SOLUTION MANUAL

to
Introduction to
Modern Power
Electronics
by
Andrzej M. Trzynadlowski
John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Chapter 1
P1.3. (a) From Fig. 1.18(a), Vo,dc = 0.32 pu. From Eq. (1.44),
V o, dc =

[1 + cos ( 90 o )] = 0.318 pu

(b) From Fig. 1.18(a), Vo,1,p = 0.5 pu. Thus, Vo,1 = 0.5/%2 = 0.35 pu
P1.4. (a) From Fig. 1.18(b), Vo,1,p = 0.6 pu
V o=1

1
1
[ - + sin ( )] = 0.5 pu
2
2 2

(b) Vo,1 = 0.6/%2 = 0.424 pu

V o, h =

0. 52 - 0. 424 2 = 0.265 pu

(c) dh(V) = 0.265/0.424 = 0.625

P1.5. As in the all subsequent problems involving spectral analysis, formulas
provided in Appendix B are used, in the angle-domain version (substitute 2
for T and t for t). The output voltage waveform, vo(t) has both the odd and
half-wave symmetries, so that there are no even harmonics. Consequently,
the peak value, Vo,k,p, of the kth harmonic can be found as

2
V o k, ,p = V o k, ,s = vo ( t)s in( k t) d t
0

k = 1 ,3 ,5 ,...

which yields
V o,k, p =

4V i
k = 1,3,5,...
k

It can be seen that the amplitude, Vo,1,p, of the fundamental voltage is as

much as 27% higher than the dc input voltage, Vi.
P1.6. (a)
V o, dc =

115

[1 + cos ( 30 o )] = 96.6 V

(b)
V o = 115

1
1
[ - + sin ( 60 o )] = 113.3 V
2
6 2

Eq. (1.45) for a generic ac voltage controller was used. It is also valid for the
generic rectifier, since the rms value does not depend on the sign of a
function.

V o, ac =

113. 32 - 96. 6 2 = 59.2 V

(c) kr(V) = 59.2/96.6 = 0.613

P1.7. f1 = 120 Hz

P1.8. This is a rather tedious problem. The waveform of output voltage,

vo(t), given by

has only the half-wave symmetry. Therefore, only odd harmonics are present
in the spectrum, and the amplitudes of odd harmonics must be computed as
V o, k, p =

V o, k, s + V o, k, c

For instance, with f = 90o, the peak value of fundamental voltage, Vo,1,p, is
V o,1, p =

0. 52 + (-0.3183

2
) = 0.5927

P1.9. The waveform of output voltage of the generic rectifier has no halfwave symmetry, so that all harmonics are present, including the dc
component ("zero harmonic"). Analogous waveform in the generic ac voltage
controller has the half-wave symmetry, and only odd harmonics appear in the
spectrum of output voltage. The dc component and even harmonics are
absent.
P1.10. S1 & S2:

D1,2 = 70/100 = 0.7

S3 & S4:

D3,4 = 0

S5:

D5 = 1 - 0.7 = 0.3

S5 is switching complementarily with S1 & S2.

P1.11. S1 & S2:

D1,2 = 0

S3 & S4:

D3,4 = 35/100 = 0.35

S5:

D5 = 1 - 0.35 = 0.65

S5 is switching complementarily with S3 & S4.

P1.12. tON + tOFF = tON/D = 0.2/0.4 = 0.5 ms

fsw = 1/(tON + tOFF) = 1/0.5 = 2 kHz

P1.13. tON + tOFF = 1/1250 = 0.8 ms
tON = D(tON + tOFF) = 0.3 0.8 = 0.24 ms
tOFF = 0.8 - 0.24 = 0.56 ms
P1.14. Since M = D = tON/(tON + tOFF), then
tON/tOFF = M/(1 - M) = 0.8/0.2 = 4
P1.15. tON + tOFF = 1/(50 60) = 1/3000 s = 1/3 ms 6 fsw = 3 kHz
tON = 0.3/3 = 0.1 ms
P1.16. (a) no. of pulses = fsw/f = 1500/60 = 25 pulses per cycle
(b) D1,2 = 0.333, D5 = 0.667
ms

(c) pulse width = tON = D1,2(tON + tOFF) = D1,2/fsw = 0.333/1500 = 0.222

P1.17. (a) S1 & S2 6 ON

S3 & S4 6 OFF

S5 6 OFF

(b) S1 & S2 6 OFF

S3 & S4 6 OFF

S5 6 ON

(c) S1 & S2 6 OFF

S3 & S4 6 ON

S5 6 OFF

P1.18. = 360o/8 = 45o

n = (n - 0.5) 45o
Dn = 0.75sin(n)
n = Dn 45o

Dn

22.5o

0.287

12.9o

67.5o

0.693

31.2o

112.5o

0.693

31.2o

157.5o

0.287

12.9o

202.5o

0.287

12.9o

247.5o

0.693

31.2o

292.5o

0.693

31.2o

337.5o

0.287

12.9o

P1.21. Eqs. (1.73) and (1.75) can be modified to

M
io(t1)=io(t0 )+ [V pi _, s ( it0 )_n- Rio(t0 )- E T ]
L
and
i o ( t 2 ) = i o ( t 1 )[1 -

