Matt Dobbs - Probing The Opposite Ends of Time With The Cosmic Microwave Background Radiation

October 27, 13 700 002 006 ABB
Probing the opposite ends of time with the
Cosmic Microwave Background Radiation

Matt Dobbs
Spiral Galaxy
From our perspective as optical observers, the universe is a rich place full of structure, detail and beauty.
Matt.Dobbs@McGill.ca Oct 27, 2006
What is cosmology?
Step back to larger scales, and the universe that surrounds us is extremely uniform on large (Cosmological) scales, the universe is
homogenous (the same everywhere) isotrophic (looks the same in every direction) This infinite cylinder is a 2d homogeneous surface, but it is not isotrophic.
Q: Where are we in the universe? A: Nowhere special

(on cosmological scales)
The 2d surface of this sphere is isotrophic, and therefore also homogeneous.
study of our universe on these scales.

Photograph of the universe in the Microwave band. Real Experimental DATA from the COBE satellite, 1992.
Loosely put, cosmology is the
cold
different information is encoded in different bands.

cm km 10-2-103 m mm cm 10-3-10-2 m m 10-6-10-4 m 100s nm 10-7-10-6 m
radiowaves: i.e. radar radiowaves:

CMB Photons now.
EM Spectrum
visible: this is how we see the world around us.
1-102 eV 102-105 eV >105 eV
x-rays: i.e. dentist/doctor. gamma-rays: highest energy particles we know of gamma-
hot
cold
The Horizon
l ve cm km ra 10 -10 m s t m/s. on mm cm ot 108 CMB h 10 -10 m Photonsp 3x Now nt m re , c = 10 -10 m e as the universe iff eed 100s nm d p expands & cools, the 10 -10 m Cosmic Background se e s Radiation photons he sam t are stretched, ll eV he 1-10 A t and evolve through CMB photons t eV the EM a long time ago. 10 -10 a
-2 3
CMB photons in the future.
light and indeed any information cannot be transmitted faster than the speed of light, c. For a universe that is L=13.7 billion years old, information could be exchanged over a maximum distance Lc. This defines our horizon. As time moves forward, our horizon increases!. The Horizon problem: we see structures (e.g. the universe!!) that are uniform on super-horizon scales.
-3
-2
-6
-4
-7
-6
spectrum.
>105 eV
hot
Since light coming from further away takes longer to get here, the objects that emit the light are from an earlier time, because the light was emitted a long time ago. observations of distant objects are observations of our universe at a younger age.
Matt.Dobbs@McGill.ca Oct 27, 2006 Matt.Dobbs@McGill.ca Oct 27, 2006
Size (m) 1021
Object >= Galaxies Stars & planets Living Things Molecules
Force
ity av
Expert Cosmologists Astronomers Psychologists Taxi Drivers Biologists

m
Gr
106
1 10-9
Instinct Romance Biology

is et gn a om
on different length scales, different forces are relevant and so we use different theories and equations.
Chemists Pharmacists
10-10 10-15
Atoms Neutrons/protons
r ct Ele
Nuclear & Weak Force Strong Nuclear Force Particle Physicists

Thanks to A. De Rujula for this slide idea.
Physics Theories
General Relativity ????? String Thy? We need this Grand Unified Theory to calculate anything near the big bang! Special Relativity d e pe Particle Physics EW, QCD
smalle r size
Newtonian Gravity
Bigger Mas s
The History of the Universe a photons journey from the opposite ends of time
r te as f
Quantum Mechanics
History of the universe

NOW
You are here

(13.7 Billion years)
History of the Universe

The Big Bang
Large Scale Structure
Surface of Last Scattering

TIME
Plasma Epoch LHC probes this scale (TeV, 10-14s)
Inflation? <10-35 seconds, 1016 GeV Gravity waves produced
time=0 1920s & 30s: Hubble observed the universe is expanding. Big Oct 27, Matt.Dobbs@McGill.ca Bang 2006

Inflation
at t~10-35 s ABB, the universe undergoes a phase transition causing an explosive 1030 exponential expansion

Plasma Epoch, t <~ 400 000 years the universe is opaque to light matter and radiation are tightly coupled in
Inflation explains the horizon problem: why CMB is isotropic

