Lense-Thirring effect on two-body range in solar system L.

Iorio Motivations and Overview of the Planetary Scenario Lense-Thirring Schwarzschild Solar Oblateness Minor Asteroids Ceres, Pallas, Vesta TransNeptunion Objects Planet X? Conclusions

Lense-Thirring effect on two-body range in solar system scenarios

L. Iorio
Ministero dellIstruzione, dellUniversit e della Ricerca, Fellow of the Royal Astronomical Society

38th COSPAR Scientic Assembly, Bremen, Germany, July 18-25, 2010

Lense-Thirring effect on two-body range in solar system L. Iorio Motivations and Overview of the Planetary Scenario Lense-Thirring Schwarzschild Solar Oblateness Minor Asteroids Ceres, Pallas, Vesta TransNeptunion Objects Planet X? Conclusions

Outline
1 Motivations and Overview of the Planetary Scenario 2 Lense-Thirring 3 Schwarzschild 4 5 6 7 8

Solar Oblateness Minor Asteroids Ceres, Pallas, Vesta Trans-Neptunion Objects Planet X?

9 Conclusions

Lense-Thirring effect on two-body range in solar system L. Iorio Motivations and Overview of the Planetary Scenario Lense-Thirring Schwarzschild Solar Oblateness Minor Asteroids Ceres, Pallas, Vesta TransNeptunion Objects Planet X? Conclusions

For a long time since its prediction in 1918 within

general relativity [Lense & Thirring 1918], the Lense-Thirring effect has been retained too small to be detected with planetary motions. Nowadays, the situation is becoming more favorable. At present, some attempts to measure it in the gravitational elds of the Earth and Mars have been performed with the LAGEOS [Ciufolini et al. 2009] and Mars Global Surveyor [Iorio 2006] articial satellites. Their status is somewhat uncertain, and the realistic evaluation of the accuracy reached in such tests is matter of controversy [Krogh 2007, Iorio 2009, Iorio 2010a] The data analysis of the GP-B mission, aimed to directly measure another gravitomagnetic effect in a dedicated spacecraft-based experiment orbiting the Earth, is still ongoing [Everitt et al. 2009]. Anyway, it will not be possible to repeat such an experiment in a foreseeable future.

Lense-Thirring effect on two-body range in solar system L. Iorio Motivations and Overview of the Planetary Scenario Lense-Thirring Schwarzschild Solar Oblateness Minor Asteroids Ceres, Pallas, Vesta TransNeptunion Objects Planet X? Conclusions

For a long time since its prediction in 1918 within

general relativity [Lense & Thirring 1918], the Lense-Thirring effect has been retained too small to be detected with planetary motions. Nowadays, the situation is becoming more favorable. At present, some attempts to measure it in the gravitational elds of the Earth and Mars have been performed with the LAGEOS [Ciufolini et al. 2009] and Mars Global Surveyor [Iorio 2006] articial satellites. Their status is somewhat uncertain, and the realistic evaluation of the accuracy reached in such tests is matter of controversy [Krogh 2007, Iorio 2009, Iorio 2010a] The data analysis of the GP-B mission, aimed to directly measure another gravitomagnetic effect in a dedicated spacecraft-based experiment orbiting the Earth, is still ongoing [Everitt et al. 2009]. Anyway, it will not be possible to repeat such an experiment in a foreseeable future.

Lense-Thirring effect on two-body range in solar system L. Iorio Motivations and Overview of the Planetary Scenario Lense-Thirring Schwarzschild Solar Oblateness Minor Asteroids Ceres, Pallas, Vesta TransNeptunion Objects Planet X? Conclusions

For a long time since its prediction in 1918 within

general relativity [Lense & Thirring 1918], the Lense-Thirring effect has been retained too small to be detected with planetary motions. Nowadays, the situation is becoming more favorable. At present, some attempts to measure it in the gravitational elds of the Earth and Mars have been performed with the LAGEOS [Ciufolini et al. 2009] and Mars Global Surveyor [Iorio 2006] articial satellites. Their status is somewhat uncertain, and the realistic evaluation of the accuracy reached in such tests is matter of controversy [Krogh 2007, Iorio 2009, Iorio 2010a] The data analysis of the GP-B mission, aimed to directly measure another gravitomagnetic effect in a dedicated spacecraft-based experiment orbiting the Earth, is still ongoing [Everitt et al. 2009]. Anyway, it will not be possible to repeat such an experiment in a foreseeable future.