R
E
(1 - M) T] - (1 - M) T
L
L

where T = 1/720 s. Substituting the data (if you have the first print of the
book, correct the inductance, L, to 12 mH), yields
io(t1) = 0.971io(t0) + 19.65 |sin(377t0)| - 5.21
and
io(t2) = 0.971io(t1) - 5.21
Since 720/60 = 12, there are twelve switching intervals per cycle. The
initial value, io(0), of the current can be assumed to equal the average ouput
current, Io,that is

i o (0) = I o =

Vo-E
R

where
Vo=

V i, p M = 108 V

Thus, io(0) = 36 A. Computed values of the current are tabulated below.

t (s)

io (A)

t (s)

io (A)

0.0000

36.0

0.0090

29.1

0.0007

29.7

0.0097

23.0

0.0014

23.7

0.0104

27.0

0.0021

27.6

0.0111

21.0

0.0028

21.6

0.0118

32.2

0.0035

32.8

0.0125

26.0

0.0042

26.6

0.0132

39.7

0.0049

40.3

0.0139

33.4

0.0056

33.9

0.0146

44.2

0.0063

44.7

0.0153

37.7

0.0069

38.2

0.0160

41.2

0.0083

35.3

0.0167

34.8

Correction of the initial current to 33.8 A yields the final value of the current
equal to the initial value:
t (s)

io (A)

t (s)

io (A)

0.0000

33.8

0.0090

27.6

0.0007

27.6

0.0097

21.6

0.0014

21.6

0.0104

25.6

0.0021

25.6

0.0111

19.6

0.0028

19.6

0.0118

30.8

0.0035

30.9

0.0125

24.7

0.0042

24.8

0.0132

38.5

0.0049

38.5

0.0139

32.1

0.0056

32.2

0.0146

43.0

0.0063

43.0

0.0153

36.6

0.0069

36.6

0.0160

40.1

0.0083

33.8

0.0167

33.8

The substantial ripple of the current results from the low switching
frequency. In practice, it would be an order of magnitude higher. Note that
once the current equations are found, a simple computer program allows easy
repeating of the calculations with various values of io(0).
P1.22. Substituting the data, including
(1.75), yields

T = 1/500 s, to Eqs. (1.73) and

io(t1) = 0.4io(t0) + 9.76sin(314t0)

and
io(t2) = 0.8io(t1)
The initial current, io(0), can be found using Eq. (1.70), which gives io(0) =
-5.92 A. Computed values of the current are tabulated below.
t (s)

io (A)

t (s)

io (A)

0.0000

-5.92

0.0115

3.14

0.0015

-2.37

0.0120

2.51

0.0020

-1.89

0.0135

-4.73

0.0035

4.98

0.0140

-3.79

0.0040

3.98

0.0155

-10.80

0.0055

10.88

0.0160

-8.64

0.0060

8.70

0.0175

-12.74

0.0075

12.76

0.0180

-10.19

0.0080

10.21

0.0195

-9.81

0.0095

9.82

0.0200

-7.85

0.0100

7.86

The poor convergence is due to the low load inductance and low switching
frequency. The initial current must be corrected to -7.87 A to yield the final
value equal to the initial value:
t (s)

io (A)

t (s)

io (A)

0.0000

-7.87

0.0115

3.16

0.0015

-3.15

0.0120

2.53

0.0020

-2.52

0.0135

-4.71

0.0035

4.73

0.0140

-3.77

0.0040

3.78

0.0155

-10.78

0.0055

10.79

0.0160

-8.63

0.0060

8.63

0.0175

-12.74

0.0075

12.74

0.0180

-10.19

0.0080

10.19

0.0195

-9.84

0.0095

9.82

0.0200

-7.87

0.0100

7.86

Note that once the current equations are found, a simple computer
program allows easy repeating of the calculations with various values of io(0).

Chapter 4
P4.1.
V o,dc =

3 3 230 2
_
= 155.3 V
2
3

Io,dc = 155.3/10 = 15.53 A

P4.2. The output voltage of the rectifier varies between VLN,p and VLN,p/2 (see
Fig. 4.3), that is, between 187.8 V and 93.9 V. Therefore, with E = 180 V, the
conduction is discontinuous.
P4.3. The output voltage of the rectifier varies between VLL,p and %3VLL,p/2,
that is, between 650.5 V and 563.4 V. Therefore, with E = 480 V, the
conduction is continuous.

