New Views of Cosmology and the Microworld

Marc Kamionkowski (Caltech) SLAC Summer Institute August 16, 2002

Topics in Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology:

I. II. III. IV. Dark matter and relic particles Gamma rays and x rays (GLAST, STACEE, VERITAS....) The CMB and inflation Structure formation, cosmological parameters,

dark energy
V. Ultrahigh energy cosmic rays VI. Gravitational radiation VII. Neutrino astrophysics VIII. Early universe and tests of fundamental physics brane worlds and large extra dimensions

(see, e.g., Akerib, Carroll, MK, Ritz, summary of P4 Working Group at Snowmass 2002, hepph/0201178

strong EM weak electroweak

Fundamental Forces
GUT quantum gravity String theory

gravity ???? 100 GeV 101516 GeV

Energy

1019 GeV

Astrophysics/cosmology and advances in fundamental physics; history:

Keplers and Newtons laws Discovery of helium Serendipitous discovery of positrons, muons in cosmic rays Big bang nucleosynthesis and number of light neutrinos Cosmological constraints to stable neutrino masses Solar and atmospheric neutrinos and neutrino masses Astrophysical verifications of general relativity Eddington and bending of light expansion of Universe pulsar timing and gravitational waves

Physics with astrophysical particles: neutrino masses and mixing from solar and atmospheric neutrinos
Fogli et al. SuperK

I. The Cosmic Microwave Background and Inflation

Geometry

Baryon density

Hubble constant Cosmological constant

Jungman, MK, Kosowsky, Spergel 1996

Results!!!
Netterfield et al. (BOOMERanG) astroph/0104460 (also from DASI/MAXIMA)

Current results: Inflation!! show that Universe is flat determine primordial seeds for large scale structure independently verify big bang nucleosynthesis confirm existence of nonbaryonic dark matter suggest 70% of total energy density is some negative pressure dark energy (especially when combined with dynamical measurements indicating matter density of 30%) Physics is simple and peak structure is distinctive, so most results (especially for geometry) are robust. ...show is not over!! What we have seen so far is just tip of the iceberg; MAP and Planck will improve precision of current measurements by order of magnitude.

The big bang !!! quantum gravity, strings??? GUT electroweak,strong?? 1043 sec PQ symmetry breaking?? SUSY breaking?? electroweak EM,weak quarks n,p Nucleosynthesis: n+p H, D, He, Li Decoupling: (e+p H) galaxies form today

INFLATION

1010 yr 109 sec Seconds 1022 sec T~meV 19 GeV T~ 1012 GeV T~100 GeV T~MeV T~ 10 105 yr 103 sec 1036 sec T~100 MeV T~eV 16 GeV T~ 10

CMB tests of inflation: Recent CMB shows are on right track with inflation. What next? Determine energy scale of inflation!! Inflation robustly predicts gravitationalwave background with amplitude proportional to square of energy scale of inflation (Abbott&Wise 1984). Detection of inflationary gravitational waves through CMB polarization can provide "smoking gun" for inflation at GUT scale.
(MK, Kosowsky, Stebbins 1997; Seljak,Zaldarriaga 1997)

GravitationalWave Amplitude (Energy scale of inflation) 2

Planck

Next generation

NG+scan (Jaffe, Wang, MK 1999)

Gravitational waves: Another probe of the inflaton potential: GW amplitude

h() V()

Caldwell, MK, Wadley

Brief aside: CMB detection of parity violation from Planck scale physics
(Lue, Wang, MK, 1999)
Certain cross correlations between temperature and polarization components can arise only if parity is violated.

Two examples:

~ Rolling scalar field F F

with P,T violating coupling to EM

R R

P,T violating coupling to gravity can produce preponderance of right versus left handed GWs during inflation

II. Large scale structure and inflation Matter power spectrum Inflaton potential

Galaxy megasurveys now mapping mass distribution over huge volumes (2dF and SDSS)

Forecast SDSS Power Spectrum

h=0.2

(assumed biased)

h=0.5

CDM Models

Dodelson et al. (SDSS Collaboration) ApJ (2001)

Cosmic Shear
First detection (by several independent groups) of "cosmic shear", weak gravitational lensing due to large scale mass inhomogeneities Probes largescale distribution of mass rather than of galaxies.
...and mapping of dark matter around clusters has become routine.

Possible, e.g., with SNAP

Inflation: What Else??