Lense-Thirring effect on two-body range in solar system L. Iorio Motivations and Overview of the Planetary Scenario Lense-Thirring Schwarzschild Solar Oblateness Minor Asteroids Ceres, Pallas, Vesta TransNeptunion Objects Planet X? Conclusions

The non-gravitational perturbations do not affect the

motion of the planets

The gravitational perturbations are well-known and

relatively easy to model

Only one even zonal J2 has to be taken into account in

modeling the non-spherical eld of the Sun

The Earth-planet range || is a direct, unambiguous

observable
Present-day 1-way range residuals to Mercury from

radar-ranging spanning 30 yr are at a few-km level

The future approved Bepi-Colombo mission to Mercury

will allow to reach a 4.510 cm accuracy in measuring its range over t 2 yr [Milani et al. 2010]. Plans for implementing Planetary Laser Ranging (PLR), accurate to a cm-level, exist [Smith et al. 2006]. First attempts with Mercury have already been performed by GGAO with the non-optimized MLA onboard the Messenger spacecraft with a formal error of 20 cm [Neumann et al. 2006].

Lense-Thirring effect on two-body range in solar system L. Iorio Motivations and Overview of the Planetary Scenario Lense-Thirring Schwarzschild Solar Oblateness Minor Asteroids Ceres, Pallas, Vesta TransNeptunion Objects Planet X? Conclusions

The non-gravitational perturbations do not affect the

motion of the planets

The gravitational perturbations are well-known and

relatively easy to model

Only one even zonal J2 has to be taken into account in

modeling the non-spherical eld of the Sun

The Earth-planet range || is a direct, unambiguous

observable
Present-day 1-way range residuals to Mercury from

radar-ranging spanning 30 yr are at a few-km level

The future approved Bepi-Colombo mission to Mercury

will allow to reach a 4.510 cm accuracy in measuring its range over t 2 yr [Milani et al. 2010]. Plans for implementing Planetary Laser Ranging (PLR), accurate to a cm-level, exist [Smith et al. 2006]. First attempts with Mercury have already been performed by GGAO with the non-optimized MLA onboard the Messenger spacecraft with a formal error of 20 cm [Neumann et al. 2006].

Lense-Thirring effect on two-body range in solar system L. Iorio Motivations and Overview of the Planetary Scenario Lense-Thirring Schwarzschild Solar Oblateness Minor Asteroids Ceres, Pallas, Vesta TransNeptunion Objects Planet X? Conclusions

The non-gravitational perturbations do not affect the

motion of the planets

The gravitational perturbations are well-known and

relatively easy to model

Only one even zonal J2 has to be taken into account in

modeling the non-spherical eld of the Sun

The Earth-planet range || is a direct, unambiguous

observable
Present-day 1-way range residuals to Mercury from

radar-ranging spanning 30 yr are at a few-km level

The future approved Bepi-Colombo mission to Mercury

will allow to reach a 4.510 cm accuracy in measuring its range over t 2 yr [Milani et al. 2010]. Plans for implementing Planetary Laser Ranging (PLR), accurate to a cm-level, exist [Smith et al. 2006]. First attempts with Mercury have already been performed by GGAO with the non-optimized MLA onboard the Messenger spacecraft with a formal error of 20 cm [Neumann et al. 2006].