10

P4.4. kE = 480/(460%2) = 0.74

= tan-1(377 0.05/2.1) = 83.6o
The diagram in Fig. 4.10 indicates continuous conduction. Thus,
Vo = (3/) 460%2 = 621 V
Io = (621 - 480)/2.1 = 67 A
P4.5. kE = 600/(460%2) = 0.922
c = sin-1(0.922) - /3 = 7.2o
e = 60o - 7.2o = 52.8o
= 52.8o - 7.2o = 45.6o
P4.8. As seen from the diagram in Fig. 4.21, it is the firing angle of 30o that
is always feasible. This is because the SCRs are fired at the instant when the
corresponding line-to-line voltage is peaking.
P4.10. kE = 260/(%2 230) = 0.8
= tan-1(377 0.0007/0.15) = 60.4o
According to Fig. 4.21, the firing angle of 25 o is feasible, and according to Fig.
4.22, the conduction is continuous with this angle. Thus,
and

Vo = (3/) %2 230 cos(25o) = 281.5 V

Io = (281.5 - 260)/0.15 = 143.4 A

P4.11. kE = 260/(%2 230) = 0.8

= tan-1(377 0.0007/0.15) = 60.4o

11

According to Fig. 4.21, the firing angle of 45 o is feasible, and according to Fig.
4.22, the conduction is discontinuous with this angle. Thus, the extinction
angle must be found from the current waveform given by Eq. (4.46).
Substituting the data, yields
t - /4

o
io ( t)= 1069[sin( t - 0.4 ) - 1.62+ 0.918e 1.76 ]

Computing the current waveform allows to pinpoint the extinction angle,

e, at which the current reaches zero. It occurs at t of about 82.5o, which
gives the conduction angle, , as
= 82.5o - 45o = 37.5o
The average voltage, Vo,dc, can now be found from Eq. (4.47) as Vo,dc = 263 V.
The average current, Io,dc, is
Io,dc = (263 - 260)/0.15 = 20 A
P4.12. VLL,p = %2 230 = 325 V
= tan-1(377 0.0007/0.15) = 60.4o
Substituting and f in condition (4.45) gives kE < -0.52 (this value can also be
read from the diagram in Fig. 4.22). Consequently, E < -0.52 325 V, that is,
E < -169 V.
P4.13. From Eq. (4.49),
Fp = (3/)cos(60o) = 0.477
P4.14. VLL,p = %2 460 = 650.5 V
With an ideal ac source, Vo,dc = (3/) 650.5 cos(40o) = 476 V
With a source with inductance, Vo,dc = 0.9 476 = 428.4 V, that is, the dc
voltage is reduced by Vo,dc = 47.6 V.
From Eq. (4.64), XsIo,dc = (/3)Vo,dc = (/3) 47.6 = 49.8 V. This, when
substituted in Eq. (4.63), yields
= |cos-1[cos(40o) - 2 49.8/650.5] - 40o| = 12.2o

12

P4.15.
n

Dn

1,n

2,n

7.5o

0.487

7.30o

3.85o

11.15o

22.5o

0.635

9.52o

17.74o

27.26o

37.5o

0.739

11.08o

31.96o

43.04o

52.5o

0.793

11.90o

46.55o

58.45o

Dn

1,n

2,n

7.5o

0.705

10.58o

2.21o

12.79o

22.5o

0.792

11.88o

16.56o

28.44o

37.5o

0.795

11.92o

31.54o

43.46o

0.774

11.61o

46.70o

58.31o

P4.16.

4
52.5o
P4.17. From Eq. (4.93),
t ON(

min )

= 0.05

sin (
) = 5.4_ 10 -6 s = 5.4 s
24_2 _50
24

and from Eq. (4.95),

t OFF(

min )

[1 - cos (
)] = 7.1_ 10 -6 s = 7.1 s
24_2 _50
24

P4.18. f1 = 60o, f2 = 120o

Vo=

460

2 cos ( 60 o ) = 311 V

At t = 15o,
vo,1 = vCB = 460%2cos(15o + 30o) = 460 V
vo,2 = vCA = -460%2sin(15o) = -168.4 V

13

vo = 460 - 168.4 = 291.6 V

P4.19. VLL,pk(max) = 1200/1.4 = 857 V
VLL(max) = 857/%2 = 606 V
Vo(max) = (3/) 857 = 818 V
Io(max) = 100/1.2 = 83 A
Rmin = 818/83 = 9.9
P4.20.
3

o
V LL, pk(rat) cos ( 30 ) = 400

V LL, pk(rat) =

400
3

cos ( 30 o )

Vrat 1.2 1.1 483.7 = 638.5 kV

n = 638.5/5 = 128

14

= 483.7 kV

Chapter 5

P5.2.
_ = tan -1 (

377_0.005
2

) = 43. 3o

Values of the magnitude control ratio, M, for individual firing angles, f, can
now be estimated from Fig. 5.3 as approximately equidistant from the
characteristics for the purely resistive and purely inductive loads.

Vo

30o

1.0

120 V

90o

0.8

96 V

150o

0.2

24 V

15

P5.3. From Fig. 5.3, for = 0 and M = 0.75, f = 85o

P5.4. The output voltage is the line-to-neutral voltage, hence Vo = M
460/%3. The magnitude control ratio can be found from Fig. 5.12.

Vo

20o

0.98

260 V

90o

0.55

146 V

130o

0.12

32 V

P5.5. Vo = %0.65 115 = 93 V

P5.6. tON + tOFF = 1/(60 20) = 8.33 10-4 s = 833 s
tON = 0.7 833 = 583 s
tOFF = 833 - 583 = 250 s
P5.7. Similarly to the input voltage, the output voltage, vo, is the line-to-line
voltage.
Vo = %0.4 230 = 145 V
Vo,1 = 0.4 230 = 92 V
P5.8. From Eq. (5.38),
V o, LN ,1 =

_0.8_460

Hence, Vo,LL,1 = 351 %3 = 608 V

16

= 351 V

P5.9. Permitted states of the matrix converter: 73, 74, 76, 81, 82, 84, 97,
98, 100, 137, 138, 140, 145, 146, 148, 161, 162, 164, 265, 266, 268, 273,
274, 276, 289, 290, 292
P5.10.

