Carlos Hernandez Faham

The Large Underground Xenon (LUX) Dark Matter Experiment
www.luxdarkmatter.org
Carlos Hernandez Faham

Brown University
BNL Forum, May 27 2010
If you only have 30 seconds...
LUX
Large Underground Xenon
Ultra-low background, 350 kg liquid xenon time-projection chamber Aims to directly detect the (potentially) rare interactions between WIMPs and us To be deployed underground at SUSEL (Homestake mine in SD) in 2011 Its big: in less than 2 days, it will surpass all current limits set today
The LUX Experiment, May 27 2010
Carlos Hernandez Faham, Brown University
Brown
Richard Gaitskell Simon Fiorucci Monica Pangilinan Luiz de Viveiros Jeremy Chapman Carlos Hernandez Faham David Malling James Verbus PI, Professor Postdoc Postdoc Graduate Student Graduate Student Graduate Student Graduate Student Graduate Student
XENON10, CDMS
The LUX Collaboration

Formed in 2007, fully funded DOE/NSF in 2008
Case Western
Thomas Shutt Dan Akerib Mike Dragowsky Carmen Carmona Ken Clark Karen Gibson Adam Bradley Patrick Phelps Chang Lee
SNO, Borexino, XENON10, CDMS PI, Professor Professor Research Associate Professor Postdoc Postdoc Postdoc Graduate Student Graduate Student Graduate Student
Harvard
Masahiro Morii Michal Wlasenko Professor Postdoc
BABAR, ATLAS
SD School of Mines
Xinhua Bai Mark Hanardt Professor Graduate Student
IceCube
University of Rochester
Frank Wolfs Udo Shroeder Wojtek Skutski Jan Toke Eryk Druszkiewicz Professor Professor Senior Scientist Senior Scientist Graduate Student
ZEPLIN II
Lawrence Berkeley
Bob Jacobsen Kevin Lesko Yuen-Dat Chan Brian Fujikawa Mia Ihm Professor Senior Physicist Scientist Scientist Graduate Student
SNO, KamLAND
Texas A&M
James White Robert Webb Rachel Mannino Tyana Stiegler Clement Sofka Professor Professor Graduate Student Graduate Student Graduate Student
ZEPLIN II
U. South Dakota
DongMing Mei Wengchang Xiang Chao Zhang Jason Spaans Xiaoyi Yang
Majorana, CLEAN-DEAP
Lawrence Livermore
Adam Bernstein Dennis Carr Kareem Kazkaz Peter Sorensen
XENON10
UC Davis
Mani Tripathi Robert Svoboda Richard Lander Britt Hollbrook John Thomson Matthew Szydagis Jeremy Mock Melinda Sweany Nick Walsh Michael Woods
Double Chooz, CMS Professor Professor Professor Senior Engineer Engineer Postdoc Graduate Student Graduate Student Graduate Student Graduate Student
Professor Postdoc Postdoc Graduate Student Graduate Student
PI, Leader of Adv. Detectors Group Senior Engineer Staff Physicist Postdoc
Yale
Daniel McKinsey James Nikkel Sidney Cahn Alexey Lyashenko Ethan Bernard Louis Kastens Nicole Larsen
XENON10, CLEAN-DEAP Professor Research Scientist Research Scientist Postdoc Postdoc Graduate Student Graduate Student
University of Maryland
Carter Hall Douglas Leonard Professor Postdoc
EXO
The Motivation
WIMPs?
Dark Matter
5% 25% Dark Matter
Us
BBN
70%
Supernovae Ia
Dark Energy
Rotation Curves
Dark Matter as Weakly Interacting Massive Particles (WIMPs) Cross-sections of order of weak scale give good estimate of current relic density Independently, SUSY predicts a massive, weakly interacting particle
The LUX Experiment, May 27 2010 Carlos Hernandez Faham, Brown University
CMB
G. Lensing
5
Dark Matter: Direct Detection

Local Milky Way DM density

Found it!
TeV is far, far away
High-energy physicists:
0.3 GeV cm 3
Assume Maxwell-Boltzman DM velocity distribution
dN e ER /(E0 r ) F 2 (ER ) I dER E0 r
I A2
L. De Viveiros
(for S.I. interactions)
Low-energy threshold is vital
The Plan
The LUX Detection Mechanism
Xenon Signal
Electron Recoil
Two signals:
S1
S2
--- eeee- ee- - - ee ee ee- - eee
175 nm photons
Electrons
Electron Recoil
Nuclear Recoil
Nuclear Recoil
Photomultiplier Tube Gas Xe Liquid Xe Anode Grid
E
Cathode Grid
S1
e-e-e-e-e-e e -ee
10
top hit pattern: x-y localization
S2
e-e-e-e- e-e-e e-e
t : z localization
11
The LUX Experiment

Thermosyphon Titanium Vessels
PMT Holder Copper Plates Dodecagonal eld cage + PTFE reector panels
350 kg LXe detector 122 PMTs (2 round) Low-background Ti cryostat PTFE reector cage Thermosyphon used for cooling (>1 kW)
2 Hamamatsu R8778 Photomultiplier Tubes (PMTs)