UNIVERSE SIZE INFLATION
thermal equilibrium
plasma epoch
10-60
10-45
10-35
TIME
10-5
10-38 s inflation
10-38 s inflation

Recombination t~379 000 years ABB, T=3000K protons combined with electrons to form neutral hydrogen
recombination is sudden.
0 Big Bang 10-38 s inflation 400 000yr recombination plasma epoch

Large Scale Structure Formation Epoch Matter collapses under gravity to form the rich structure (including us!) of the universe. photons are (almost!) unaffected
Why the difference between Matter & Radiation now??
plasma 379 epoch 000years recombination LSS epoch
400 000yr recombination
radiation pressure resists the pull of gravity.

plasma epoch
this is the surface of last scattering
10-38 s inflation
10-38 s inflation

NOW
t~13 700 002 006 years ABB T=2.7 K (-2700 C)
13.7 Gyears NOW
LSS epoch
400 000yr recombination
The Cosmic Microwave Background Radiation
End of the line for a precious few of the photons, as we trap them in our detectors and glean a little information about the universe in which we live.
plasma epoch
10-38 s inflation
Cosmic Microwave Background

Cobe 1992 Cobe 1992
Dipole Anisotropy 10-3

WMAP 2003
Cobe 1992
fr
C S.
om
e :F
3 b0
PS
Ne
ws
ou
tu
Large Scale Temp Anisotropy, 10-5

The Team
Kevin
( Kareem )
the APEX-SZ Experiment

U.C. Berkeley / LBNL
Hsiao-Mei Cho HsiaoBill Holzapfel Zigmund Kermish Ruediger Kneissl Adrian Lee Martin Lueker Jared Mehl Tom Plagge Paul Richards Dan Schwan Helmuth Spieler Martin White
Max Planck IfR, Bonn

Frank Bertoldi Rolf Guesten Ernst Kreysa Karl Menten Dirk Muders Peter Schilke
Kaustuv Basu
Rajat
Eric
Cardiff
Peter Ade
Trevor
James Yoshi
Claire
C.U. Boulder
Nils Halverson
John ( Robert )
McGill University
Matt Dobbs Trevor Lanting
Big Blue
Galaxy cluster searches

CMB photons are used to backlight structure in the universe. 1-2% of CMB photons traversing galaxy clusters are inverse Compton scattered to higher energy the Sunyaev Zeldovich Effect.
BIMA
Galaxy cluster searches

optical / X-ray sky clusters fade away at high redshift.
SuZIE
Diabolo FREQUENCY
Carlstrom et al.
FREQUENCY
SZ observations do not fade away over large distances
Tool for mapping expansion history

Clusters can be seen at any distance.

Chile
CHILE
BOLIVIA
Lago Verde
Volcan Licancabu
Lago Verde
BOLIVIA
Volcan Licancabu
San Pedro de Atacama
APEX-SZ
APEX-SZ
CHILE N
APEX-SZ
320 element TES bolometer array pulse tube cooler w/ 3He sorption fridge MHz biased bolometers + multiplexing Telescope: 12m Cassegrain, ALMA prototype built by Vertex Chajnantor site, 5100m Atacama Plateau, Chile First light, Dec 2005 1 resolution at 2mm
(under-filled primary) (under-
Building a CMB Telescope

The Night Sky
300 mK
tro Elec Cold
n ic s
0.4 degree FOV

ad Re o s Sy ut
m te
SZ Camera Installed Dec 13
APEX-SZ Readout System
Readout Create with Osc/Demod boards Matt.Dobbs@McGill.ca Oct 27, 2006 SZ Camera with SQUID Controllers Matt.Dobbs@McGill.ca Oct 27, 2006
APEX-SZ Field Team
Dec 24, 2005 Several Minutes of APEX-SZ Data 38 TES Bolometers biased with MHz carriers and cooled without expendable cryogens
Plot courtesy of Nils Halverson, CU Boulder
South Pole Telescope