Vrat %2 (1 + 0.4) 460 = 911 V

Io(rat) = 10000/(%3 460) = 12.6 A
Irat %2/ (1 + 0.2) 12.6 = 6.8 A

P5.11. Based on results of P5.10, Irat 6.8/%3 = 3.9 A

P5.12. tON(min) = 2/(30 377) 0.04 = 22.2 10-6 s = 22.2 s
tOFF(min) = 2/(30 377) (1 - 0.96) = 22.2 10-6 s = 22.2 s

Chapter 6
P6.1. (1) First quadrant (M > 0, see answer to the next Problem)
(2) Vo = 0.7 240 = 168 V
(3) Io = 168/10 = 16.8 A
P6.2. No. There is no EMF in the load, which therefore cannot supply any
power.
P6.3. tON + tOFF = 1/1200 = 8.33 10-4 s = 833 s
(a) tON = 0.7 833 = 583 s
(b)

tOFF = 833 - 583 = 250 s

(c) From Eq. (6.20), fsw(pu) = 0.02/10 1200 = 2.4 pu

17

From Eq. (6.18), Io,ac(pu) = 0.7(1 - 0.7)/(2%3 2.4) = 0.025 pu

From Eq. (6.19), Io,ac = 240/10 0.025 = 0.6 A
(d) Io = 168/10 = 16.8 A
kr(I) = 0.6/16.8 = 0.036
P6.4. (a) fsw(pu) = 0.02/10 1200 = 2.4 pu
(b) Io,ac(pu) = 0.7(1 - 0.7)/(2%3 2.4) = 0.025 pu
P6.5. (a) Fourth quadrant (see Table 6.1 or Fig. 6.21)
(b) Vo = -0.7 150 = -105 V
(c) Io = (-105 + 120)/0.5 = 30 A

P6.6. (a) The chopper operates in the fourth quadrant (see P.6.5). Thus,
D4 = 1 - 0.7 = 0.3
(b) tON + tOFF = 1/900 = 1.11 10-3 s = 1.11 ms
tON = 0.3 1.11 = 0.33 ms
(c)

tOFF = 1.11 - 0.33 = 0.78 ms

(d) = 1.7 10-3/0.5 = 0.0034 s

fsw(pu) = 0.0034 900 = 3.06 pu
Io,ac(pu) = 0.7 (1 - 0.7)/(2%3 3.06) = 0.0198 pu
Io,ac = 0.0198 150/0.5 = 5.94 A
P6.7. (a) First quadrant, since Vo > 0, while Vo > E implies Io > 0
(b)

Io = (125 - 100)/0.5 = 50 A

18

(c) M = 125/150 = 0.833

(d) D1 = 0.833
P6.8. Vo = E + RIo
(a) First quadrant, since E > 0 and Io > 0
D1 = (210 + 0.1 150)/300 = 0.75
(b) Fourth quadrant, since E < 0 and Io > 0
D4 = (-210 + 0.1 150)/300 + 1 = 0.65
P6.9. (a) Vo = 0.5 300 = 150 V
Io = (150 - 100)/0.1 = 500 A
(b) The M = -0.8 value is erroneous. Change it to -0.6.
Vo = -0.6 300 = -180 V
Io = (-180 + 200)/0.1 = 200 A
P6.10. From Eq. (6.18), with M = 0.5 (which results in the highest ripple),
0.02 >

0.5(1 - 0.5)
2 3 f sw(pu)

which is satisfied if fsw(pu) > 3.6

= 0.0005/0.1 = 0.005 s
fsw > 3.6/0.005 = 720 Hz
P6.11. First quadrant:
M = 0.6 ... 1

E = 240 V

E/Vi = 240/400 = 0.6

D1 = 0.6 ... 1

19

Second quadrant:
M = 0 ... 0.6
Third quadrant:
M = -1 ... -0.6
Fourth quadrant:
M = -0.6 ... 0

E = 240 V

E/Vi = 0.6

D2 = 0.4 ... 1
E = -240 V E/Vi = -0.6
D3 = 0.6 ... 1
E = -240 V E/Vi = -0.6
D4 = 0.4 ... 1

P6.12. Vo,p = 12/(1 - 0.9) = 120 V

tON + tOFF = 1/2000 = 5 10-4 s = 500 s
tOFF = (1 - 0.9) 500 = 50 s
P6.13. Vrat > 12 V
Irat > 150/12 = 12.5 A
P6.14. Vrat > Vi,p = %2 230 = 325 V
Irat > Io,rat = 3000/300 = 10 A
P6.15. Vrat > Vi,p = %2 460 = 651 V
Irat > Io,rat = 10000/600 = 17 A
P6.16. Vrat > Vo,p = 6/(1 - 0.9) = 60 V
ID(rat) > Io,dc(rat) = 240/6 = 40 A
is used to
current of the