Lense-Thirring effect on two-body range in solar system L. Iorio Motivations and Overview of the Planetary Scenario Lense-Thirring Schwarzschild Solar Oblateness Minor Asteroids Ceres, Pallas, Vesta TransNeptunion Objects Planet X? Conclusions

The non-gravitational perturbations do not affect the

motion of the planets

The gravitational perturbations are well-known and

relatively easy to model

Only one even zonal J2 has to be taken into account in

modeling the non-spherical eld of the Sun

The Earth-planet range || is a direct, unambiguous

observable
Present-day 1-way range residuals to Mercury from

radar-ranging spanning 30 yr are at a few-km level

The future approved Bepi-Colombo mission to Mercury

will allow to reach a 4.510 cm accuracy in measuring its range over t 2 yr [Milani et al. 2010]. Plans for implementing Planetary Laser Ranging (PLR), accurate to a cm-level, exist [Smith et al. 2006]. First attempts with Mercury have already been performed by GGAO with the non-optimized MLA onboard the Messenger spacecraft with a formal error of 20 cm [Neumann et al. 2006].

Lense-Thirring effect on two-body range in solar system L. Iorio Motivations and Overview of the Planetary Scenario Lense-Thirring Schwarzschild Solar Oblateness Minor Asteroids Ceres, Pallas, Vesta TransNeptunion Objects Planet X? Conclusions

The non-gravitational perturbations do not affect the

motion of the planets

The gravitational perturbations are well-known and

relatively easy to model

Only one even zonal J2 has to be taken into account in

modeling the non-spherical eld of the Sun

The Earth-planet range || is a direct, unambiguous

observable
Present-day 1-way range residuals to Mercury from

radar-ranging spanning 30 yr are at a few-km level

The future approved Bepi-Colombo mission to Mercury

will allow to reach a 4.510 cm accuracy in measuring its range over t 2 yr [Milani et al. 2010]. Plans for implementing Planetary Laser Ranging (PLR), accurate to a cm-level, exist [Smith et al. 2006]. First attempts with Mercury have already been performed by GGAO with the non-optimized MLA onboard the Messenger spacecraft with a formal error of 20 cm [Neumann et al. 2006].

Lense-Thirring effect on two-body range in solar system L. Iorio Motivations and Overview of the Planetary Scenario Lense-Thirring Schwarzschild Solar Oblateness Minor Asteroids Ceres, Pallas, Vesta TransNeptunion Objects Planet X? Conclusions

The non-gravitational perturbations do not affect the

motion of the planets

The gravitational perturbations are well-known and

relatively easy to model

Only one even zonal J2 has to be taken into account in

modeling the non-spherical eld of the Sun

The Earth-planet range || is a direct, unambiguous

observable
Present-day 1-way range residuals to Mercury from

radar-ranging spanning 30 yr are at a few-km level

The future approved Bepi-Colombo mission to Mercury

will allow to reach a 4.510 cm accuracy in measuring its range over t 2 yr [Milani et al. 2010]. Plans for implementing Planetary Laser Ranging (PLR), accurate to a cm-level, exist [Smith et al. 2006]. First attempts with Mercury have already been performed by GGAO with the non-optimized MLA onboard the Messenger spacecraft with a formal error of 20 cm [Neumann et al. 2006].

Lense-Thirring effect on two-body range in solar system L. Iorio Motivations and Overview of the Planetary Scenario Lense-Thirring Schwarzschild Solar Oblateness Minor Asteroids Ceres, Pallas, Vesta TransNeptunion Objects Planet X? Conclusions

The non-gravitational perturbations do not affect the

motion of the planets

The gravitational perturbations are well-known and

relatively easy to model

Only one even zonal J2 has to be taken into account in

modeling the non-spherical eld of the Sun

The Earth-planet range || is a direct, unambiguous

observable
Present-day 1-way range residuals to Mercury from

radar-ranging spanning 30 yr are at a few-km level

The future approved Bepi-Colombo mission to Mercury

will allow to reach a 4.510 cm accuracy in measuring its range over t 2 yr [Milani et al. 2010]. Plans for implementing Planetary Laser Ranging (PLR), accurate to a cm-level, exist [Smith et al. 2006]. First attempts with Mercury have already been performed by GGAO with the non-optimized MLA onboard the Messenger spacecraft with a formal error of 20 cm [Neumann et al. 2006].

