the road 9,9: Team Management 9,1: Task Management

Likerts System-4 Management

System1: Exploitive authoritative
The leader uses fear & threats, communication is downward, superior & subordinate are psychologically distant System2: Benevolent authoritative The leader uses reward to encourage performance

Likerts System-4 Management

System3: Consultative system
The leader uses appropriate rewards & communication may be two way. System4: Participative The leader discusses economic rewards & uses group participation & involvement in fixing high performance goals & improving work methods & procedures.

Contingency Perspective
It recognize that there is no single preferred single style of leadership. Therefore, the task is to identify the leadership style that is most appropriate in a specific situation.

Contingency Theories
Fiedlers Least Preferred Co-worker Contingency Theory Situational Leadership Theory Path-Goal Theory Leadership Substitute Theory

Fiedlers LPC Contingency Theory

Effective groups depend on a proper match between a leaders style of interacting with subordinates and the degree to which the situation gives control and influence to the leader. LPC: with whom the leader has found it most difficult to work Low LPC High LPC

Situational Variables
Leader-Member Relation: The degree of
confidence, trust, and respect subordinates have in their leader. Task Structure: The degree to which the job assignments are procedurized. Position Power: Influence derived from ones formal structural position in the organization; includes power to hire, fire, discipline, promote, and give salary increases.

Situational Leadership Model

Combination of task & relationship behaviour Matching the leadership style with followers maturity Maturity is determined by two aspects
Job Maturity(Ability) Psychological Maturity(Willingness)

Four Styles of Leadership

Relationship Behaviour

Situational Leadership Model

High
Unwilling

Telling Selling Participating Delegating

Participating

Selling

Delegating

Telling

Willing

Low

Low

Task Behaviour

Able to do the job

Unable to do the job

High

Path Goal Theory

It says that effective leaders influence employee satisfaction & performance by making their need- satisfaction dependent on effective job performance Strengthen employee performance by linking performance to outcome expectancy Effective leaders help by providing information, support & resources necessary to complete task.

Path Goal Theory

Leadership Styles
Directive: Clarifies performance goals, use of rewards Supportive: Emotional & psychological support Participative: Participation in decision making Achievement Oriented: Sets challenging goals, show high degree of confidence

Substitute-Leadership Model
When there are factors in the organization that act as a substitute or neutralizer for leader behaviour, making it redundant. Three categories of variables :
Individual Characteristics Job Characteristics Organizational Characteristics

Variables

Individual Characteristics
Experience, ability & training Professional Orientation Indifferent to rewards

Job Characteristics
High Structure Intrinsically satisfying

Organizational Characteristics
Cohesive work group Low position power for leaders

Transactional & Transformational Leadership

Helping organizations achieve their current objectives more efficiently

When they increase the awareness of what is right, good, important.

Transformational Leadership
Charisma & inspiration Intellectual Stimulation Individual Consideration