(the average output voltage of 6 V

determine the rated average
chopper)

IS(rat) > 0.9 40/(1 - 0.9) = 360 A

20

Chapter 7
P7.1. Simple square-wave mode: Vo,1 = 0.9 310 = 279 V
277)

Optimal square-wave mode: Vo,1 = 0.828 310 = 257 V (see pp. 276-

P7.2. In both modes of the inverter, the output voltage waveform has both
the odd and half-wave symmetry. Therefore, Eq. (B.23) can be used, which, in
the angle-domain version yields

4
4

ck = s i (n k t ) d t = [ c o( sk d ) - c o( sk ) ]
d
k
2
for k = 1, 3, 5, .... In the simple square-wave mode, d = 0, and in the optimal

21

squre-wave mode, d = 0.405 rad.

MODE:

simple
squarewave

optimal
squarewave

ck

ck

1.273

1.170

0.424

0.148

0.255

0.112

0.182

0.173

Note that the low-order voltage harmonics in the optimal square-wave mode
are significantly reduced in comparison with those in the simple square-wave
mode.
P7.3. The switching intervals are 360o/30 = 12o wide.
13 = (13 - 1/2) 12o = 150o
F(m,13) = 0.6sin(150o) = 0.3
13 = 0.3 12o = 3.6o
1,13 = 150o - 3.6o/2 = 148.2o
2,13 = 150o + 3.6o/2 = 151.8o
P7.4. VLL,1,p = 2/%3 620 = 716 V

(peak line-to-line)

VLL,1 = 716/%2 = 506 V

(rms line-to-line)

VLN,1 = 506/%3 = 292 V

(rms line-to-neutral)

P7.5. 5 - 1 - 3 - 2 - 6 - 4 - ...

22

P7.6. The switching intervals are 15o wide.

4 = (4 - 0.5) 15o = 52.5o
Phase A:

0 # 4 < /3
F(m, 4) = 2 0.9 cos(52.5o - 60o) - 1 = 0.785
a = (1 + 0.785)/2 = 0.8925
A,4 = 0.8925 15o = 13.3875o
1A,4 = 52.5o + 13.3875o/2 = 59.19375o
2A,4 = 52.5o - 13.3875o/2 = 45.80625o

Phase B:

4/3 # 4 - 120o < 5/3

F(m, 4 - 120o) = -1
b = (1 - 1)/2 = 0
no switchings in this phase

Phase C:
0.096

2/3 # 4 - 240o <

F(m, 4- 240o) = 2 0.9 sin(52.5o - 240o - 30o) - 1 =
c = (1 + 0.096)/2 = 0.548
C,4 = 0.548 15o = 8.22o
1C,4 = 52.5o + 8.22o/2 = 56.61o
2C,4 = 52.5o - 8.22o/2 = 48.39o

The first angle indicates the

switch in a given phase (leg)
turn-off instant of this switch.
turns off at the first angle and

turn-on instant of the upper (common-anode)

of the inverter, the second angle indicates the
Vice-versa, the other (common-cathode) switch
turns on at the second angle.

23

P7.7. The switching intervals are 10o wide and 292 s long.
m = 400%2/620 = 0.912
19 = (19 - 0.5) 10o = 185o 6 Sextant 4 6 = 5o
X = 3 = 0112, Y = 1 = 0012, Z1 = 0002 = 0
State sequence: X - Y - Z1 = 3 - 1 - 0
dX = d3 = 0.912sin(60o - 5o) = 0.747
dY = d1 = 0.912sin(5o) = 0.079
dZ = d0 = 1 - 0.747 - 0.079 = 0.174
t3 = 0.747 292 = 218 s
t1 = 0.079 292 = 23 s
t0 = 0.174 292 = 51 s
P7.8. The switching intervals are 10o wide and 292 s long.
m = 400%2/620 = 0.912
19 = (19 - 0.5) 10o = 185o 6 Sextant 4 6 = 5o
X = 3, Y = 1, Z = 0
State sequence: X - Y - Z = 3 - 1 - 0
dX = d3 = 0.912sin(60o - 5o) = 0.747
dY = d1 = 0.912sin(5o) = 0.079
dZ = d0 = 1 - 0.747 - 0.079 = 0.174
t3 = 0.747 292 = 218 s
t1 = 0.079 292 = 23 s

24

t0 = 0.174 292 = 51s

States and their durations are the same for both versions of the space-vector
PWM technique. In Problems 7.7 and 7.8, the same state sequence, 3 - 1 - 0,
applies to the switching interval in question. However, in the next switching
interval, the high-quality state sequence would be 1 - 3 - 7, and the highefficiency sequence 0 - 1 - 3.
P7.9. In the angle domain, the 19th switching interval extends from 180o to
190o.
State 3 occupies the first 0.747 of this interval, from 180o to 180o +
0.747 10o = 187.47o. State 1 occupies the next 0.079 of the interval, from
187.47o to 187.47o + 0.079 10o = 188.26o. State 0 occupies the remaining
part of the interval, from 188.26o to 190o. In the next, 20th, switching interval,
the first state is State 1. The last state in the previous, 18 th, interval was State
7. Consequently, prior to the beginning of the switching interval in question,
all switching variables are 1 (State 7). At 180 o, switching variable a changes
from 1 to 0 (State 3), at 187.47 o, variable b changes from 1 to 0 (State 1), and
at 188.26o, variable c follows suit (State 0). At 190o, variable c changes from 0
to 1 (State 1). Thus:
Switch
Switch
Switch
Switch
Switch
Switch

