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Scheme Development: Vertical structure for multi-storey buildings for commercial and residential use SS016a-EN-EU
Scheme Development: Vertical structure for multi-storey buildings for commercial and residential use
Outlines the types of columns and vertical bracing members used in multi-storey buildings and presents information for their initial design.
Contents
1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
Created on Friday, March 18, 2011 This material is copyright - all rights reserved. Use of this document is subject to the terms and conditions of the Access Steel Licence Agreement
Form of Construction H Sections Partially Encased H Sections Concrete Filled Structural Hollow Sections Fire Engineering of Columns Column Splices Vertical Bracing
2 3 4 4 5 6 7
6. 7.
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Scheme Development: Vertical structure for multi-storey buildings for commercial and residential use
Scheme Development: Vertical structure for multi-storey buildings for commercial and residential use SS016a-EN-EU
1.
Form of Construction
The columns and other vertical load-bearing elements of the structure are generally designed to have the minimum impact on the useable space of the building and therefore are of the minimum size possible. The size of the columns clearly depends on the height of the building and the floor area supported. There is also an advantage in using higher grade steel and considering an integrated fire resistant design (see Section 5). The various options for columns are illustrated in Figure 1.1, and are: H sections (generally with board protection). Structural hollow sections Partially encased columns. Concrete-filled tubular sections.
Created on Friday, March 18, 2011 This material is copyright - all rights reserved. Use of this document is subject to the terms and conditions of the Access Steel Licence Agreement
(1)
(2)
(3)
Key: 1. HE or UC section 2. Structural hollow sections 3. Partially encased H section 4. Composite square hollow section column 5. Composite circular hollow section column
(4)
(5)
Figure 1.1
Column options
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Scheme Development: Vertical structure for multi-storey buildings for commercial and residential use
Scheme Development: Vertical structure for multi-storey buildings for commercial and residential use SS016a-EN-EU
2.
H Sections
H sections are usually orientated so that the larger (primary) beams frame into the column flange. This makes connection detailing considerably easier. H sections are the simplest solution for columns. The same column serial size is normally chosen at all floor levels, although the weight of the section can be varied. This approach simplifies column splices. For economy and convenience of erection, columns are placed in lengths equivalent to 2 or 3 times the floor height. Two design tables for HE and UC columns are presented in Table 2.1 and Table 2.2 for concept design. An imposed load of 4 kN/m2 is used together with a total permanent load (including self weight) of 4 kN/m2. The floor-floor height is taken as 4 m.
Table 2.1 Typical sizes of HE columns in braced frames. (Sizes shown are for lowest length of column, with reduction in mass for higher lengths)
Column Grid 66m 4
Created on Friday, March 18, 2011 This material is copyright - all rights reserved. Use of this document is subject to the terms and conditions of the Access Steel Licence Agreement
6 8 10
All in S355 steel
Table 2.2
Typical sizes of UC columns in braced frames. (Sizes shown are for lowest length of column, with reduction in mass for higher lengths)
Column Grid 6x6m 6x9m 254 UC 132 S275 254 UC 167 S275 305 UC 198 S275 305 UC 240 S355
2 2
Number of Storeys
6 x 12 m 254 UC 167 S275 305 UC 198 S275 305 UC 240 S355 356 UC 340 S355
6 x 15 m 305 UC 198 S275 305 UC 240 S355 356 UC 235 S355 356 UC 340 S355
4 6 8 10
Steel grade as shown
203 UC 86 S275 254 UC 132 S275 305 UC 240 S275 305 UC 198 S275
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Scheme Development: Vertical structure for multi-storey buildings for commercial and residential use
Scheme Development: Vertical structure for multi-storey buildings for commercial and residential use SS016a-EN-EU
3.
Partial encasement between the flanges of the columns increases both their compressive resistance and their fire resistance. A design table for partially encased HE sections is given below for concept design. The maximum size of section is HE 450B in this table.
Table 3.1 Typical sizes of partially encased H sections in braced frames
Column Grid 6x6m 4 6 8 10
All in S355 steel
Created on Friday, March 18, 2011 This material is copyright - all rights reserved. Use of this document is subject to the terms and conditions of the Access Steel Licence Agreement
Typically, partially encased columns can achieve 60 or 90 minutes fire resistance, depending on the amount of bar reinforcement (refer to EC4-1-2).
4.
