_______________________________________________Technical Report Writing and Presentation Skills

SYNOPSIS SYNOPSIS

READING AND WRITING SKILLS

SUBMITTED TO: MADAM HUMAIRA TABASSUM SUBMITTED BY: HAFSA IQBAL AISHA FARID ANAM MAQSOOD 2K9-CHE-136 2K9-CHE-135 2K9-CH2-134

B.Sc. CHEMICAL ENGINEERING (SESSION 2009-2013)

Third Year (5TH semester)

NFC Institute of Engineering and Technology

Multan

(2K9-ChE-134,135,136)

_______________________________________________Technical Report Writing and Presentation Skills

Abstract
The main concept of communication defines the writing and reading skills .if we can master in it we can success in every field of our life. Reading and writing skills helps us in developing and to enhance our communication level. These two things along with listening skills define our confidence and make the important part of our successful life.

(2K9-ChE-134,135,136)

_______________________________________________Technical Report Writing and Presentation Skills

1.0 INTRODUCTION:
1.1 Writing skills:
Writing skills are specific abilities which help writers to put their thoughts into words in a meaning full form and to mentally interact with the message.

1.2 Reading skills:

Reading is a complex cognitive process of decoding symbols for the intention of constructing or deriving meaning (reading comprehension). It is a means of language acquisition, of communication, and of sharing information and ideas. Reading skills are specific abilities which enable a reader To read the written form as meaningful language To read anything written with independence, comprehension and fluency, and To mentally interact with the message. Big Picture: Finding background information to define & select a topic Finding the summary of a topic and terms associated with a topic may mean Finding the meaning of words or terms, related to a topic Translating terms and words from one language to another language Figuring out search terms for use in further research Situational: Gauging how far to go with research, based on surrounding circumstances Figuring out how far to go with research activities, in light of meeting someone elses expectations Figuring out how much time to spend on a research project Figuring out how to get a good grade Finding sample papers from former students, provided by instructor Finding guidelines for paper submission Information Gathering: Finding, accessing, and securing relevant research resources Finding out what research has been published about a topic Locating full-text versions (online and print) of potential research sources

2.1 Review of literature:

The history of writing records the development of expressing language by letters or other marks. In the history of how systems of representation of language through graphic means have evolved in different human civilizations, more complete writing systems were preceded by proto-writing, systems of ideographic and/or early mnemonic symbol. True writing, in which the entire content of a linguistic utterance is encoded so that another reader can reconstruct, with a fair degree of accuracy, the exact utterance written down, is a later development, and is distinguished from proto-writing in that the latter typically avoids encoding grammatical words and affixes, making it difficult or impossible to confidently reconstruct the exact meaning intended by the writer unless a great deal of context is already known in advance. (2K9-ChE-134,135,136)

_______________________________________________Technical Report Writing and Presentation Skills

3.1 Developmental stages

A conventional "proto-writing to true writing" system follows a general series of developmental stages: Picture writing system: glyphs directly represent objects and ideas or objective and ideational situations. In connection with this the following sub stages may be distinguished: The mnemonic: glyphs primarily a reminder; The pictographic (pictography): glyphs represent directly an object or an objective situation such as (A) chronological, (B) notices, (C) communications, (D) totems, titles, and names, (E) religious, (F) customs, (G) historical, and (H) biographical; The ideographic (ideography): glyphs represent directly an idea or an ideational situation. Transitional system: glyphs refer not only to the object or idea which it represents but to its name as well. Phonetic system: glyphs refer to sounds or spoken symbols irrespective of their meanings. This resolves itself into the following sub stages: The verbal: glyph (logogram) represents a whole word; The syllabic: glyph represent a syllable; The alphabetic: glyph represents an elementary sound. The Semitic languages diversified along geographic lines as Northwest Semitic, Northeast, Southwest and Southeast. Northwest Semitic consists of 2 major groups, Aramaic and Canaanite. Canaanite is represented by Ugaritic, Phoenician, and Hebrew. Northeast Semitic consists of the ancestral Akkadian, represented by Babylonian and Assyrian. The Southwest and Southeast Semitic languages consisted of North and South Arabic and Ethiopic. The term epigraphy is generally used for writing on hard durable materials such as stone or postsherds (ostraca) but some use the term for any inscriptional remnants of a past civilization. Paleography is the study of the progressive changes and developments in the form of letters over time and is usually applied to writing on less durable materials such as parchment, leather or papyrus. An experienced paleographer can often date a specific manuscript with fair accuracy. Epigraphy on stone is usually harder to date since more archaic forms were often retained for monumental inscriptions. The causes of changes in scripts were primarily sociological and psychological, a script hand being a reflection of styles and trends for particular time periods. Unfortunately, this is not measurable for the paleographer whose primary tool is a systematic collection or database of thousands of exemplars of written material of known date. Spelling and the sequence of characters in a word and their setting in a grammatical structure is the provenance of Orthography.