SA:
SA':
SB:
SB':
SC:
SC':

turns
turns
turns
turns
turns
turns

off at 180o
on at 180o
off at 187.47o
on at 187.47o
off at 188.26o and turns on at 190o
on at 188.26o and turns off at 190o

P7.10. In the angle domain, the 19th switching interval extends from 180o to
190o.
State 3 occupies the first 0.747 of this interval, from 180o to 180o +
0.747 10o = 187.47o. State 1 occupies the next 0.079 of the interval, from
187.47o to 187.47o + 0.079 10o = 188.26o. State 0 occupies the remaining
part of the interval, from 188.26o to 190o. In the next, 20th, switching interval,
the first state is State 0 again. The last state in the previous, 18th, interval was
State 3. Consequently, prior to the beginning of the switching interval in
question, a = 0, b = 1, and c = 1 (State 3). The switching variables do not
change at 180o since the first state in the 19th switching interval is State 3
again. At 187.47o, variable b changes from 1 to 0 (State 1), and at 188.26o,
variable c follows suit (State 0). At 190o, the 20th switching interval begins,
and the inverter remains in State 0. Thus:
Switch SA: is not switched
Switch SA': is not switched
Switch SB: turns off at 187.47o

25

Switch SB': turns on at 187.47o

Switch SC: turns off at 188.26o
Switch SC': turns on at 188.26o
Comparison of results of this problem with those of Problem 7.9 well illustrates
the reduction in the number of switchings when the high-quality state
sequence is replaced with the high-efficiency sequence.
P7.11. Switching variable a changes from 0 to 1 at 0o, 14.80o, 89.07o, 92.07o,
170.52o, 189.48o, 267.93o, 270.93o, and 345.2o. It changes from 1 to 0 at
9.48o, 87.93o, 90.93o, 165.2o, 180o, 194.8o, 269.07o, 272.07o, and 350.52o.
P7.12. IL,1,p = (2%3/) 200 = 220.5 A
IL,1 = 220.5/%2 = 155.9 A
VLN,1 = 2 155.9 = 311.8 V
voltage
its contribution
negligible)

(the

load

inductance produces only

spikes during switchings, and
to the output voltage is

VLL,1 = 311.8 %3 = 540.1 V

P7.13. Switching pattern for switch SA is: 2.24o (ON), 5.6o (OFF), 21.26o, 30o,
38.74o, 54.4o, 57.76o, 122.24o, 125.6o, 141.26o, 150o, 158.74o, 174.4o (ON), and
177.76o (OFF). Switching pattern for switch SA' is shifted by 180o, that is,
182.24o (ON), 185.6o (OFF), ..., 357.76o (OFF).
P7.14. Vi = (3/) %2 1.2 = 1.62 kV
VLL,p = 1.065 1.62 = 1.73 kV
VLL = 1.73/%2 = 1.22 kV
VLN = 1.22/%3 = 0.7 kV
P7.15. 2010 = 2023 6 a = 2, b = 0, c = 2

26

P7.16. See Fig. 7.55. Shifting the vAB waveform rightwards by 15o produces
the even and half-wave symmetry. The rms value of the line-to-line voltage
can be calculated as

12

2 2
2 1
5 1
2
V L L= [ 1 d t + 0 5. d t] = [ + 0 . 2 5 ( - ) ]= 0 .7 6 7 4
0
4
12 4
1
4

The peak value of the fundamental of this voltage is

V LL,1,p =

12

4
[ 1 cos( t)d t + 0.5 cos( t)d t
0
1
4

4
1
5
1
= [ sin( ) - sin(0)+ 0.5sin( ) - 0.5sin( )] = 1.065

4
12
4
and the rms value, VLL,1 = 1.065/%2 = 0.7531. Hence, the harmonic content is
and the total harmonic distortion of the line-to-line voltage is dh,LL=
0.1274/0.7531 = 0.169.V LL, h = 0. 7638 2 - 0. 7531 2 = 0.1274
Similarly, to acquire the even and half-wave symmetries, the vAN waveform
should be shifted leftwards by 15o. Then
and, using the same approach as before, the rms value, VLN, of the line-toneutral voltage is calculated as 0.441, i.e., equal to VLL/%3. The rms value,
VLN,1, of the fundamental line-to-neutral voltage is 0.4348. Thus,
2

0. 441 - 7.4,
0. 4348
V LN ,in
h =Example
P7.17. Since, as calculated
the =
dc0.074
link voltage is given by