12
The Challenge
Backgrounds
The Challenge: Backgrounds

(Just to give you an idea) Ambient radioactivity: ~100 evts/kg/s Human gamma activity: ~10,000 gammas/s Ellis: What happens if I put a cat in the detector? - Just dont do it Walls (U/Th/K): Concrete: 25/5.5/640 Bq/kg Rhyolite rock: 100/45/900 Bq/kg U/Th/K radioactivity is everywhere! Muons at sea level: 1/hand/s (50 Hz with >300 MeV deposited in LUX at sea level)
Wh
at W
IMP
WIMP
Were looking for a few events/100kg/year!
14
The Tricks
Underground / Self-shielding / Discrimination / Water shield / Material Selection
The Tricks: Underground Operation
~1 / hand / s
~1 / hand / months
LUX
Shhh... its quiet underground
16
The Tricks: Xenon Self-shielding
10 kg
Its quiet in the middle
LUX Goal
300 kg
LXe is a dense target at 3 g/cc Self-shielding allows this technology to greatly benet from scaling up
17
The Tricks: Discrimination
18
The Tricks: Water Shield
Water shield: 8m by 6m tank with 300 tonnes of water Reduces gamma background by 10-10 Reduces high-energy (>10 MeV) neutrons by 10-3 Water tank is active (Cerenkov), with 20 8-inch veto PMTs, which further reduces external backgrounds
nternal bg I
External bg
19
The Tricks: Material Screening and Contaminant Reduction

PMTs 10/2/65 mBq/PMT (U/Th/K) and 2 n/year/PMT However, multiply by x122 and consider the fact that they are right next to the active region... They are the dominant source of internal background In 30,000 kg-days, in ducial region and in 5-25 keVr , all PMTs would contribute: 0.5 gamma events 0.1 neutron events Titanium Cryostat Very low radioactivity: <0.4 mBq/kg U+Th Largely subdominant Rn Cleanroom reduces levels to < 40 Bq/m3. Minimize exposure, increase airow Kr Present in commercial Xe at ppm level. Reduced to <2 ppt with charcoal column separation PTFE
PMT
More radioactive Less radioactive
20
The LUX Program

LUX0.1 - CWRU LUX - Surface LUX - Underground
2007-2009
2010
2011+
21
Past: LUX0.1 at Case Western

Surface run at Case Western Reserve
University during 2007-2009
Full assembly of LUX subsystems:

Cryogenics Recirculation Slow control & safety systems Electronics chain PMT mounts and resistor-chain bases Analysis software
50 kg Xe total mass (260 kg Aluminum
ller displacer) 4 PMT operation, 5 cm active Xe region
Very encouraging milestones: Achieved electron drift length > 2 m

(purication rate with 9 hr e-folding) Gamma and neutron calibrations
22
Present: LUX at the Sanford Surface Facility

The dress rehearsal
Full-scale LUX assembly and deployment Duplicate of the underground layout Smaller water tank (3 m) Cleanroom class 1,000 (will be relocated underground) LUX operations since November 2009
23
Very near future: LUX Underground (Davis Cavern)
LUX
Majora na
4850 ft level
0.2 km
Two story, dedicated LUX 55 x 30 x 32 facility
24
Projected Sensitivity
Cross section [cm ] (normalised to nucleon)
10
42 http://dmtools.brown.edu/ Gaitskell,Mandic,Filippini
10
43
CDMS 2009
XENON100 (161 kg-days)
10
44
SuperCDMS 2-ST
10
45
XENON100 (6,000 kg-days)
10
46
LUX (30,000 kg-days)

100504200101
10
10 WIMP Mass [GeV/c2]

10
25
Thank you
Extra Slides
LUX Dark Matter Signal

Simulated WIMP Signal ( mWIMP = 100 GeV/c ;
2 2 = 2.1e 45 cm ; 3e4 kg day ) WN
3.5 3
log10 ( S2/S1 )
2.5 2 1.5
2009 Apr 14 01:06:21 L. De Viveiros
1 0
5 10 15 S1 [keVee] (2.2 phe/keVee)

20
28
Why WIMPs?
= n < A v >= H
(0.1pb)c 2 h < Av >
0.2
For < A v >~ 1pb c
29
Xenon Signal Generation
30
LUX0.1 at Case Western: Pulses

LUX 0.1 Event (Summed across all channels)
150
S2
phe/sample
4543 phe
100
50
S1
52.8 phe
0 0
S1
10 s 60
15
S2
20
10
phe/sample
40 20
0 0.5 0 s
0 0.5 17
18 s
19
J. Chapman 01 Oct 2009 Brown Particle Astrophysics
31
LUX0.1 at Case Western: LXe Purity

Comparison of Electron Drift Lengths for Different Xe Purity Levels 5 4.5 4
log10(S2) [phe]
3.5 3
phe/s
10 8 S2 Pulse 6 4 2 S1 Pulse
2.5 2 1.5
efolding drift length: 0.1810.001 cm efolding drift length: 12.40.9 cm
0 0
Electron Drift Time 5 10 15
Time [s]
0.5
1.5
2 2.5 3 3.5 Electron Drift Length [cm]
4.5
5.5
32
LUX0.1 at Case Western: LXe Purity

Purification vs. Time, Run009
Electron Drift Length [m]
10
~9 hr purication time constant at 20 slpm (LUX will run at 50 slpm) > 2 m electron drift length This is an order of magnitude faster recirculation than ever achieved before
10
10 0 20 2 error bars 1 error bars 40 60 80 100 Recirculation Time [hours] 120
33
LUX0.1 at Case Western: Energy Calibrations
34

Carlos Hernandez Faham - The Large Underground Xenon (LUX) Dark Matter Experiment

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The Large Underground Xenon (LUX) Dark Matter Experiment

BNL Forum, May 27 2010

If you only have 30 seconds...

The LUX Experiment, May 27 2010