3.2 Archaic Scripts

Old Phoenician 10th-9th cent. BCE Moabite 850 BCE Early Aramaic 800 BCE Siloam Inscription 700 BCE Samaritan * Lachish Ostraca cent. BCE 6th

(2K9-ChE-134,135,136)

_______________________________________________Technical Report Writing and Presentation Skills

4.0 HISTORICAL REVIEW OF READING:

4.1 SAXON READING:
Reading began life as a Saxon settlement. Reading was originally called Reada ingas, which means the people of Reada. Reada was a Saxon leader who settled in the area with his tribe in the 6th century. The early settlement was probably in the area of St Marys Butts. (In the Middle Ages this road was called Old Street, so even then it was old). Its position near the two rivers made Reading an ideal place to hold a market (since goods were often transported by water). Reading was well placed to transport goods to and from the Thames Valley and London by river. Reading is first mentioned in the year 871 when the Danes captured it. They made a fort east of Reading by erecting a rampart between the Thames and the Kennet. Reading is next mentioned in 1006 when the Danes burnt it. At the time of the Domesday Book (1086) Reading had a population of about 600.

6.0 Methodology:
A questionnaire is a research instrument consisting of a series of questions and other prompts for the purpose of gathering information from respondents. Although they are often designed for statistical analysis of the responses, this is not always the case. The questionnaire was invented by Sir Francis Galton.

6.1 Short questions

What are skills? And why they are important for us? ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Why for effective communication, we need good writing and reading skills? ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- What are the factors that influenced in better communication? ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- How do we increase our reading abilities? ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- How the beauty of wrting is shown? ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Why do people need writing skills without reading skills? ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- In general do you trust yourself as a person who can find good words and ideas and perceptions? -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

(2K9-ChE-134,135,136)

_______________________________________________Technical Report Writing and Presentation Skills

6.2 Long Questions

Creativity enhances skills justify it. What are styles of reading? Explain. What is meant by active reading and how it improves our skills? Explain the strategies for developing reading skills? What are the types of reading skills and how they are important for us? How the comprehensibility is shown in writing skills? and explain the writing exercises? What are the basic levels of writing skills and also show the formal display of writing abilities?

6.3 Blanks
______________is the ability to be understood. _______________that expresses the writers thought and feelings. Analyze,_____________ and _____________ are the three processes in read skills __________________, fluency and _____________ are the three goals of writing and reading skills. ___________ involves reading a text very quickly and superficially in order to get a general idea of the content. Hand writing is important in _________ skills. Email, application and memos are the _____________ way of _________ skills.

6.4 Multiple choice questions(MCQs)

Writing skills has _______ levels. o Three o Two o One __________ is a reading skill used to locate key or specific information quickly, e.g. dates, numbers, examples & definitions. o Skimming o Fluency o Scanning Spacing, attractiveness and speed comes in _____________ of writing skills. o Qualities o Necessity o Invention ______________ of a paragraph comes in writing skills. o Conversion o Summarize o Reordering _______________need to be learned together, because one reinforces the other. Every reading approach should teach these skills in some way or another. o Reading o Literacy o Both of them Grammatical, authenticity and comprehensibility comes in _____________ skills o Writing skills o Listening skills o Non verbal communication (2K9-ChE-134,135,136)

_______________________________________________Technical Report Writing and Presentation Skills Letters, memos and application are part of _______________ skills. o Informal writing communication o Formal writing communication o Listening communication

7.0 References:
www.google.com www.wikipedia.com www.scribd.com http://www.writingtester.com/ http://www.readingisgood.com/2008/05/comprehension-a-definition/ http://42explore.com/skim.htm

(2K9-ChE-134,135,136)