27

then the peak value of this voltage is 200 + 243.8 = 443.8 V, and the inverter
switches must be able to
withstand at least this voltage (in contrast, if a
vo = 200 - 243.8 cos (64550t + 0.609) V
regular inverter supplied from the same dc voltage of 200 V was considered,
the switches would have to withstand only the 200 V).
As a result of the clamping, the voltage gain of the inverter is reduced by 24%
(see the conclusion of Example 7.4). To compensate for this drop, the dc input
voltage must be raised by the same 24%, to 248 V. Since voltage pulses are
clipped to 1.3 of that voltage, their amplitude is 1.3 248 = 322.4 V. Thus, in
comparison with the unclamped dc link, the required voltage rating of the
inverter switches is reduced by 27%.
P7.18. According to Eqs. (7.12) and (4.89), duty ratio of switch SA in the nth
switching interval is given by

1
2
1
D A ,n = an = _1+ m [sin( n )+ sin(3 n )]_
2
6
3
where
n = (n -

1 2
)
2 18

Thus, the on-time of the switch is

t ON =

D A, n
18_120

t OFF =

1 - D A, n
18_120

and the off-time is

The extremal values of DA,n occur when m = 1. Indeed observing the waveform
of third-harmonic modulating function in Fig. 4.41, it can be seen that, at
certain values of t, it reaches the extremal values of -1 and +1,
corresponding to DA,n = 0 and DA,n = 1, respectively. The values of tON and tOFF
for m = 1 and individual switching intervals are listed in the following table.
n

DA,n

tON (s)

tOFF (s)

0.6484

300.2

162.8

28

0.8849

409.7

53.3

0.9904

458.5

4.4

0.9944

460.4

2.6

0.9811

454.2

8.7

0.9944

460.4

2.6

0.9904

458.5

4.4

0.8849

409.7

53.3

0.6484

300.2

162.8

10

0.3516

162.8

300.2

11

0.1151

53.3

409.7

12

0.0096

4.4

458.5

13

0.0056

2.6

460.4

14

0.0189

8.7

454.2

15

0.0056

2.6

460.4

16

0.0096

4.4

458.5

17

0.1151

53.3

409.7

18

0.3516

162.8

300.2

It can be seen that the shortest tON and tOFF times are both 2.6 s.
P7.19. The peak value of the voltage supplying the diode rectifier constitutes
the highest voltage in the system. Thus,
Vrat 1.4 %2 460 = 911 V
The average output voltage of the rectifier is (3/) %2 460 = 621 V, and it is
equal to the maximum available value of the peak fundamental line-to-line
voltage of the inverter. Therefore, the rms value of this voltage is 621/%2 =
439 V, and it is the rated voltage of the inverter. The rated current of the
inverter is 60000/(%3 439) = 78.9 A. Consequently, the rated current, IS(rat), of
the inverter switches must satisfy the condition

29

IS(rat) (%2/) 1.25 78.9 = 45 A

while the rated current, ID(rat), of the inverter diodes can be a half of that value,
that is,
ID(rat) 45/2 = 23 A
P7.20. The peak value of the voltage supplying the diode rectifier constitutes
the highest voltage in the system. Thus, disregarding the possibility of faulty
operation of the inverter,
Vrat 1.4 %2 2400/2 = 2376 V
The average output voltage of the rectifier is (3/) %2 2400 = 3241 V and,
assuming the square-wave operation, the voltage gain of the inverter is 1.065.
Hence, the maximum available value of the peak fundamental line-to-line
voltage of the inverter is 1.065 3241 = 3452 V, and the rms value of this
voltage is 3452/%2 = 2441 V, and it is the rated voltage of the inverter. The
rated current of the inverter is 200000/(%3 2441) = 47.3 A. Consequently,
the rated current, IS(rat), of the inverter switches must satisfy the condition
IS(rat) (%2/) 1.25 47.3 = 27 A
while the rated current, ID(rat), of the inverter diodes can be a quarter of that
value, that is,
ID(rat) 27/4 = 7 A

30

Chapter 8
P8.1. D = 32/(32 + 8) = 0.8
Vi = Vo/D = 12/0.8 = 15 V
fsw = 1/(32 + 8) = 0.025 MHz = 25 kHz
P8.2. Vo = 0.6 50 = 30 V
Io = 30/10 = 3 A
It can reasonably be assumed that the minimum value of inductance L for
continuous conduction is to be determined for the worst case, that is, the duty
ratio, D, equal zero. Then, from Eq. (8.11),

31

L= 2

30
1-0
_
= 6.67_10-4 H
3
2_3 15_10

and from Eq. (8.9),

V o = 30

1 - 0.6
= 0.2 V
8_6.67_ 10 _50_ 10 -6 _(15_ 10 3 )2
-4

P8.3. D = 32/(32 + 8) = 0.8

Vi = Vo (1 - D) = 12 (1 - 0.8) = 2.4 V
fsw = 1/(32 + 8) = 0.025 MHz = 25 kHz
P8.4. D = 32/(32 + 8) = 0.8
Vi = Vo (1 - 1/D) = 12 (1 - 1/0.8) = -3 V
fsw = 1/(32 + 8) = 0.025 MHz = 25 kHz
P8.5. Assume fsw = 25 kHz as in the preceding Problems
Assume L = 1mH
D = 6/12 = 0.5
Assuming that the capacitor is selected for the worst case, that is, D = 0, it
can be specified from Eq. (8.9) as
C