Inflation distribution of primordial density perturbations is Gaussian. Can be checked with CMB maps, galaxy surveys, weak lensing, cluster abundances, abundances of highredshift objects, cluster properties.... (e.g., Verde et al., 2000,2001)

Rare objects form here

1998

III. Supernovae, an accelerating Universe, and Dark Energy

Courtesy P. Garnavich (Highz Supernova Search Team) (results also from Supernova Cosmology Project)

V() Quintessence:
Spintessence: (Boyle, MK, Caldwell 2001)

Qu(sp)intessence! Other connections: "Vacuum" is CPT and Lorentz violating and may contain global charge May drive baryogenesis and/or hide antibaryons Could rotate polarization of distant radio sources if scalar field coupled to EM Can reproduce and generalize (e.g., to include quartic terms in potential) fuzzy cold dark matter

III. Particle Dark Matter Searches

density

core radius
2 0 2 2

r +a (r ) = 0 2 r +a
spherical halo: 0=0.30.6 GeV/cm3 If halo flattened, 0 r Velocity ~ Maxwell distribution Boltzmann With <v2>1/2~270 km/sec

Earth The standard smooth halo model r0=8 kpc

Particle dark matter candidates

Weakly Interacting Massive Particles (WIMPS). e.g.,neutralinos

Axions ma~104 106 eV

3 10 27 cm3 / sec h2 v

WIMPs
The relic density of a massive particle is about:
3 310 27 cm s1 h2 v

Of Weak Interaction strength

the particle has to be coupled to SM particles There is chance for detection: direct Detection indirect Neutrinos from sun/earth anomalous cosmic rays

WIMP candidate motivated by SUSY: Lightest Neutralino, LSP in MSSM

Particle dark matter searches (axions and SUSY particles)

See dmtools.berkeley.edu

Spin dependent WIMPproton coupling

Ullio, MK, Vogel 2001

Spin dependent WIMPneutron coupling

Searches for SUSY dark matter:

Indirect detection via energetic neutrinos Direct detection in from LSP annihilation low background detectors in Sun/Earth
BaltzGondolo

Detection of SUSY dark matter:

Indirect detection via observation of cosmic gamma rays from LSP annihilation in halo E.g., in GLAST, VERITAS, Whipple, CELESTE, STACEE...

Or via observation of exotic cosmicray positrons or antiprotons (e.g., in HEAT, PBAR, AMS....)

Axionsearch (Livermore) update:

(courtesy of L. Rosenberg)

Accessible with upgrade (~5yr timescale)

Scanned already Next year

How can we get at these higher masses?

Self interacting dark matter?

Cluster

galactic halo 300 kpc

Moore et al., ApJL (1999) also Klypin et al, astro ph/9901240; Kaufmann, White, Guiderdoni, 1993

Probably dont need self interacting DM: Requires very unusual particles (elastic scattering cross sections 13 order of magnitude bigger than annihilation Not really clear that self interaction improves agreement with observations May be due to other exotic process (e.g. Broken scale invariance in primordial power spectrum (MK, Liddle 2000)) Absence of small scale structure in halo most likely due to prosaic astrophysical mechanism

MK,Liddle (2000)

IV. Tests of strongfield gravity: Gravitational waves from stellar orbits around supermassive black holes (e.g., with LISA) X ray timing and spectroscopy from accretion disks around supermassive black hole (RXTE, Chandra, XMM, ConX,GLAST...) other interesting tests with grav radiation; e.g., can test whether gravitational waves propagate at speed of light (extra dimensions says they might not!!)

Possible detection of effects of black hole spin on surrounding spacetime!!!

P. Nandra

Gravitational Radiation
Orbiting and merging massive objects emit gravitational radiation

Two biggest experiments aiming to detect gravity waves:

firstlock at Hanford Oct 2000

4k

LIGO (groundbased, under construction)

LISA (spacebased, under development)

Possible detection of cosmic rays above GZK cutoff!!!

( p + p + ) 30 pc for Ep 1020 eV, but no obvious sources within ~30 Mpc also no dramatic cutoff in spectrum near 1020 eV.

HiRes also seeing events

Ultrahighenergy cosmic rays: Existence of cosmic rays above GreisenZatsepinKuzmin limit suggest possibly propagation of exotic particle and/or decays of topological defects or ultramassive relic particles. Interactions in atmosphere may include interesting QCD.

UHE Cosmic Ray Techniques

Nitrogen Fluorescence

O W L Shower Air

Experiment AGASA HiRes Auger

Technique Ground Array Fluor. Ground Array + Fluor. Fluor. Fluor.

Eff. Aperture [1000xkm^2sr] ~0.2 ~1 7 ( 8 ~300

Status running running building (prop) under study under study

x2)

Telescope Array OWL

More:
Astrophysical probes of large extra dimensions, Lorentz/CPT violation... Astrophysical tests of general relativity (e.g., Shapiro time delay, radio deflection, lunarlaser ranging... Theoretical ultrahigh energy physics: the early Universe as a laboratory for string theory, PQ symmetry breaking, GUTs, SUSY breaking, extra dimensions....

Conclusions/Summary
Astrophysics and cosmology are often difficult and messy BUT, can in some cases provide real opportunities to probe new physics not accessible with accelerators. Its a good time for cosmology and particle astrophysics; plenty of exciting discoveries and breakthroughs; broad and rich frontier; healthy interplay between theory/experiment; prospects for rapid order of magnitude experimental advances in many areas.

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