Concrete-filled circular and square hollow sections are architecturally very important and achieve excellent composite properties due to confinement of the concrete infill. A typical design table is shown in Table 4.1 for concept design. Concrete-filled tubes also achieve excellent fire resistance because compression is transferred to the cooler concrete and its bar reinforcement. Larger diameter tubes can be concrete-filled from the base but most smaller tubes are filled from their top.
Table 4.1 Typical sizes of concrete-filled hollow sections in braced frames
Column Grid 6x6m 4 6 8 10
All in S355 steel
Diameter (mm) thickness (mm) Imposed load = 3 kN/m plus 1 kN/m for partitions
For fire resistance purposes, the minimum amount of bar reinforcement should generally satisfy the limits in EN 1994-1-2. No reinforcement is generally required for 60 minutes fire resistance.
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Scheme Development: Vertical structure for multi-storey buildings for commercial and residential use
Scheme Development: Vertical structure for multi-storey buildings for commercial and residential use SS016a-EN-EU
5.
H columns are usually provided with passive fire protection, most commonly in the form of board systems for visual reasons. However, if required architecturally, they may also be protected by intumescent paints. Fire engineering of columns, i.e. eliminating the use of passive fire protection, can be used in the following cases: Buildings of low fire load. External steelwork. Integrated fire resistant design, using partially encased or concrete-filled hollow sections. Water-filled tubular columns
Created on Friday, March 18, 2011 This material is copyright - all rights reserved. Use of this document is subject to the terms and conditions of the Access Steel Licence Agreement
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Scheme Development: Vertical structure for multi-storey buildings for commercial and residential use
Scheme Development: Vertical structure for multi-storey buildings for commercial and residential use SS016a-EN-EU
6.
Column Splices
Column splices are normally made about 1 m above the floor for ease of installation of the bolts. Four splice configurations are illustrated in Figure 6.1. For non-machined ends to the columns, axial loads are transferred through splice plates with multiple bolts. Countersunk bolts may be used where the flange is sufficiently thick, and where the bolt heads would affect the finishes to the columns. An end plate detail may be used for lightly loaded columns. Column lengths of 8 to 12 m are most economic, representing 2 or 3 storey heights.
Created on Friday, March 18, 2011 This material is copyright - all rights reserved. Use of this document is subject to the terms and conditions of the Access Steel Licence Agreement
(1)
(2)
(3)
Key: 1. Splice connection -shear transferred through bolts 2. End bearing connection with countersunk bolts 3. Splice connection dissimilar column sizes 4. End plate connection dissimilar column sizes
(4)
Figure 6.1
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Scheme Development: Vertical structure for multi-storey buildings for commercial and residential use
Scheme Development: Vertical structure for multi-storey buildings for commercial and residential use SS016a-EN-EU
7.
Vertical Bracing
Vertical bracing of V, X or K form is provided in the planes of the columns. The bracing members are usually structural hollow sections, for V and K bracing (angles may also be used but generally require more space in congested areas) or flats for X bracing. Table 7.1 and Table 7.2 may be used for the initial design of vertical bracing in V or X form in steel framed buildings of simple rectangular form, as a function of the length of the building (exposed to wind) and number of storeys.
Table 7.1 Sizes of tubular bracing members in V form (diameter thickness)
Length of Building (m) 20 4 6 8
Created on Friday, March 18, 2011 This material is copyright - all rights reserved. Use of this document is subject to the terms and conditions of the Access Steel Licence Agreement
12
Bracing is at both ends of the building 2 means two braced bays at each end Floor-floor height is 4 m and wind load is 1 kN/m .
Table 7.2
Bracing is at both ends of the building 2 means two braced bays at each end Floor-floor height is 4 m and wind load = 1 kN/m
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Scheme Development: Vertical structure for multi-storey buildings for commercial and residential use
Scheme Development: Vertical structure for multi-storey buildings for commercial and residential use SS016a-EN-EU
Quality Record
RESOURCE TITLE Scheme Development: Vertical structure for multi-storey buildings for commercial and residential use
Reference(s) ORIGINAL DOCUMENT Name Created by Technical content checked by Editorial content checked by Technical content endorsed by the following STEEL Partners: 1. UK 2. France
Created on Friday, March 18, 2011 This material is copyright - all rights reserved. Use of this document is subject to the terms and conditions of the Access Steel Licence Agreement
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