PE 240 Exam 4 Review

1. Describe

Ideal Gas and Ideal Solution.

Ideal Gas: molecular interactions are zero, molecules have no volume. Ideal Solution: Mutual solubility with no chemical reaction upon mixing. Molecular diameters of components are the same; forces of attraction/repulsion between molecules are the same regardless of molecular species. Volumes are additive (Amagats Law). 2. Describe Raoults Law. Raouls Law: The vapor pressure of a solvent is proportional to its mole fraction. (for solutions)

Combined with Daltons Law: Or

Z1=X1fL +Y1fv fL+ fv =1

Compositions of gas and liquid phases:

fv =

z1 x1 y1 x1

Bubble Point pressure of an ideal solution:

Dew Point pressure of an ideal solution:

3. Define non-ideal solution. How do we quantify it Non-ideal solution definition : A non-ideal solution is a solution that does not abide to the rules of an ideal solution where the interactions between the molecules are identical (or very close) to the interactions between molecules of different components. That is, there are no forces acting between the components: no Van-der-Waals nor any Coulomb forces. We assume ideal properties for dilute solutions. We quantify it using K-Values.

Bubble Point pressure of an ideal solution:

Dew Point pressure of an ideal solution:

4. Define K-Value. Where yj and xj are experimentally determined values of the compositions of the gas and liquid that exist at equilibrium at a given pressure and temperature.

Combined Raoults and Daltons equations:

ideal solution

5. When do we use simple K-Value models K Value to depend on pressure and temperature alone We use it for at low pressures (like separator pressures) . For example Blackoil. And when do we use more complex models K Value to depend on pressure and temperature and composition We use more complex models for low and high pressures (separator and reservoir conditions) . For example Blackoil, volatile oil & gas condensates. 6. Define Convergence pressure.

Is the value of pressure for which the K-factors appears to converge to unity is known as the convergence pressure. determined K values are plotted in log-log scale vs. pressure. 7. What do we use flash calculations for? For Pb determination. to find fraction of vapor (fv) and equilibrium gas and liquid compositions. in surface equipment where gas and liquid from the well head are fed into the separator as separator feed. that help determining optimum separator configuration that yields maximum API, least GOR and least Bo For example separator calculations

8. Name three difficulties in handling of oilfield water ( Brine) 1. Water production can be a major issue both from the economic aspects and environmental aspects 2. Produced water is usually corrosive and may result in scaling or plugging of the production tubing. 3. We may also face injectivity decline in water injection wells over time. 4. Sometimes we re-inject produced water into the reservoir for water-flooding purposes, but water quality may not be good enough for that purpose. 9. Name three benefits/challenges about gas hydrates (Answer: gas transport, pipeline plugging, future energy supply, drilling issues ) Benefits: 1. Natural gas Hydrates can be found at the bottom of oceans and they form a potential future energy resource 2. Hydrates can be used to transport natural gas safely in open air from one continent to another Challenges posed by hydrates: 1. During drilling operations, if hydrates are formed around the Blow Out Preventer in offshore drilling, pressure monitoring will be interrupted and drilling will be very dangerous. They can also cause problems during Drill Stem Testing and result in thickening of drilling fluid. 2. They can stuck pipelines during production. If formed inside pipelines, they can plug pipes. 3. Around $500,000,000.00 is spent on inhibitors annually in offshore pipelines only. 10. Describe conditions for the formation of gas hydrates.Pages 475 476 -477 Low Temperature Under high pressure and low temperature High Pressure conditions, water molecules can form cages from hydrogen bonds that trap gas molecules, forming ice Presence of Free water like lattice structures Presence of natural gas Natural gas Hydrates can be found at the bottom of (C1, C2, C3, iC4, N2, CO2, H2S) oceans and they form a potential future energy 11. What is a quadruple (point Q2 on figure 17-2)? resource Hydrates can be used to transport natural gas safely At Q2 , four phases are in equilibrium: in open air from one continent to another 1. Liquid water If formed inside pipelines, they can plug pipes 2. Hydrocarbon liquid 3. Hydrocarbon gas

4. Solid hydrate The almost vertical line extending from point Q2 separates the area of liquid water and hydrocarbon liquid from the are of liquid water and hydrate. 12. How can we prevent gas hydrate formation (name few methods used for inhibiting hydrate formation)? (Last three slides in the lecture notes) Methods used for inhibiting hydrate formation are : 1. Remove one of the four required conditions: a. Either Free water or Natural Gas. b. Increase Temperature. c. Reduce Pressure. 2.Use an inhibitor in the water phase by two methods: a. Use salts (Sodium Chloride, Potassium Chloride or Calcium Chloride) to act as electrolytes and form ionic bonds with the free water. b. Use alcohols or glycols to form polar bonds and take away possibility of hydrogen bonding.

If hydrates are formed: 1. Reduce pressure 2. Use inhibitor 3. Physically remove the hydrate 4. Increase temperature

Draw: Typical K-value vs. P graph (notice the log-log scale)

Bw vs. Pressure

Formation volume factor of water, Bw

Brine Density vs. Total Dissolved Solids (TDS)

Gas solubility vs. Salinity in brine

Viscosity of brine at atmospheric pressure vs. temperature and % NaCl (Notice that NaCl is acting as a typical dissolved solid. Also notice the increase in viscosity with increase in NaCl concentrations)

Example Problems : 1. Determine Bubble point and dew point pressures for an ideal solution (examples 1202 and 12-3). Bubble point will be sum of mole fractions times the vapor pressure at that temperature.

Dew point will be sum of mole fractions divided by the vapor pressure at that temperature

Gas Hydrate formation Phase Diagram. (Dont forget to show the quadruple on your diagram). 2. If you are presented a temperature, pressure and specific gravity, be able to determine whether hydrates will form in presence of water under those conditions (Example 17-1) Pages 480 481

My explanation for this question is the fallowing: Frist look and understand the first graph (17.2). The main part is that you only will have hydrate in the shadow area. Where you hand hydrate mixed with water or ice.

Second, look at the second graph to determine weather hydrates will from in presence of water. So, you need to apply the part where we have a hydrate that mixed with water from the first graph and adjusted it to the second graph. Also the fallowing point could be helpful to determine that: The selected point must above the specific gravity line. Also if you look closed to any of the specific gravity line. You will see from (33 F, 50 psia) to (63 F,490 psia) in figure 17.7 it present the same shape in figure 17.2 for the path ( 0 to Q1, and, Q1 to Q2)

Now we can use example 17.1 and apply the above method. Sp= 0.7 , T= 50 F , P=500 psia We see that its above the sp line whitch means that the hydrate will form if the water forms. .