Lense-Thirring effect on two-body range in solar system L. Iorio Motivations and Overview of the Planetary Scenario Lense-Thirring Schwarzschild Solar Oblateness Minor Asteroids Ceres, Pallas, Vesta TransNeptunion Objects Planet X? Conclusions

Numerically integrated range: Lense-Thirring

EMB Mercury range: SSB numericalcalculation
10 7.5 5 m 2.5 0 2.5 5 7.5 0 0.5 1 t y 1.5 2

Figure: Difference || between the numerically integrated

EMB-Mercury ranges with and without the solar Lense-Thirring effect over t = 2 yr. The same initial conditions, retrieved from the NASA JPL Horizons system in the ICRF/J2000.0 frame, have been used for both the integrations.

Lense-Thirring effect on two-body range in solar system L. Iorio Motivations and Overview of the Planetary Scenario Lense-Thirring Schwarzschild Solar Oblateness Minor Asteroids Ceres, Pallas, Vesta TransNeptunion Objects Planet X? Conclusions

Numerically integrated range: Schwarzschild

EMB Mercury range: SSB numericalcalculation
100000 0 100000 200000

0.5

1 t y

1.5

Figure: Difference || between the numerically integrated

EMB-Mercury ranges with and without the perturbation due to the Suns Schwarzschild eld over t = 2 yr. The same initial conditions, retrieved from the NASA JPL Horizons system in the ICRF/J2000.0 frame, have been used for both the integrations.

Lense-Thirring effect on two-body range in solar system L. Iorio Motivations and Overview of the Planetary Scenario Lense-Thirring Schwarzschild Solar Oblateness Minor Asteroids Ceres, Pallas, Vesta TransNeptunion Objects Planet X? Conclusions

Numerically integrated range: J2

EMB Mercury range: SSB numericalcalculation
150 100 50 m 0 50 100 150 0 0.5 1 t y 1.5 2

EMB-Mercury ranges with and without the solar J2 effect over t = 2 yr. The same initial conditions, retrieved from the NASA JPL Horizons system in the ICRF/J2000.0 frame, have been used for both the integrations.

Figure: Difference || between the numerically integrated

Lense-Thirring effect on two-body range in solar system L. Iorio Motivations and Overview of the Planetary Scenario Lense-Thirring Schwarzschild Solar Oblateness Minor Asteroids Ceres, Pallas, Vesta TransNeptunion Objects Planet X? Conclusions

Numerically integrated range: minor asteroids

EMB Mercury range: SSB numericalcalculation
2

1 m

2 0 0.5 1 t y 1.5 2

Figure:

Difference || between the numerically integrated EMB-Mercury ranges with and without the

nominal perturbation due to the ring of minor asteroids with mring = 1 1010 M [Fienga et al. 2010] and Rring = 3.14 au [Fienga et al. 2010] over t = 2 yr. The same initial conditions, retrieved from the NASA JPL Horizons system in the ICRF/J2000.0 frame, have been used for both the integrations.

Lense-Thirring effect on two-body range in solar system L. Iorio Motivations and Overview of the Planetary Scenario Lense-Thirring

Numerically integrated range: Ceres, Pallas, Vesta

EMB Mercury range: SSB numericalcalculation
40 20 m 0 20 40 0 0.5 1 t y 1.5 2

Schwarzschild Solar Oblateness Minor Asteroids Ceres, Pallas, Vesta TransNeptunion Objects Planet X? Conclusions

Difference || between the numerically integrated EMB-Mercury ranges with and without the nominal perturbation due to Ceres, Pallas, Vesta [Pitjeva & Standish 2009] over t = 2 yr. The same initial conditions, retrieved from the NASA JPL Horizons system in the ICRF/J2000.0 frame, have been used for both the integrations.