U. Chicago, UC Berkeley, Case Western R., CU Boulder, U. Illinois, LBNL, McGill, Harvard SAO
South Pole Telescope (SPT)
10m off axis Gregory telescope 1 deg FoV, 1 arcmin beam at 2mm 1000 element bolometer array
frequency domain multiplexed readout
deploy to pole January 2007 factor 10 faster mapping speed than APEX
4000 deg2 at 10 K/pixel ~104 clusters
Dec 11, 2005
Balloon-Borne Instruments
The Maxima Balloon Payload. One of the primary challenges for CMB observations is trying to see the tiny 2.7 K sky temperature while youre looking through a warm (300 K) atmosphere, with clouds and other changing conditions. This has driven scientists to put their telescopes as high as possible on board high altitude balloons, U2 spy airplanes, and on satellites.
TES Bolometer Array

55 element wedge
Spider web TES bolometer

64mm
Au
Ti Al 54m
54m
4 mm
The Boomerang Balloon at the South Pole.
G ~ 400 pW/K ~ 7-9 ms

Readout System
fMUX Chip
R1 RB V1 -V2 Vn(fn)
DDS Oscillators
L1 C1 RS I1 I2
L2 C2 RS
L3 C3 RS
TES Bolometers
Ln Cn RS Rfb
Demodulator
R2
Series Array SQUIDs
ADC SQUID Controller

Special thanks to the staff that make things happen at McGill: John and Robert, who have put together a first rate lab and made it happen fast. Eddie and Steve, who always tell me its nearly impossible to build, then build it. Diane (whos fighting the overhead monster with me) Sonia (whos helping build our next electronics board) Elizabeth, Louise, and Paula, who make everything happen. Nick and Eric (borrowed from UdM), who are building the next generation.

Matt Dobbs - Probing The Opposite Ends of Time With The Cosmic Microwave Background Radiation

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Matt Dobbs - Probing The Opposite Ends of Time With The Cosmic Microwave Background Radiation

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October 27, 13 700 002 006 ABB

Probing the opposite ends of time with the

Cosmic Microwave Background Radiation

Q: Where are we in the universe? A: Nowhere special

The 2d surface of this sphere is isotrophic, and therefore also homogeneous.

study of our universe on these scales.

Loosely put, cosmology is the

Matt.Dobbs@McGill.ca Oct 27, 2006

different information is encoded in different bands.

radiowaves: i.e. radar radiowaves:

visible: this is how we see the world around us.

1-102 eV 102-105 eV >105 eV

x-rays: i.e. dentist/doctor. gamma-rays: highest energy particles we know of gamma-

Matt.Dobbs@McGill.ca Oct 27, 2006

Matt.Dobbs@McGill.ca Oct 27, 2006

CMB photons in the future.

Matt.Dobbs@McGill.ca Oct 27, 2006

Matt.Dobbs@McGill.ca Oct 27, 2006

Size (m) 1021

Object >= Galaxies Stars & planets Living Things Molecules

Expert Cosmologists Astronomers Psychologists Taxi Drivers Biologists

Instinct Romance Biology

Nuclear & Weak Force Strong Nuclear Force Particle Physicists

Thanks to A. De Rujula for this slide idea.

History of the universe

You are here

History of the Universe

Large Scale Structure

Surface of Last Scattering

Plasma Epoch LHC probes this scale (TeV, 10-14s)

Inflation? <10-35 seconds, 1016 GeV Gravity waves produced

Matt.Dobbs@McGill.ca Oct 27, 2006

History of the Universe

History of the Universe

Inflation explains the horizon problem: why CMB is isotropic

History of the Universe

History of the Universe

400 000yr recombination

radiation pressure resists the pull of gravity.

this is the surface of last scattering

History of the Universe

13.7 Gyears NOW

400 000yr recombination

The Cosmic Microwave Background Radiation

Matt.Dobbs@McGill.ca Oct 27, 2006

Cosmic Microwave Background

Dipole Anisotropy 10-3

Large Scale Temp Anisotropy, 10-5

the APEX-SZ Experiment

Max Planck IfR, Bonn

Matt.Dobbs@McGill.ca Oct 27, 2006

Galaxy cluster searches

Galaxy cluster searches

SZ observations do not fade away over large distances

Tool for mapping expansion history

Clusters can be seen at any distance.

Matt.Dobbs@McGill.ca Oct 27, 2006

San Pedro de Atacama

Matt.Dobbs@McGill.ca Oct 27, 2006

Building a CMB Telescope

tro Elec Cold

0.4 degree FOV