1- 0
_100 = 2_ 10 -5 F = 20 F
8_ 10 _(25_ 10 3 )2
-3

P8.6. Conversion of a 12-V voltage into a 6-V is, of course, impossible in a

boost converter. Here, the solution could end. However, for comparison with
the buck converter in the preceding Problem, let us assume the same duty
ratio, D, of 0.5. Then, Vo = 12/(1 - 0.5) = 24 V.
Assuming fsw = 25 kHz and R = 200 , the required capacitance, for the worst

32

case of D = 1, can be found from Eq. (8.18) as

C

1
_100 = 2_ 10 -5 F = 20 F
200_25_ 10 3

It can be seen that, in contrast with the buck converter, the ripple of the
output voltage depends on the load, here assumed as 1 k.
P8.7. Assuming, as in the preceding example, fsw = 25 kHz and R = 200 ,
the required capacitance can be found from Eq. (8.18) as
C

1
_100 = 2_ 10 -5 F = 20 F
200_25_ 10 3

P8.8. Vo = 1 0.4 15 = 6 V
For the worst case of D = 0, the required inductance can be found from Eq.
(8.11) as

6
2_25_ 10 3 _2

(1 - 0) = 6_ 10 -5 = 60 H

Then, from Eq. (8.9),

V o =

1 - 0.4
_6 = 0.075 V = 75 mV
8_6_ 10 _160_ 10 -6 _(25_ 10 3 )2
-5

P8.9. Io = 100/25 = 4 A
From Eq. (8.55),

D=

100
Vo
=
= 0.769
k N V i + V o 0.5_60 + 100

and from Eq. (8.56),

33

sw

>

(1 - 0.769 ) _100
= 20563 Hz 20.5 kHz
2_0. 5 2 _4_0.13_ 10 -3

Then, from Eq. (8.18),

V o =

0.769
_100 = 0.75 V
25_0.2_ 10 -3 _20.5_ 10 3

P8.10. From Eq. (8.55),

0.35
100 = 53.8 V
1 - 0.35
53.8
= 2.69 A
Io=
20

Vo=1

For the worst case of D = 0, the inductances can be determined from Eqs.
(8.57) and (8.50) as
L1 = 2

(1 - 0 )2 _53.8
= 6.67_ 10 -4 H
2_ 12 _2.69_30_ 10 3

and
(1 - 0 )2 _53.8
= 6.67_ 10 -4 H
L2 = 2
3
2_2.69_30_ 10

Then, from Eq. (8.9),

V o =

1 - 0.35
_53.8 = 0.29 V
8_6.67_ 10 _25_ 10 -6 _(30_ 10 3 )2
-4

P8.11. From Eq. (8.58),

D=

80
2_2_50

and from Eq. (8.59),

34

= 0.4

V o =

1 - 2_0.4
_80 = 0.63 V
32_0.1_ 10 _20_ 10 -6 _(20_ 10 3 )2
-3

P8.12. From Eq. (8.60), for D = Dmax= 0.5, Vi = 100(2 0.5) = 100 V
P8.13. From Eq. (8.58), for D = Dmax= 0.5, Vi = 100(2 2 0.5) = 50 V
P8.17. From Eq. (8.63),
from Eq. (8.62),
Zo=

0.1_ 10 -3
= 20
0.25_ 10 -6

from Eq. (8.65),

35000
= 1.1
31831

kf=

and from Eq. (8.66),

r=

15
= 0.75
20

P8.18. From Eq. (8.63),

f o=

1
2 60_ 10

-6

_120_ 10 -9

= 59314 Hz

from Eq. (8.62),

Zo=

60_ 10 -6
= 22.36
120_ 10 - 9

from Eq. (8.65),

35

kf=

24000
= 0.405
59314

from Eq. (8.66),

r=

20
= 0.8944
22.36

and from Eq. (8.75),

Kv=

1
2 1+ [
(0.405 ) ]2
8_0.8944
0.405

= 0.1657

Thus, Vo = 0.1657 120 = 19.88 V and Io = 19.88/20 = 0.994 A

P8.19.

R = 502/500 = 5

From Eq. (8.63),

f o=

1
2 12_ 10 -6 _3.3_ 10 -6

= 25291 Hz

from Eq. (8.62),

Zo=

12_ 10 -6
= 1.91
3.3_ 10 -6

from Eq. (8.65),

kf=

30000
= 1.186
25291

from Eq. (8.66),

r=

5
= 2.62
1.91

and from Eq. (8.81),

36

Kv=

8_1.186 2
(1 - 1. 186 ) + ( 2
)
_2.62

= 0.74

Thus, Vi = 50/0.74 = 67.6 V.

P8.20. For r = 4, Eq. (8.82) gives
Kv=

(2 - k 2f )2 + [

(kf -

1
) ]2
kf

and, as seen in Fig. 8.35, the maximum voltage gain, Kv, occurs with the
frequency ratio, kf, somewhere between 1.25 and 1.5. A computer can be
used to search this range. It turns out that Kv reaches the maximum value of
2.844 when kf = 1.41. Since
kf=

18000
1

= 36 L r

2 10 -6 L r

then Lr = (1.41/36)2 = 1.55 10-4 H = 0.155 mH.

37