Figure:

Lense-Thirring effect on two-body range in solar system L. Iorio Motivations and Overview of the Planetary Scenario Lense-Thirring Schwarzschild Solar Oblateness Minor Asteroids Ceres, Pallas, Vesta TransNeptunion Objects Planet X? Conclusions

Numerically integrated range: TNOs

EMB Mercury range: SSB numericalcalculation
0.4

0.2 m

0.2

0.4 0 0.5 1 t y 1.5 2

Figure:

Difference || between the numerically integrated EMB-Mercury ranges with and without the

nominal perturbation due to the ring of Trans-Neptunian Objects with mring = 5.26 108 M [Pitjeva 2010] and Rring = 43 au [Pitjeva 2010] over t = 2 yr. The same initial conditions, retrieved from the NASA JPL Horizons system in the ICRF/J2000.0 frame, have been used for both the integrations.

Lense-Thirring effect on two-body range in solar system L. Iorio Motivations and Overview of the Planetary Scenario Lense-Thirring

Numerically integrated range: planet X?

EMB Mercury range: SSB numericalcalculation
1.5 1 0.5 m 0 0.5 1 1.5 0 0.5 1 t y 1.5 2

Schwarzschild Solar Oblateness Minor Asteroids Ceres, Pallas, Vesta TransNeptunion Objects Planet X? Conclusions

Difference || between the numerically integrated EMB-Mercury ranges with and without the perturbation due to a hypothetical remote planet X lying almost in the ecliptic with maximum tidal parameter KX = 2.7 1026 s2 [Iorio 2010b] over t = 2 yr. The same initial conditions, retrieved from the NASA JPL Horizons system in the ICRF/J2000.0 frame, have been used for both the integrations.

Figure:

Lense-Thirring effect on two-body range in solar system L. Iorio Motivations and Overview of the Planetary Scenario Lense-Thirring Schwarzschild Solar Oblateness Minor Asteroids Ceres, Pallas, Vesta TransNeptunion Objects Planet X? Conclusions

Summary
The Lense-Thirring range signal does fall well within the

expected level of measurability, so that it may be detected with a 0.20.5% accuracy over t = 2 yr.
Several competing range signals induced by other

dynamical effects act as systematic errors. Anyway, their temporal patterns are, in general, different from that of the Lense-Thirring signal. The most insidious one is the solar J2 , presently known with an uncertainty of 10%. However, its more accurate measurement is just one of the goals of the Bepi-Colombo mission. The masses of Ceres, Pallas, Vesta are known with at a 102 103 level, while the mass of the ring of the minor asteroids is uncertain at a 30% level.
The Lense-Thirring effect, if not modeled, may act as

source of systematic bias in other high-accuracy proposed tests of general relativity.

Lense-Thirring effect on two-body range in solar system L. Iorio Motivations and Overview of the Planetary Scenario Lense-Thirring Schwarzschild Solar Oblateness Minor Asteroids Ceres, Pallas, Vesta TransNeptunion Objects Planet X? Conclusions

Summary
The Lense-Thirring range signal does fall well within the

expected level of measurability, so that it may be detected with a 0.20.5% accuracy over t = 2 yr.
Several competing range signals induced by other

dynamical effects act as systematic errors. Anyway, their temporal patterns are, in general, different from that of the Lense-Thirring signal. The most insidious one is the solar J2 , presently known with an uncertainty of 10%. However, its more accurate measurement is just one of the goals of the Bepi-Colombo mission. The masses of Ceres, Pallas, Vesta are known with at a 102 103 level, while the mass of the ring of the minor asteroids is uncertain at a 30% level.
The Lense-Thirring effect, if not modeled, may act as

source of systematic bias in other high-accuracy proposed tests of general relativity.

Lense-Thirring effect on two-body range in solar system L. Iorio Motivations and Overview of the Planetary Scenario Lense-Thirring Schwarzschild Solar Oblateness Minor Asteroids Ceres, Pallas, Vesta TransNeptunion Objects Planet X? Conclusions

Summary
The Lense-Thirring range signal does fall well within the

expected level of measurability, so that it may be detected with a 0.20.5% accuracy over t = 2 yr.
Several competing range signals induced by other

dynamical effects act as systematic errors. Anyway, their temporal patterns are, in general, different from that of the Lense-Thirring signal. The most insidious one is the solar J2 , presently known with an uncertainty of 10%. However, its more accurate measurement is just one of the goals of the Bepi-Colombo mission. The masses of Ceres, Pallas, Vesta are known with at a 102 103 level, while the mass of the ring of the minor asteroids is uncertain at a 30% level.
The Lense-Thirring effect, if not modeled, may act as

source of systematic bias in other high-accuracy proposed tests of general relativity.

Lense-Thirring effect on two-body range in solar system L. Iorio Motivations and Overview of the Planetary Scenario Lense-Thirring Schwarzschild Solar Oblateness Minor Asteroids Ceres, Pallas, Vesta TransNeptunion Objects Planet X? Conclusions

Maximum peak-to-peak nominal amplitudes, in m, of the Earth-planet range signals over t = 2 yr due to the dynamical effects listed for Mercury. We adopted the standard value J2 = 2.0 107 [Fienga et al. 2010] for the quadrupole mass moment of the Sun. It is presently known at a 10% level of accuracy. For its proper angular momentum we used S = 190.0 1039 kg m2 s1 [Pijpers 1998] from helioseismology. For the ring of the minor asteroids we used mring = (1 0.3) 1010 M , Rring = 3.14 au [Fienga et al. 2010], while for the TNOs, modeled as massive ring as well, we adopted mring = 5.26 108 M , Rring = 43 au [Pitjeva 2010]. The masses of the major asteroids Ceres Pallas, Vesta, accurate to 102 103 level, have been retrieved from [Pitjeva & Standish 2009]. For the tidal 3 parameter of X we used GMX /rX = (2.1 0.6) 1026 s2 [Iorio 2010b], obtained from the perihelion precession of Saturn [Fienga et al. 2010, Pitjeva 2008].

Table:

Dynamical effect Solar Schwarzschild Solar J2 Ceres, Pallas, Vesta Solar Lense-Thirring Ring of minor Asteroids Planet X? TNOs

Peak-to-peak amplitude (m) 4 105 300 80 17.5 4 1.53 0.8

Lense-Thirring effect on two-body range in solar system L. Iorio Appendix

References

References I
I. Ciufolini et al., Space Science Reviews, 148, 71, 2009 C.W.F. Everitt et al., Space Science Reviews, 148, 53, 2009 A. Fienga et al. Proc. IAU symposium 261 Relativity in Fundamental Astronomy: Dynamics, Reference Frames and Data analysis, 5, 159-169, 2010 L. Iorio, Classical Quantum Gravity, 23, 5451, 2006 L. Iorio, Space Science Reviews, 148, 363, 2009 L. Iorio, Central European Journal of Physics, 8, 509, 2010a

Lense-Thirring effect on two-body range in solar system L. Iorio Appendix

References

References II
L. Iorio, The Open Astronomy Journal, 3, 1, 2010b K. Krogh, Classical Quantum Gravity, 24, 5709, 2007 J. Lense, H. Thirring Phys. Z., 19, 156, 1918 A. Milani et al., Proc. IAU symposium 261 Relativity in Fundamental Astronomy: Dynamics, Reference Frames and Data analysis, 5, 356-365, 2010 G. Neumann et al., Proc. 15-th International Workshop on Laser Ranging, Canberra, Australia, 2006

Lense-Thirring effect on two-body range in solar system L. Iorio Appendix

References

References III
F.P. Pijpers, Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc., 297, L76, 1998 E.V. Pitjeva, Journes 2008 Systmes de rfrence spatio-temporels and X. Lohrmann-Kolloquium 22-24 September 2008 - Dresden, Germany E.V. Pitjeva, E.M. Standish, Celestial Mechanics and Dynamical Astronomy, 103, 365, 2009 E.V. Pitjeva, Proc. IAU symposium 261 Relativity in Fundamental Astronomy: Dynamics, Reference Frames and Data analysis, 5, 170-178, 2010

Lense-Thirring effect on two-body range in solar system L. Iorio Appendix

References

References IV

D.E. Smith et al., Science, 311, 53, 2006